Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Comparison of Alcohol Dehydrogenase 2 and Aldehyde Dehyrdogenase 2 Polymorphism in Esophageal Cancer Cases vs Controls in Kashmir
No full textThe esophageal cancer (EC) is the most common cancer in Kashmir and its causes
are not yet clearly understood. The current study was designed with the aim of
understanding the association of known genotypes in ADH2 and ALDH2 genes and
role of local dietary habits like consumption of salt tea, socioeconomic status and
smoking with esophageal cancer risk. We analyzed 50 histopathologically confirmed
esophageal cancer cases and same number of age, sex, and region matched
nonmalignant controls. The data on dietary history/tobacco consumption/family
history of cancer/fruit consumption and economic status was collected through a
well drafted questionnaire. Male and female ratio among 50 esophageal cancer
patients registered came out to be 1:1.63 which is contrary to the previously reported
1:2. Highest number of esophageal cases turned out from southern region of
Kashmir. The low fruit consumption (86.0%), low socio-economic status (70.00%)
and very frequent consumption of salt tea (98%) were the common features in our
cases which can be strong risk factors for EC in valley. The family history of the
subjects turned out to be another potential risk factor for EC in Kashmir as about
22.00% of cases have family history of cancer. Most of the cases (74.00%) were
smokers which is an established risk factor for EC.
The genetic analysis of the cases and controls by PCR-CTPP method, for the
genotypic frequencies in ADH2 and ALDH2 genes revealed that unlike other high
risk regions, Kashmiri population has a different standing. ADH2 allele that encodes
ADH enzyme with high activity or ALDH2 allele that encodes ALDH enzyme with
particularly low activity lead to the accumulation of acetaldehyde and increase the
risk of developing esophageal cancer. In the present cohort of cases, SNPs in ADH2
and ALDH2 do not confer any risk of esophageal cancer development in Kashmir.
The frequency of ADH2*2 and ALDH2*2 mutant alleles was found to be 39.5% and
5% respectively. The results when compared with the mutant allele frequencies of
the other high risk regions of EC support the fact that the mutant alleles of the two
genes are highly frequent in East Asia only and in the rest of the world their
frequencies are low
Scenario of Biomedical Waste Management in Major Hospitals of Srinagar City
No full textealthcare establishments are service – oriented institutions that
provide medical care facilities comprising of observational,
diagnostic, research, therapeutic and rehabilitative services which
are vital for our life and health. But the waste generated from medical activities
represents a real problem of living nature and human world.
Waste is an unavoidable by product of human activities, which has been
prevading, our environment for centuries and will continue to contaminate our
surroundings in the foreseeable future. An important issue of environmental
protection process is the waste management that includes responsible planning
of collecting, transporting, processing and disposing waste material (Campbell,
1988; Stamenkovic, 2007). The purposes are to clean up the surrounding
environment and to see that the waste does not have a detrimental effect on
human health. Within Waste Management (WM), the health waste
management is a process that helps to ensure proper hospital hygiene and
safety of healthcare workers and communities. (Belkin, 1982; Baram 1989).
Waste management has two vital parts; firstly management of hazardous
wastes of different types generated from different sources and secondly
effective training and supervision of various categories of personnel involved
in the whole waste management system.
There is need to sensitize the top level managers by making them aware
of not only the various types of waste, but also its generation, collection,
containment, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal.
The focus should be primarily on biomedical waste generation. The proper
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Chapter: 01 Introduction
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segregation at source is essential element of the successful waste management
programme. (Pandit, 1999)
Bounds for the Moduli of the zeros of a Polynomial
Get PDFPolynomials pervade mathematics and much that is beautiful in mathematics is related
to polynomials, virtually every branch of mathematics, from Algebraic number theory and
Algebraic Geometry to Applied Analysis, Fourier analysis and Computer sciences, has its
corpus of theory arising from the study of polynomials. Historically, give rise to some
important problems of the day. The subject is now much too large to attempt an
encyclopaedic coverage.
