Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Studies on Some Biochemical Parameters of Haemolymph of Bivoltine Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in Different Rearing Seasons
No full textThe present investigation was undertaken to analyze the larval performance, economic characters and biochemical aspects of eleven races of Bombyx mori L. namely SH6, SKAU-R-6, SKUAST-31, Dun6, Yakwei and CSR5 (oval races) and NB4D2, SKAU-R-1, SKUAST-13, SKUAST-28 and CSR4 (constricted races) were selected on the basis of their performance to seasons and cocoon productivity. NB4D2 and SH6 a constricted and an oval race were taken as the control. The changes in the biochemical composition of haemolymph reflect tissue specific changes at different developmental stages in response to seasons. The changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph of all the races were observed during 4th moult, 5th instar and pupal period. The levels of total protein in the haemolymph, increased from first day of 5th instar till sixth day. The protein levels decreased on seventh day in all the races. A sustained decrease in the haemolymph proteins was observed during the pupal development in all the races. The levels of free amino acids, which were high during 4th moult, declined through the 5th age of larval development till spinning. Among the oval races, the haemolymph protein levels were found to be significantly higher in SKAU-R-6 followed by SKUAST-31, SH6, Dun6, CSR5 and Yakwei, whereas, the larvae of SKAU-R-1 showed a relatively higher levels of protein followed by NB4D2, SKUAST-28, CSR4 and SKUAST-13. The free amino acid levels decreased gradually from prepupal stage but increased again towards the end of pupal period. The larvae during 4th moult recorded highest levels of free amino acid in SKAU-R-6 followed by SH6, SKUAST-31, Dun6, CSR5 and Yakwei. Among the constricted races, the larvae of SKAU-R-1 showed significantly higher levels of free amino acid followed by SKUAST-28, NB4D2, SKUAST-13 and CSR4.
Despite fluctuations, metabolic homeostatic controls restrict abnormal rise and drop in haemolymph sugar levels during actively feeding larval and quiescent pupal stages in the silkworm life cycle. The glucose levels showed a significant linear decrease from 0 to 7th day in the 5th instar larvae in all the races. The carbohydrate levels for the entire 5th instar larval stage were relatively higher in SKAU-R-6 than in SKUAST-31, Dun6, SH6, CSR5 and Yakwei. The larvae of SKAU-R-1 showed significantly higher mean levels of carbohydrate followed by NB4D2, SKUAST-28, SKUAST-13 and CSR4 among the constricted races. The lipid levels in haemolymph were relatively lower at pre-moult and 4th moult larval stages in all the constricted races in both seasons but the levels showed a sharp increase upon resumption of feeding in 5th instar larvae. The lipid levels of haemolymph were found to be significantly lower in pupal stage when compared to haemolymph protein levels of 5th instar larvae. Male pupae showed significantly higher lipid levels than female pupae in all the races during spring and summer seasons.
The larval weight of oval races irrespective of seasons was found to be significantly higher in SKAU-R-6 followed by SKUAST-31, SH6, Doon6, CSR5 and Yakwei. Among the constricted races, the larval weight was significantly higher in SKAU-R-1 followed by NB4D2, SKUAST-28, SKUAST-13 and CSR4. The effective rate of rearing (ERR) of all the races was found to be significantly higher during spring than in summer season. Among the oval races of silkworm, the ERR was higher in SKAU-R-6 followed by SKUAST-31, SH6, Dun6, Yakwei, and CSR5. The ERR was significantly higher in SKAU-R-1 followed by NB4D2, SKUAST-28, SKUAST-13 and CSR4 among the constricted races. Te cocoon weight among the oval races was found to be significantly higher in SKUAST-31 followed by SKAU-R-6, SH6, Dun6, CSR5 and Yakwei. The cocoon weight of all the constricted races was found to be significantly higher in NB4D2, followed by SKUAST-28, SKAU-R-1, SKUAST-13 and CSR-4. In SKAU-R-6, significantly higher increase in shell weight was observed followed by SKUAST-31, SKAU-R-6, SH6, Dun6, Yakwei and CSR5. Among the constricted races, the shell weight was found to be significantly higher in SKAU-R-1 followed by SKUAST-28, NB4D2, SKUAST-13 and CSR4. The filament length among the oval races was relatively higher in SKAU-R-6 followed by SKUAST-31, SH6, Dun6, Yakwei and CSR5.
