Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Molecular Characterization and Evaluation of Genetic Relationship in Temperate Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm
No full textNature and magnitude of genetic variability, genetic diversity (D2 statistic) at the phenotypic level and genetic distance (GD) at the molecular level (using SSR primers) was estimated in 116 rice genotypes (42 landraces and 74 cultivars) of Kashmir valley. These rice cultivars/landraces were grown in replicated trial during the kharif season of 2008 and 2009 at the Experimental Farm of the Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar.
Morphological traits viz. leaf blade colour, collar colour, auricle colour, ligule colour, flag leaf angle, panicle type, awning pattern, palea and lemme pubescence, seed coat colour and panicle threshability was characterised using standard procedure of IRRI on the basis of scales (scores 0 to 9). Leaf blade colour and collar colour was predominantly green in more than 80.0 per cent genotypes, while auricle colour, ligule colour and seed coat colour was desirable in most of the genotypes (54 to 90%). Flag leaf angle was erect/intermediate in nearly 60 per cent genotypes. Panicle type was compact/intermediate in nearly 85 per cent population with its threshability as intermediate to easy in about 77 per cent.
Estimates of coefficient of variation (phenotypic and genotypic) was moderate (10-30%) for plant height, panicle length, 100-grain weight, days to 50 per cent flowering, grain length and its width and leaf length. It was high (>30%) for leaf width, tillers plant-1 and grain yield (q ha-1). Heritability estimates (broad sense) were high (>60%) for all the 10 quantitative traits studied. Expected genetic gain (% of the mean) was high (>30%) for all the traits except plant height and leaf length (data pooled over years).
Genetic diversity at the phenotypic level, based on 10 quantitative traits, revealed presence of significant diversity (Wilk’s test) among the genotypes. A total of 19 clusters were formed with 26 genotypes in cluster-1; 10 (cluster-2); 36 (cluster-3), 23 (cluter-5) and 7 (cluster-13). Remaining clusters had one genotype each. Majority of landraces got grouped in the cluster-3, while few like Zager, Meer zag, Hapat China, Prene never and Rehman Batt-1 formed single genotype clusters. SKAU-105 also formed a single genotype cluster. Most of the genotypes for cold and short duration agro-ecosystem got grouped in the cluster-1 while most of the released high yielding varieties for valley basin agro-ecosystem got grouped in the cluster-2.
Maximum inter-cluster distance (D2) of 35201.15 was observed between the single genotypes clusters viz. cluster-14 (Prene never) and cluster-17 (SKAU-105) followed by D2 value of 33363.13 between the cluster-II (Hapat China) and cluster-17 (SKAU-105). Intra-cluster distance was maximum (2653.36) in the cluster-13. Highest contribution towards total divergence in the present set of genotypes came from grain yield (55.85%), days to 50 per cent flowering (19.66%) and plant height (13.18%), contributing a total of 88.7 per cent diversity.
Preliminary screening of these cultivars/landraces for their kernel aroma on cooking revealed that majority (71.6%) had no aroma, 25.0 per cent were having slight aroma while 4 landraces viz. Tilazag, Mushka budji, Larbeol and Kamad had presence of good kernel aroma on cooking.
Screening of the genotypes for their field reaction to brown spot (Cochlio bolus miyabeanus) and blast (Magnaporthe grisea) at seedling and tillering stages of growth revealed that 73.3 per cent showed moderate to high resistance against brown spot at the seedling stage and 75.86 per cent at the tillering stage. Similarly, the blast disease revealed that 90.52 per cent genotypes had moderate to high resistance at the seedling stage, while at the tillering stage it was only 65.52 per cent.
For the molecular characterisation 42 genotypes (21 landraces and 21 cultivars) from amongst the 116 genotypes were studied. Nine SSR primers were used, which identified a total of 62 alleles across these genotypes with a range of 2 - 11 alleles per locus and a mean of 6.89 alleles per locus. The PIC values, measuring allelic diversity and polymorphism ranged from 0.490 (RM2592) on chromosome-1 to 0.806 (RM585) on the chromosome-6, with a mean PIC value of 0.719 per locus. Similarity coefficients (measuring relatedness) were used to construct the dendogram and clustering pattern. Pairwise similarity coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.89, with the average similarity coefficient around 0.40. the wide range and lower mean. Similarity coefficient value revealed presence of good genetic diversity among these genotypes at the molecular level.