The most complicated problems of trade and industry called for the solutions of
equations and the introduction of literal symbols thus arose algebra, which at the time
amounted to a science of equations. Even in antiquity, solutions had been for equations of
first order and for quadratic equations, those stumbling blocks of today school children.
We recall here that an expression of the form
where are real or complex numbers with , is called a polynomial of
degree . If there is a value of say, such that , then is called the zero of
polynomial . Enormous efforts were put into solving polynomial equations of degree
higher than the second and only in sixteenth century were such solutions forthcoming for
equations of the third and fourth degrees. Another three centauries were spent in vain efforts
to get the solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than the fourth. It required the
geneous of Abel and Galois to resolve this problem in it entirely. At the beginning of the
nineteenth century, a young Norweigian mathematician, Neil Henrik Abel mediated long and
Painstakingly on the problem and finally came to the conviction that equations of degree
higher than fourth cannot, generally speaking, be solved by radicals. At about this time,
another young mathematician Evarista Galois of France took a new approach and proved a
similar result.
The problems of obtaining exact new bounds, the improvements and generalisations
of some older results for the location of the zeros of a polynomial are still of considerable
interest. In view of this fact and that of many as yet unsettled questions this subject continues
be an active field of research
Expression and purification analysis of 6.6KDa cold resistance protein in Brassica oleraceae
No full textCold tolerance by plants is one of the most intriguing phenomena the scientific
community of the world is faced with .Since a small fraction of the world‘s plant resource
withstands cold temperatures and the edible resource represents a fraction even smaller.
The cold temperatures of Kashmir valley have reduced this resource to only a few edible
species of which Brassica represents perhaps the largest. To understand the cold
resistance at molecular level, a cold resistance protein CRP1, was recently identified and
cloned in our laboratory.
This work presents successful sub-cloning of CRP1 for bacterial expression, preparation
and purification of recombinant protein as fusion with GST, antibody production and
determination of its antigen specificity
In vitro and In vivo Validation of Folk Lore Claims of Thymus serpyllum
Get PDFTraditional medicinal plants have a long history of therapeutic use. The beneficial health effects of medicinal plants is often attributed to their potent antioxidant activities due to the presence of secondary metabolites like the polyphenols, since diets rich in antioxidants are epidemiologically associated with a decreased incidence of age-related diseases in humans.
Thymus serpyllum commonly known as Jawand in Kashmir is used as a culinary herb, as well as for aromatizing and traditional medicinal purposes. In the present study, the hexane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol, methanol and the aqueous extracts of Thymus serpyllum were studied for the antioxidant, antimicrobial and the anti inflammatory activities.
The antioxidant activity was checked by four different methods- DPPH assay, lipid peroxidation assay of liver microsomes, lipid peroxidation assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The ethyl-acetate, butanol, ethanol, methnol and the aqueous extracts of Thymus serpyllum showed good antioxidant activities, but the methanolic extract being the most active one causing 89.84%, 57.32%, 66.8% and 77.14% inhibition of the radical activity in DPPH assay, lipid peroxidation assay of liver microsomes, lipid peroxidation assay and the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay respectively. The antimicrobial activity was checked by broth micro dilution method. The ethyl-acetate and the methanolic extract were found to be active against bacteria (both gram positive and gram negative) and fungi with MIC values ranging from 2000 to 4000μg/ml. The anti inflammatory activity was assessed by using the model of carregeenen induced edema in rats. The butanolic extract was found to beneficial against inflammation, causing a reduction of 25.23% and 56.07% of edema at doses 250mg/Kg body weight and 500mg/Kg body weight respectively
Studies on Influences of Organophosphate Pesticides on Reproductive Activities of Female Common Carp , Cyprinus carpio communis
Get PDFFishes are the earliest known vertebrates and flourished during the Devonian
period, about 400 million years ago they form a highly successful group of
animals comprising more than 40,000 species inhabiting all seas, rivers, lakes,
canals, dams, muddy water, brackish water, estuaries and all places where there is
water. A very wide distribution of fishes into a variety of habitats has resulted in
numerous adaptations in their morphology, physiology and behavior.