The levels of the biochemical constituents in haemolymph such as protein, free amino acid, glucose, carbohydrate and lipids also varied significantly when the three selected silkworm races viz. SKAU-R-1, SH6 and NB4D2 were reared on different varieties of mulberry namely Ichinose (control), Goshoerami (uniformly the best), and Kokuso-20 (least productive). The free amino acid, protein and carbohydrate content in the leaf of these three varieties were found to be higher in spring than in summer season. Furthermore, significant changes in the biochemical constituents were also observed in the same variety at different maturity levels and seasons. The free amino acid and protein levels of all the maturity levels of the leaf were highest in Goshoerami variety followed by Ichinose and Kokuso-20. The free amino acid and protein levels in all the three varieties were relatively high in tender leaf followed by medium and coarse leaf. The protein levels in the larvae fed with Goshoerami variety were relatively higher than the levels of protein in the larvae fed with Ichinose and Kokuso-20.
A significant increase in the haemolymph proteins, free amino acids, glucose, carbohydrates and lipids were observed in SKAU-R-1 fed on Goshoerami followed by Ichinose and Kokuso-20. There was a significant decrease in haemolymph biochemical constituents in all the races during both seasons in the order of Kokuso-20> Ichinose> Goshoerami. A significant increase in the larval weight was observed in SKAU-R-1, NB4D2 and SH6 on Goshoerami variety followed by Ichinose and Kokuso-20 during spring and summer season. Irrespective of the seasons, the ERR of all the races was higher on Goshoerami followed by Ichinose and Kokuso-20. The highest ERR was observed in SKAU-R-1 followed by NB4D2 and SH6. The mean pupation rate of all the races was relatively higher on Goshoerami variety than on Ichinose and Kokuso-20. The larvae of SKAU-R-1 showed a maximum mean pupation rate followed by NB4D2 and SH6. Also, the cocoon and post-cocoon parameters of all the three silkworm races were relatively more on Goshoerami variety followed by Ichinose and Kokuso-20.
The results of the present investigation demonstrate changes in the levels of protein, free amino acid, glucose, total carbohydrate and lipids in haemolymph of oval and constricted races. The changes in the chemical composition of haemolymph reflect tissue specific changes in different developmental stages and in response to seasons in the races of Bombyx mori under study and revealed that, SKAU-R-6, SKUAST-31, SH6, NB4D2, SKAU-R-1 and SKUAST-28 displayed better physiological compensatory mechanisms in response to exposure to higher temperatures and, therefore, are more suitable for rearing in summer season of Kashmir in addition to spring season than the productive CSR4, CSR5, Dun6 and Yakwei races which have poor ability of acclimation to higher temperature. All these races qualify for higher cocoon productivity with superior economic parameter for spring as well as summer seasons of Kashmir
In vitro studies on regeneration of some rare trees of Kashmir Himalaya.
Get PDFTrees constitute an important component of the ecosystem maintaining the
ecological balance at regional as well as at global level. It is an admitted fact that trees
are the invariable resources for providing food, fuel, timber, medicines, gums, resins and
other items of daily life. Since there are natural and anthropogenic pressures on these bio-resources, which have pleaded their depletion from the nature at an unprecedented rate,
thus making them threatened.
1.1 Causes for threat
The major causes that have threatened the existence of plant species are:
Plants are threatened due to natural phenomena such as land up-heavals, volcanic
eruptions, glaciation, heavy rains or drought, expansion of deserts, forest fire etc.
In certain other cases species are said to have become very old or scenescent thus
becoming unable to adapt to the new environment and eventually leading to their
extremely confined distribution. Apart from these, affect of plant pests and
diseases have also threatened several economically important plants.