Clustering pattern revealed grouping of these genotypes into 5 clusters. All the landraces got grouped into 2 clusters viz. cluster-I (13) and cluster-II (7) except Rehman Batt-1 which got grouped in the cluster which mostly contained genotypes for higher altitude conditions. High yielding varieties for valley basin conditions formed cluster-V (5 cultivars), while cluster-III contained mostly pre-release exotic varieties. Dendogram revealed formation of 2 major groups with all the landraces except Rehman Batt-1 in the group-I and remaining cultivars with exotic genetic background in the group - II
Genetic Diversity Estimates in Some Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Accessions Using Molecular Markers and Phenotypic Data
No full textThe present study was conducted on twenty seven walnut genotypes/selections to estimate the extent of genetic relationship by morphological and molecular characterization using UPOV descriptors (International union for protection of new varieties of plants) (UPOV, 1999) and molecular marker analysis during the 2009-2010. In this study, a total of 34 traits, 16 RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, and 13 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were used. Multivariate analyses which include Principal Component analysis and Cluster Analyses, was employed to examine the extent of phenotypic variation in the genotypes/selections of walnut. Based on morphological data, the genotypes were grouped into nine clusters. The cluster III and IV consisted of highest number of genotypes (7), the cluster I, cluster V and cluster IX contained the lowest number of genotypes (1). Principal component analysis was performed to assess relationship among different components. First two principal components accounted for 98% of total variation. Sixteen RAPD primers were initially used out of which only 14 could be amplified which resulted in the generation of DNA fragments that ranged from 500-1500 base pairs. RAPD data was used to calculate similarity matrix using Jaccards coefficient and similarity coefficient ranged from 0.05 (SKAUW-15 & SKAUW-7) to 0.86(SKAUW-008 & SKAUW-040). Dendrograms revealed that all the walnut genotypes/selections were grouped into seven major clusters. Maximum numbers of genotypes were observed in cluster III (eleven genotypes) and minimum in cluster V, VI and VII (one genotype). Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value ranged from 0.11 (A-15)-0.39 (A-11) and resolving power ranged from 0.12-1.29. DNA fragments generated from simple sequence repeat (SSR) data ranged from 100-1100 base pairs. Similarity matrix using SSR data revealed that similarity coefficients ranged from 0.10 (SKAUW-008 & SKAUW-006) to 0.95 (SKAUW-024 & SKAUW-027). All the genotypes got grouped into nine clusters with maximum number of genotypes in cluster(13) and minimum number in cluster I,IV,VIII and cluster IX (only one). PIC value and resolving power ranged from 0.11 (WGA5) to 0.36 (WGA1) and 0.24 to1.32. The Mantel matrix correspondence test was used to compare the molecular and morphological similarity matrices.Correlation between genetic distances obtained through RAPD and SSR markers was relatively high (r=0.48, P=0.99), indicating that SSR technique was more efficient for evaluating genetic diversity in the genotypes of walnut that we evaluated. However results of cluster analysis based on molecular data did not show any correlation with morphological characters based on Mantels test (r=0.09, P=0.87). Present studies revealed that considerable number of SSR and ISSR markers must be used to depict the genetic relationships among walnut genotypes /selections before reaching to a comprehensive conclusion
Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Packaging on Storage Quality of Sweet Cherry
No full textThe present investigations “Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Packaging on Storage Quality of Sweet Cherry” was carried out in the Division of Post Harvest Technology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Zakura, Srinagar during two consecutive years 2009 and 2010. Sweet cherry cvs. Misri and Double packed in fibre board boxes or shrink wrapped in plastic punnets, gamma irradiated in the dose range of 0.3 -1.5 kGy were stored under ambient (18±2ºC, RH 75±5%) and refrigerated conditions (3±1ºC, RH 85±5%) for 9-28 days to monitor quality changes with respect to physico-chemical, microbial and sensory attributes at periodical intervals. Cherry variety, irradiation dose, storage temperature, time and packaging materials influenced the rate of quality changes in the samples. Among the treatments cherries Misri or Double, shrink-wrapped and irradiated at 1.2 kGy exhibited minimum CPLW of 3.51-4.20 per cent during 28 days of refrigerated storage and yeast and mould count of 1.24-1.26 log cfu/g without spoilage. The cherries had TSS (15.36-16.52), pH (3.80), acidity (0.67-0.72%), total phenols (24.30-26.26 mg/100g ), anthocyanins (6.88 to 10.38 mg/100g) and ascorbic acid (3.70-4.02 mg/100g). The fruits were rated superior by panellists up to 28 days of refrigeration with over all acceptability score of 3.53-3.67 compared to fruits stored for 9 days under ambient conditions with the overall acceptability score of 3.43-3.57. During post cold storage studies shrink wrapped cherries, treated with 1.2 kGy gamma irradiation dosage after 28 days of refrigerated storage exhibited shelf life extension of 3 days when kept under stimulated market conditions (18±2ºC, RH 75±5%). This post harvest management strategy is of commercial importance to regulate market supplies and sale price of the fruit for the growers in the marketing channels
ملا حمہد اللہ شاھ آبادی کی شاحری مہں کشمہری تمدن کی صورت حال اہک تفصہلی جایذھ
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ملا حمہد اللہ شاھ آبادی کی شاحری مہں کشمہری تمدن کی صورت حال اہک تفصہلی جایذھ
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Genetic diversity estimates and stability analysis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm of Jammu and Kashmir
No full textSeventy five common bean genotypes were selected in the present study for their morphological characterization, estimation of genetic variability and other genetic parameters, presence of genetic diversity at phenotypic level and genetic distance at the molecular level (using RAPD primers) and stability of some selected genotypes. The experimental material was evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at three locations, namely Pulse Research Sub-station, Habbak (E-I), Regional Research Station and Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sopore (E-II) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pombay, Kulgam (E-III) during kharif 2008 for genetic divergence and other genetic parameters and in four random environments during kharif 2009 for stability.
