Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Integrated Management of Late Blight Disease [Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary] of Potato
No full textLate blight, (Phytophthora infestans), the most devastating disease of potato, was found prevalent in all the potato growing areas of Kashmir valley with incidence and intensity ranging from 6.66 to 59.99 and 11.11 to 62.22 % and 2.57 to 45.52 and 3.50 to 48.35 per cent during the year 2007 and 2008, respectively. The pathogen infected all parts of the plant/vine and caused premature death of the entire plant. In the present study, different management options, such as cultivar resistance, irrigation frequency, soil amendments, SAR inducers, and newer fungicide molecules, were evaluated for managing the disease. Thirty-five genotypes/cultivars were evaluated, out of which thirty-one were found moderately resistant and the cultivars PP-2500, DTP and PP- 48 proving moderately resistant, showed least disease intensity. Among the different irrigation frequencies, twenty-one day irrigation frequency was found best in comparison to control showing the late blight incidence and intensity of 58.66 and 30.50 per cent in the year 2007 and 67.99 and 48.02 in the year 2008, with highest tuber yield 164.26 and 159.60, respectively. The application of soil amendments resulted in the lesser late blight development in comparison to check. The late blight incidence and intensity ranged from 42.21 and 23.61 per cent in the year 2007 and 44.44 and 26.21 per cent during the year 2008, in the soil amendments with Trichoderma viride + FYM, respectively. Bio-assay studies showed dimethomorph 50 WP the most effective chemical yielding 4.00 mm mycelial growth at 500 μg ml-1 in comparisons to check (85.67) and completely restricted the sporangial germination at 200 and 500 μg ml-1 compared to check 80.66. Tuber dressing with dimethomorph 50 WP and metalaxyl 8+mancozeb 64 proved very effective in controlling the disease development; the tuber dressing with dimethomorph 50 WP delayed the initial symptom development to 37 days following by dressing with metalaxyl 8 + mancozeb 64 WP and cymoxanil 8 + mancozeb 64 WP (35 days) compared to control (29 days). The incidence ranged from (50.00-53.33 and 56.66-60.00%) and intensity (21.55-22.90 to 22.15-23.30%) in comparsion to undressed potato (83.33 and 86.66%) and35.00 and 35.90), respectively during the years 2007 and 2008. The field evaluation of the fungicides indicated maximum disease control with dimethomorph spray, provided the highest disease control with minimum incidence and intensity of 17.03 and 11.64 and 18.51 and 9.59 per cent during 2007 and 2008, respectively compare to (74.07-56.27%) and (73.33 and 56.28 %) incidence and intensity observed in control; the treatment further provided yields of 229.19 qtls /ha in the year 2007 and 214.15 qtls/ha during the year 2008,in comparison to check (152.72 and146.22 qtls/ha), respectively. While studying the induced systemic resistance, all the test inducers reduced the incidence and intensity significantly. BTH proved most effective inducer which delayed the symptom appearance of the disease by (11days) followed by ascorbic acid 9 days where as the standard fungicidal spray of metaxly MZ 75WP at the recommended concentration of (0.25 %) delayed the symptom appearance by only 8 days. The induction was lesser in general in treatments challenged with the pathogen. The poly phenol oxidase activity was observed to show an increasing trend in susceptible diseased as well as susceptible healthy potato leaves and then a rapid decease during the later stage where as the activity was minimum in susceptible diseased and maximum in healthy leaves. An integration of these components in controlling the disease on susceptible cultivar indicated that soil amendment with Trichoderma viride + FYM and tuber dressed with dimethomorph, sprayed with BTH followed by dimethomorph alone or in alteration with mancozeb showed least late blight incidence and intensity of (22.22 to 28.88%) and (8.18 to 11.29 %) and highest yield 238.48-199.76) qtls/hectare with maximum A and B grade potato compared to unamendeded check. Area under disease progress curve (“A “Value) were also the lowest (67.20 to 79.93) in comparisons to check 288.11 while the studies on moderately resistant cultivativar indicated that soil amendment with Trichoderma viride + FYM and tuber dressed with dimethomorph, sprayed with BTH followed by dimethomorph alone or in alteration with mancozeb showed least late blight incidence and intensity of (13.33 to 22.22%) and ( 2.01 to 3.01 %) and highest yield (260.00 to 274.41qtls/hectare), with maximum A and B grade potato compared to un-amendeded check. Area under disease progress curve (“A “Value) was also the lowest (13.74 to 16.44) in comparison to check 104.89
Some studies on Wirless Mesh Net Works (WMNS)