Generally the threatened species are almost always exposed to UV radiations and
face drastic climatic conditions. So their reproductive capacity, natural
regeneration and proliferation is reduced. All such conditions leading to genetic
erosion as a result of which native variability is greatly threatened.
As such natural processes no doubt led to the extinction of plants, the resulting
new environmental conditions have also resulted in the evolution, speciation and
migration of pants.
One of the major causes for the loss of bio-resources has been the depletion of
vegetative cover in order to expand agriculture. Since most of the biodiversity rich
forests also contain the maximum mineral wealth and are also the best sites for
water-impoundment, mining and developmental projects, which has often led to
the destruction of habitats in such areas.
Economically important plants are over-exploited to meet the demand of growing
population throughout the globe that has resulted in drastic decline in the size of
their populations. Some important plant species have already become extinct and
there are many facing danger of extinction.
The other main causes of loss of plant resources are conversion of forest areas for
settlements, roads, development of projects, shifting cultivation, conversion to
monoculture, grazing beyond carrying capacity, firewood collection, introduction
of exotics and pollution. Threats to species and genetic diversity are directly
linked to threats to the ecosystem
STUDIES ON SURFACTANT─SURFACTANT AND SURFACTANT─BIOMOLECULE INTERACTION.
Get PDFWe investigated the solubilization and co-solubilization of triphenyls (TPs) viz.,
triphenylphosphine (TPP), triphenylphosphineoxide (TPPO), triphenylammine (TPA) and
triphenylmethanol (TPM) in various single and binary surfactant systems at 25
o
C using
spectrophotometry and HPLC. The solubilization capacity was found to be a function of locus of
solubilization, nature and structure of solubilizate, aggregation number and the nature of
interactions between the solubilizate and the micelles. The solubility of TPs follows the order
TPPO > TPP > TPA in nonionic surfactants and TPPO > TPA > TPP in ionic systems, which
was in direct corroboration with their locus of solubilization. In co-solubilization, competition
between the TPs for the same solubilization sitestrongly affects the extent of co-solubilization.
Regular Solution Approach (RSA) was used to evaluate the effect of surfactant mixing on the
solubilization of TPs. The enhancement of TPs solubility in mixed micelles was ascribed to the
structural micellar changes associated with the surfactant mixing. Comparative assessment of
solubility descriptors, MSR and Km, was evaluated and the two were found to be different
.
Moreover, the kinetic aspects of TPP were investigated in different single and binary surfactant
systems inthelight of the importance of TPP in organic reactions. The rate of reaction was found
sensitive to different microenvironments provided by different regions of a micelle and hence
strongly affected by the locus of solubilization of TPP in micelles
Impact of Hindu-Buddhist Practices on Kashmiri Muslim Society
No full textKashmir is such a beautiful land blessed with a good climate, great mountains, fine rivers and lakes. Kashmir as a land inhabited by Kashmiris has existed for more than 5000 years. Kashmiri people have undergone radical changes in terms of faith. Although there is not much literature existing about the ancient faith of Kashmir, but, according to the available literature the earliest settlers were Nagas and Pisachas. These settlers had to clear forests from wild animals and snakes, whom they feared and respected. As such these people started worship of snakes. Thus snake worship undoubtedly had been one of the earliest religion of the land.
The origin of Buddhism in Kashmir is shrouded in mystery. According to Kashmir chronicle, it was Shakiyasimha who preached Buddhism in Kashmir, but, according to Chinese sources it was Madhyantika, who succeeded in bringing Buddhism to Kashmir. Buddhism was prevalent in Kashmir in the time of native king Ashoka. Surendra erected the first Vihara on the banks of lake Anchar near Srinagar. Buddhism gained a firm footing in Kashmir during Ashoka’s reign (273-236 B.C.) The Ashoka built various Vihar’s and stupas in Kashmir. After the fall of the Mauryan dynasty the history of Buddhism in Kashmir is somewhat obscure. Buddhism entered golden phase under the patronage of Kusana king Kanishka and his successors.