Morphological traits of qualitative nature viz., growth habit, leaf characters, stem colour, flower colour, flowering pattern, branching pattern and seed characters were scored, which indicated presence of sufficient variability with respect to these traits. Analysis of variance revealed presence of significant genetic variation among these genotypes for all the traits. G x E interaction was also significant, revealing that genotypes did not perform equally across all the three locations. Genotypic coefficient of variaiton (GCV) was high for seed yield plant-1; moderate for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight and low for other traits. For all the traits, estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), indicating presence of environmental influence. Heritability estimates (bs) were high for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, number of pods plant-1, pod length (cm), 100-seed weight (g), seed yield plant-1 (g) and protein content (%). Seed yield plant-1 exhibited a significant positive association with number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight and negative association with days to 50 per cent flowering and maturity at both the levels.
Estimation of genetic divergence using Mahalanobi’s D2 among bean genotypes was highly significant, while these genotypes got grouped into six, ten and eleven clusters in E-I, E-II and E-III, respectively, but in pooled analysis these genotypes were grouped into three cluster with cluster-I having 23 genotypes, cluster-II (1) and the remaining cluster was monogenotypic. Inter-cluster distance was maximum between clusters-III and IV in E-I, cluster-IV and VII and E-II, cluster-IV and VI in E-II and cluster-I and cluster-III in pooled analysis. The maximum contribution for divergence came from days to maturity (22.52%) followed by 100-seed weight (14.63%), protein content (12.60%), seed yield plant-1 (11.21%) and days to 50 per cent flowering (10.46%). Molecular characterization of thirteen common bean genotypes was done with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Initially 15 primers were screened out of which only seven were selected which generated a total of 65 amplification products out of which 63 bands (96.62%) were polymorphic indicating fair amount of polymorphism. The genotypes shared 43% genetic similarity among themselves. Cluster analysis delineated the genotypes into three groups with seven, five and one genotype in cluster-I, II and III, respectively. The maximum similarity index (82.35) based dice similarity coefficient was obtained between SKUA-R-21 and SKUA-R-19, while it was minimum (27.72) between genotypes PBG-29 and SKUA-R-01.
Stability analysis of seventeen common bean genotypes for seed yield plant-1 across 4 random environments revealed that mean square deviation from regression (S2di) was non-significant for SKUA-R-05, SKUA-R-11, SKUA-R-12, SKUA-R-16, SKUA-R-19, SKUA-R-25, SKUA-R-28 and PBG-03 and hence prediction of stability for these genotypes were precise and reliable. The linear regression (bi) was non-significant for SKUA-R-12 and SKUA-R-28 revealing that these cultivars were average in stability. Comparing their performance with the mean, it was observed that SKUA-R-28 was well adapted to all the environments and SKUA-R-12 was adapted to poor environments
Genetic Analysis in Relation to Yield and Quality Characters in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
No full textThe present investigation entitled “Genetic analysis in relation to yield and quality characters in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was carried out to generate information on degree of interrelationship and combining ability (general and specific), nature and magnitude of gene effects and heterosis for yield and yield attributing traits. Parents were assessed for some quality traits and diversity of parents at molecular level was assessed using SSR markers. The experimental materials comprised a diallel set involving eight diverse parents excluding reciprocals. The experimental materials were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications over two locations, namely Regional Rice and Research Station, Khudwani (E1) and Experimental Farm, Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Shalimar (E2) of SKUAST (K) during Kharief, 2008. The data were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of tillers plant-1, plant height (cm), panicle number plant-1, panicle length (cm), grain weight panicle-1 (g), total spikelets panicle-1, grain yield plot-1 (kg), number of seeds panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight(g). The quality parameters for which parents were studied included L/B ratio of grain, milling(%), head-rice recovery(%), gelatinization temperature, volume expansion ratio and amylose content(%).