No full textWireless Mesh Networks is a new exciting technology that is anticipated to resolve the limitations and to significantly improve the performance of adhoc networks ,wireless local area networks(WLANS),wireless personal area networks(WPANS), and wireless metropolitan area networks(WMANs).Wireless Mesh Network is a decentralized networking technology that is currently being adapted to connect peer-to-peer clients and large-scale backbone networks. It will deliver wireless services for a large variety of applications in personal, local, campus, and metropolitan areas. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) consist of mesh routers and mesh clients, where mesh routers have minimal mobility and form the backbone of WMNs. They provide network access for both mesh and conventional clients. Mesh routers have bridging and gateway functionality that in turn helps in the integration of WMNs with other existing networks such as internet, cellular, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, sensor networks , etc. However mesh clients can be either stationary or mobile and form a client mesh network among themselves and with mesh routers.
In WMNs, nodes are comprised of mesh routers and mesh clients. Each node operates not only as a host but also as a router, forwarding packets on behalf of other nodes that may not be within direct wireless transmission range of their destinations. A WMN is dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the nodes in the network automatically establishing and maintaining mesh connectivity among themselves (creating, in effect, an ad hoc network). This feature brings many advantages to WMNs such as low up-front cost, easy network maintenance, robustness, and reliable service coverage. Conventional nodes (e.g., desktops, laptops, PDAs, Pocket PCs, phones, etc.) equipped with wireless network interface cards (NICs) can connect directly to wireless mesh routers. Customers without wireless NICs can access WMNs by connecting to
wireless mesh routers through, for example, Ethernet. Thus, WMNs will greatly help the users to be always-on-line anywhere anytime. Moreover, the gateway/bridge functionalities in mesh routers enable the integration of WMNs with various existing wireless networks such as cellular, wireless sensor, wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi), worldwide inter-operability for microwave access (Wi MAX), Wi Media networks. Consequently, through an integrated WMN, the users of existing network can be provided with otherwise impossible services of these networks.
WMN is a promising wireless technology for numerous applications, e.g., broadband home networking, community and neighbourhood networks, enterprise networking, building automation, etc. It is gaining significant attention as a possible way for cash strapped Internet service providers (ISPs), carriers, and others to roll out robust and reliable wireless broadband service access in a way that needs minimal up-front investments. With the capability of self-organization and self-configuration, WMNs can be deployed incrementally, one node at a time, as needed.
Mesh networks provide a number of applications. For example in difficult environments such as emergency situations, tunnels, oil rigs, battlefield surveillance, high speed mobile video applications on board public transport or real time racing car telemetry. Some current applications are:
1. U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh networking to connect their computers, mainly ruggedized laptops, in field operations.
2. Electric meters now being deployed on residences transfer their readings from one to another and eventually to the central office for billing without the need for human meter readers or the need to connect the meters with cables.
3. The laptops in the one laptop per child program use wireless mesh networking to enable students to exchange files and get on the Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or other physical connections in their area.
4. Broadband home networking.
5. Community and neighbourhood networking.
6. Enterprise networking.
7. Metropolitan area networks.
8. Transportation systems
9. Building automation
10. Health and medical systems.
11. Security surveillance systems
12. P2P Communications
However, to make a WMN be all it can be, considerable research efforts are still needed. For example, the available MAC and routing protocols applied to WMNs do not have enough scalability; the throughput drops significantly as the number of nodes or hops in a WMN increases. Similar problems exist in other networking protocols. Also a number of research challenges remain in all protocol layers. Consequently, all existing protocols from the application layer to transport, network MAC, and physical layers need to be enhanced or re-invented. Researchers have started to revisit the protocol design of existing wireless networks, especially of IEEE 802.11 networks, ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks, from the perspective of WMNs. Industrial standards groups are also actively working on new specifications for mesh networking. For example, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, and IEEE 802.16 all have established sub-working groups to focus on new standards for WMNs.