The fourth Buddhist Council was held in 100 C.E., under the king Kanishka, the Kushana emperor. It represent the rise of Mahayana Buddhism.The traditional gods of Hindus were fitted into a new system, where separate places were assigned to them. Relics such as a tooth of the Buddha or his begging bowl or some other thing was said to be preserved in one place or another and received great homage. The rulers of Karkota dynasty of Kashmir who ruled during the eight century C.E., were favorably disposed towards the Buddhist religion. Buddhism received patronage under II Lahara dynasty (1101-1339 C.E.). The rise of Mahayana and the growth of tantrism had brought Buddhism very near to Shaivism. With the resurgence of Shivism in Kashmir from eight century onwards, there was not much difference between the followers of the two faith
Structural Changes in Jammu and Kashmir Economy
Get PDFThe state of J&K is characterized by hilly topography and difficult terrian besides seasonal land locked ness of certain areas stretching even up to seven months a year. The geographical area of the state is about 13.90 million hectares, out of which about 17.41% that is, 2.42 million hectares have been surveyed and are under the reporting system. Ladakh division covering about 70% of the total geographical area, the state has only 0.62% of its area recorded in the revenue papers. Major part of the surface area of the state being mountainous is inhospitable for human habitation and nearly half of it is used for forestry.
The state of J&K is one of the most under-developed states of the country. It has a backward agriculture and a meagre industrial base. The state is rich in natural resources and its labour force is very intelligent and hardworking. But, due to under utilization of natural resources and man power, substantial gains have not been achieved in the fields of economic development and upliftment of the people. What is more disappointing is the fact that the state is becoming more and more dependent on the imports of both agricultural and industrial commodities from other states of the country due to the absence of sound and scientific economic planning in the state. The agricultural productivity is extremely low because of inadequate supply of irrigation, high - yielding variety of seeds and fertilizers to the farmers
Comparative Study of Trends in Production and Productivity of Major Food Crops in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh
Get PDFThe significance of agriculture in the development strategies of
Indian economy continues to remain paramount. Though the
economy, contemporarily is witnessing a differentiated structural
dynamics of speedier overall growth, the preponderance of the sector to
sustain the livelihood of nearly sixty per cent population and the quest of food
security for billion plus population of the country, does not let the
significance of agriculture sector to be undermined. The advent of green
revolution demonstrated the convergence of scientific knowledge and
research in agriculture, institutional support for delivery of technology and
inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and irrigation and that of its gradual adaption
by farming community. This process, initially in respect of wheat and rice and
to a lesser extent for oilseeds and few coarse cereals, successfully saddled for
nearly two decades from seventies to mid nineties, delivering three to four per
cent plus growth of agricultural sector. However, the performance of
agriculture sector in the recent decade has been less inspiring as compared to
the era of successful green revolution and since the late nineties; the
agricultural growth has decelerated sharply.
While a sharp fall in the share of agriculture in GSDP of North-
Western States has taken place over the past decade, the agriculture sector
continues to remain more important than industry in all these states (except
Himachal Pradesh)
Contesting History: A Study of Salman Rushdie’s Shalimar the Clown and The Enchantress of Florence
Get PDFIndian Writing in English has emerged as a significant, dynamic and versatile body of writing; the Indian English novel, in particular, has and continues to make a stunning impact on global audiences. Many major novels written in the post–imperial period have been authored by Indian novelists writing in English. In any discussion of the immense contribution of Indian fiction to world literature, Salman Rushdie, born in 1947, is the first name that comes to mind. A prolific writer, Rushdie shot into fame with the publication of Midnight’s Children (1981) hailed by many as a „trail blazer‟ and a „trend setter‟ which infused new life into the novel form. Spanning a period of more than three decades, Rushdie‟s creative output of more than ten novels has consolidated his stature as an international writer. Rushdie made his debut in literary field in1975 with Grimus, a fantasy that describes in amusing prose the odyssey of the „Flapping Eagle‟ in search of truth. Rushdie‟s first major novel Midnight’s Children published in 1981 is the story of the post-partition India in the form of a complex comic allegory presented through the life of its central character Saleem Sinai. The novel won Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers and was adapted for stage in 2003