Significant variability and G x E interaction was observed for all the traits indicating that the behavior of parents and crosses was not similar in the random set of environments. Grain yield plot-1 exhibited a significant positive correlation with number of tillers plant-1, panicle length, number of seeds panicle-1, grain weight panicle-1 and 1000-seed weight. The mean values were used for statistical analyses and estimation of genetic parameters following diallel analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and their crosses for all the traits indicating that the material selected were diverse for all the morpho-agronomic traits. The variance due to GCA and SCA was significant for all the traits which showed that both were important in the inheritance of the traits. Significant interaction between combining ability effects and environments were observed for all the traits. Estimates of combining ability revealed that SKAU-382, Jhelum, Chenab, Ch-1039 and SKAU-5 were desirable combiners for days to 50% flowering, whereas SKAU-389, Jhelum and SR-1 were desirable combiners for grain yield plot-1. The most promising crosses that revealed highly positive and significant SCA effects for yield were Jhelum x Ch-1039, SKAU-389 x Ch-1039 and SKAU-382 x SKAU-5.
Component analysis revealed higher magnitude for dominance variation for all the traits. Graphical analysis indicated complete dominance in case of total spikelets plant-1 and number of seeds panicle-1, whereas over-dominance was observed for rest of the traits. Maximum heterosis for grain yield plot-1 was registered in Jhelum x Ch-1039, Chenab x Ch-1039 and SKAU-382 x SKAU-5 (mid and better parent estimates).
Based on the study carried out, it is concluded that diallel selective mating scheme could be implemented to exploit non-additive gene action which was preponderant in the materials.
The SSR primers used revealed distinct polymorphism among the cultivars studied indicating the robust nature of microsatellite markers in revealing polymorphism
Effect of Different Post Harvest Treatments on Quality and Shelf-life Extension of Williams Bartlett Pear under Ambient and Refrigerated Storage Conditions
No full textThe present investigations “Effect of different post harvest treatments on the quality and shelf life extension of Bartlett pear under ambient and cold storage conditions” was carried out in the Division of Post Harvest Technology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar. Pear fruits of cv. “Bartlett” were harvested at commercial maturity stage from pre selected trees in private orchard located at of Badipora Chadoora during the cropping seasons of 2008 and 2009 in the month of August. The fruits were carried to the Post Harvest Technology Laboratory in plastic crates and pre-cooled at 1 to 2oC for 24 hrs to dissipate field heat. Fruits were sorted and divided into 10 lots for application of 10 different post harvest treatments T1 to T10 including control. The treated fruits were further divided into six replications to facilitate fruit storage under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions. Fruit samples at regular intervals were drawn to monitor the changes in physico-chemical quality parameters. Physico-chemical analysis of fruits was carried out at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after storage (DAS) in case of ambient conditions and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after storage (DAS) in case of cold storage conditions. Bartlett pears harvested at commercial harvest date were firm with firmness value (16.55-18.00 lb/sq inch), TSS value (13.00-13.30 oBrix), titrable acidity (0.37-0.40 %), total sugars (10.75-11.03 %), reducing sugars (7.00-7.30%) and fruits possessed ascorbic acid of (3.10-3.30 mg/100g), total solids (4.05-4.20%), pH value (4.05-4.20), pectin (0.800-0.830%) and total chlorophyll (10.00-10.55 SPAD units).