New modulation schemes need to be developed in order to achieve higher transmission rate. For e.g., new wideband transmission schemes other than OFDM and UWB are needed.
Advanced antenna processing including directional, smart and multiple antenna technologies is further investigated, since their complexity and cost are still too high for wide commercialization.
Several other efforts are needed in fields like flexible spectrum management, cross layer design etc
Evaluation of the Status of the Stone Crushers in the Southeast of Srinagar and their Impacts on the Immediate Environment Including Human Health
No full textAir pollution is one of the major threats to our environment both
physical and biological. The rapid growth of industries,
urbanization, transportation etc. and their injudicious planning without due
regard for sustainable development are leading to serious environmental
hazards. The significant contribution of air pollution to the problems of ill
health of human beings, loss of agricultural productivity, forest decline etc.
has been a cause of increasing public concern throughout the world and has
become a topic of intense scientific, industrial and government interest.
Studies on the effects of air pollution on crops dates back almost a century,
but great bulk of research has been conducted within the last 40 years,
mainly in North American and Western Europe.
Due to several internal socioeconomic problems, population
explosion, race/competition of development among different countries,
urbanization etc a higher priority has been given to industrial development
than environmental protection in order to win/lead the race. Without paying
attention to the environmental consequences, polluting industries have been
transferred from industrialized countries to the developing countries where
the lack of environmental regulations and control is used as local advantage.
As a consequence, in the developing countries environmental problems have
appeared similar to those in the Northern Hemisphere years or decades
before, history seems to repeat itself (Mage D. et al., 1996). However, for a
long time the deterioration of environmental quality due to industrialization
Direct and residual effect of FYM, phosphorus and sulphur application in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-brown sarson (Brassica compestris, L.) cropping system
No full textA field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2008-09 and 2009-10) at Shalimar, to study the “Direct and residual effect of FYM, phosphorus and sulphur application in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-brown sarson (Brassica compestris, L.) cropping system” on a silty clay loam soil, low in available nitrogen and sulphur, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The experiment comprising of 27 treatment combinations viz., three FYM levels (10, 20 and 30 t/ha), three phosphorus levels (60, 80 and 100 kg P2O5/ha) and three sulphur levels (20, 40 and 60 kg S/ha) was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Application of 30 t FYM/ha at par with 20 t FYM/ha resulted in significantly higher grain yield of rice than with 10 t FYM/ha besides, recorded significant increase in the yield attributes with concomitant improvement in the growth characters as well. Phosphorus application beyond 60 kg /ha did not record any influence on the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of the rice except in plant height. The growth characters and yield attributes of rice responded significantly well up to 40 kg S/ha compared to 20 kg S/ha. The yield also behaved in the similar fashion. Application of 30 t FYM/ha, 100 kg P2O5 /ha and 60 kg S/ha although recorded the highest values of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur content and uptake at different dates of observation of rice however, the significant improvement in same was found only up to 20 t FYM/ha, 60 kg P2O5 /ha and 40 kg S/ha except in phosphorus content. The residual effect of FYM, phosphorus and sulphur applied to preceding crop had positive and significant effect on the yield of succeeding crop when applied at 20 t/ha, 60 kg/ha and 40 kg /ha respectively. The highest benefit: cost ratio of Rs.1.65 and net profit of Rs.77498.60 was recorded with treatment combination of F20P60S20, hence the treatment combination is recommended for obtaining higher profitability in Rice –Brown sarson cropping system under Kashmir condition