Economically, fishes constitute a very important group of animals and provide
a rich source of food, liver oil and a number of other by products, like fish meal, fish
manure, Isinglass, etc.
India is a land of diverse topography, climate and natural resources. There are
12 major rivers and 48 lesser rivers with a total catchment area of 277.6 million
hectares. The immense freshwater habits harbor 587 species of freshwater finfish out
of the total 218 species distributed in India of the estimated 2,1723 living species of
fishes in the world ( Nelson, 1984)
Development of IPM Module of Varroa destructor Infesting Apis mellifera in Kashmir
No full textThe studies on the “Development of IPM Module of Varroa destructor infesting Apis mellifera in Kashmir” were carried out in an apiary near the vicinity of SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar during the year 2008 and 2009. The studies on the assessment of damage caused by Varroa destructor revealed that mean mortality of worker brood was 36.80 per cent in case of bees inoculated with 5-mites per bee followed by 29.09 and 19.78 per cent at 3 and 1-mite infestation level during the spring season 2008 and 2009; in case of drone brood, the mean mortality of 54.67 per cent was recorded at 5-mite infestation level followed by 45.48 and 31.39 per cent at 3 and 1-mite infestation level, respectively. However, the mean mortality of 42.22, 33.46 and 22.89 per cent was recorded at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level in case of drone brood during the autumn season, 2008 and 2009, whereas, the mean mortality of 52.42, 41.65 and 31.21 per cent was observed at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level in drone brood during the autumn season, 2008 and 2009. The mean mite abundance on adult worker bees was 34.04; 26.52 and 15.59 per cent at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level whereas in case of drone bees the mean mite abundance of 43.21; 34.43 and 22.51 per cent was observed at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level during the spring season 2008 and 2009. The studies revealed that the mean mite abundance of 35.50, 27.23 and 16.36 per cent in adult worker bees at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level during the autumn season 2008 and 2009. However, in case of adult drone bees, the mean mite abundance of 45.80, 37.34 and 25.65 per cent was observed at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level, respectively during the autumn season 2008 and 2009. The studies on the effect of Varroa destructor mite on the life span of worker bees revealed that the mean mortality of worker bees was 30.80, 21.06 and 10.20 per cent at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level, respectively during spring 2008 and 2009. However, during autumn 2008 and 2009, mean mortality of worker bees was 32.06, 21.06 and 10.25 per cent at 5, 3 and 1-mite infestation level. In case of worker bees inoculated with 1-mite, the mean life span was 49.66 days followed by 23.83 and 13.86 days at 3 and 5 mite infestation level, respectively during spring 2008 and 2009, while during autumn season 2008 and 2009, the mean life span of worker bees was 39.50, 22.16 and 13.65 days at 1, 3 and 5-mite infestation level, respectively. In case of drone bees infested with 1, 3 and 5-mites, the respective body weight loss averaged to 7.96, 11.07 and 16.32 per cent. However, in case of adult worker bees infested with 1, 3 and 5-mites, the respective body weight loss averaged to 6.94, 14.58 and 17.76 per cent whereas in case of drone pupae infested with 1, 3 and 5-mites, the respective body weight loss averaged to 11.69, 16.93 and 19.69 per cent. However, in case of worker pupae, the body loss averaged to 11.30, 13.43 and 14.53 per cent at 1, 3 and 5-mite infestation level. The studies on the development of IPM module of Varroa destructor revealed that queen caging and drone trap combs were highly effective in suppressing the mite population as compared to control. The studies revealed that all the chemicals were highly effective against the Varroa destructor mite as compared to control and the efficacy of different chemicals was in the following order – taufluvalinate (Apistan strips, 2 strips/10 frame colony) > formic acid, 85% (@ 35 ml/colony through paper napkins) > thymol (@ 0.3 g/comb) > oxalic acid 3.5% (@ 50 ml of 1:1 sugar solution/colony) > formic acid, 65% (@ 35 ml/colony through cotton wicks) > oxalic acid, 3% (@ 50 ml/colony) > thymol (@ 2.5 g/comb)