The studies indicate that with the passage of storage time there was a significant increase in Physiological loss in weight .Maximum CPLW of (6.59%) and (5.85%) was observed in untreated fruits in both ambient and refrigerated storage conditions respectively and minimum CPLW of (1.57%) and (0.88%) was observed in 1-MCP (1ppm) + Shrink wrapped fruits followed by (1.65 %) and (0.98%) in case of 1-MCP (1ppm) alone in both the storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum Spoilage of (2.00%) and (1.05%) followed by 1-MCP alone (2.11%) and (1.16%) and maximum of (6.81%) and (6.02%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped fruits retained maximum firmness (16.89 lb/sq inch) and (16.92 lb/sq inch) followed by 1-MCP alone (16.83 lb/sq inch) and (16.86 lb/sq.inc) in both the cases after 49 and 105 days of storage in comparison to (15.26 lb/ sq inch) and (15.76 lb/sq inch) firmness recorded in untreated fruits in both ambient and refrigerated storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited maximum juice yield of (57.21%) and (57.69%) followed by 1-MCP alone (57.12%) and (57.59%) and minimum of (52.76%) and (53.59%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum TSS of (13.49 oBrix) and (13.47 oBrix ) followed by 1-MCP alone (13.54 oBrix) and (13.52 oBrix) and maximum of (14.60 oBrix ) and (14.43 oBrix) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum total solids (16.26%) and (16.17%) followed by 1-MCP alone (16.33%) and (16.24%) and maximum (17.94%) and (17.64%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited maximum acidity (0.349%) and (0.350%) followed by 1-MCP alone (0.344%) and (0.347%) and minimum of (0.239%) and (0.260%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum pH (4.29) and (4.27) followed by 1-MCP alone (4.31) and (4.29) and maximum (4.52) and (4.50) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively.
1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum Total sugars of (11.35%) and (11.24%) followed by 1-MCP alone (11.40%) and (11.29%) and maximum (12.67 %) and (12.46%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited minimum Reducing sugars (7.61%) and (7.49%) followed by 1-MCP alone (7.65%) and (7.52%) and maximum (9.24%) and (8.65%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited maximum ascorbic acid (2.78mg/100g) and (2.85mg/100g) followed by 1-MCP alone (2.72mg/100g) and (2.79mg/100g) and minimum (1.85mg/100g) and (1.95mg/100g) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited maximum pectin (0.759%) and (0.776%) followed by 1-MCP alone (0.752%) and (0.770%) and minimum of (0.669%) and (0.691%) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited highest total chlorophyll (8.39 SPAD units) and (8.73 SPAD units) followed by 1-MCP alone (8.32 SPAD units) and (8.64 SPAD units) and minimum (6.52 SPAD units) and (6.67 SPAD units) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited highest color score (3.53) and (3.59) followed by 1-MCP alone (3.46) and (3.52) and minimum (2.44) and (2.59) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. 1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited highest texture score (3.45) and (3.46) followed by 1-MCP alone (3.38) and (3.39) and minimum (2.54) and (2.68) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively.
1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited highest taste score (3.52) and (3.64) followed by 1-MCP alone (3.46) and (3.59) and minimum (2.47) and (2.84) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively1-MCP + shrink wrapped pears exhibited highest overall acceptability score (3.56) and (3.64) followed by 1-MCP alone (3.49) and (3.59) and minimum (2.49) and (2.65) in both ambient and cold storage conditions respectively. In general the post harvest treatments and storage temperature and time influenced the retention of quality characteristics significantly. Storage of fruits at low temperature maintained all quality parameters for a longer period irrespective of post harvest treatments. The samples stored for post cold storage also maintained the quality parameters and shows shelf life extension
Studies on Reproductive Biology of Myriophyllum spicatum L. in the Kashmir Valley
No full textReproductive biology is one of the fundamental fields for
development of conservation protocols for elite and
threatened plant species and on the other hand prevention
protocols for invasive plant species which are increasingly
becoming a threat to our terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The studies on various aspects of reproductive biology help us in
understanding the nature, systematics, modes of propagation, adaptation,
hybridization and speciation.The present study has been conducted in the valley of Kashmir which is
situated in the northern area of Indian subcontinent between 330
22' and 340
50'
N latitudes and 730
55' and 730
33' E longitudes covering an area of about
16,000 sq.km. The valley is surrounded by girdling chain of Himalayan
mountains, namely the Pir Panjal in the South and the Great Himalayan range
in the South East to North East and West. The climate of the valley is
predominantly temperate and it changes to sub-alpine and alpine in the higher
mountains. The valley of Kashmir also called as paradise on earth has a
network of rivers, glaciated streams, rivers as well as alpine, sub-alpine and
valley lakes which add to its beauty. The alpine lakes are situated above the
tree line and are fed mainly by glaciers. Their basins are rocky and are
completely devoid of macrophytic vegetation and remain covered with ice from
October to May. The sub- alpine lakes are situated in middle of the pine forest.
The main water bodies of the valley include: Anchar lake, Dal Lake, Mansbal
Lake, Wular Lake, Hokarsar and Hygam wetlands.
The River Jhelum is the main river of the Kashmir valley. The major
tributaries of this river system include; Lidder (Anantnag), Rambiara
(Pulwama/ Kulgam), Sind (Ganderbal/ Srinagar) and pohru (Kupwara). In
addition, there are many streams, irrigation channels, ponds and marshes which
support various species of aquatic plants