Impact of Nutritional Management and Disbudding on the Biometric Characteristics of Asiatic Lilium
No full textInvestigations on the “Impact of Nutritional Management and Disbudding on the Biometric Characteristics of Asiatic Lilium” were carried out in two experiments viz. “Nutritional management in Asiatic Liliums” and “Influence of disbudding on bulb production in Asiatic Liliums”. The experiments were carried out during 2008 and 2009 at Model Floriculture Centre, Nuner, Gandebal. The first experiment was laid down in split plot design while the second one was laid in Factorial RBD utilizing five varieties viz. Courrier, Menorca, Dream Land, Royal Trinity and Brindisi. In the trial on nutritional management, three levels each of FYM (10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) and phosphorus (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) were used with uniform dose of nitrogen @ 100 kg ha-1. Data indicate that Royal Trinity outnumbered all other varieties in terms of important characters, recording maximum plant height (75.14 cm), number of leaves (91.32 plant-1), leaf area (528.76 cm2 plant-1), stem thickness (0.69 cm), number of flowers (12.54 plant-1) and flower duration (17.69 days) compared to Dream Land which recorded minimum plant height (35.05 cm), number of leaves (40.65 plant-1), leaf area (332.81 cm2), stem thickness (0.52 cm), number of flowers (2.86 plant-1), flower duration (13.59 days) and flower diameter (10.06 cm). Floral bud appearance was earliest in Brindisi (63.14 days) in comparison to 71.60 days in Menorca. This variety also recorded minimum days (76.37) for first flower anthesis. Maximum number of bulbs (1.15 plant-1) was recorded for Menorca. However, heaviest bulbs (109.04 g plant-1) were produced by Royal Trinity. These bulbs depicted maximum girth (18.46 cm). On the other hand, Dream Land produced bulbs which were almost half in weight (52.58 g plant-1) and size (8.19 cm) of Royal Trinity. Application of FYM @ 20 t ha-1 and phosphorus @ 150 kg ha-1 recorded statistically significant improvement in the vegetative, floral and bulb characteristics in all the varieties tested in the experiment.
Under the interactive influence V4M3 (Royal Trinity supplied with 20 t ha-1 FYM)) proved to be the best interaction in terms of number of flowers (13.46 plant-1), flower duration (18.53 days), bulb weight (117.56 g plant-1) and bulb size (19.06 cm). Maximum number of bulbs (1.39 plant-1) and bulblets (1.62 plant-1) were recorded with V2M3 (Menorca supplied with 20 t ha-1 FYM). Similar trend was observed in phosphorus application with V4P3 (Royal Trinity supplied with 150 kg ha-1 phosphorus) recording maximum number of flowers (12.85), flower duration (17.79 days) and weight of bulbs (113.40 g plant-1) while V2P3 (Menorca supplied with 150 kg ha-1 phosphorus) recorded maximum number of bulbs (1.18 plant-1) and bulblets (1.31 plant-1). It may be concluded that Royal Trinity is the best in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem thickness, number of flowers and flower duration. However, Brindisi was the earliest to switch over to the reproductive phase. This variety not only required minimum number of days to produce buds but also to anthesce. Although Menorca outnumbered in bulb production, yet large sized and heaviest bulbs were recorded for Royal Trinity.
In conclusion, Royal Trinity is the best performer over all other cultivars tested and that the nutrients should be applied @ 20 t ha-1 of FYM and 150 kg ha-1 of phosphorus to achieve optimum results. In the second experiment on disbudding; number of bulbs produced was more (1.21 plant-1) in disbudded than in non-disbudded plants (1.08 bulbs plant-1). The size of the bulbs was maximum (17.18 cm) in disbudded and minimum (16.21 cm) in non-disbudded plants. Weight of the bulbs was also highly influenced by disbudding with an average increment of >7 g in disbudded plants. Though weight of bulblets depicted a significant impact (11.91 g in disbudded and only 10.91 g in non-disbudded ones) yet number and size of bulblets were not influenced significantly.
It can be concluded that the number and weight of bulbs in Asiatic lilliums can significantly be improved by disbudding, with Royal Trinity being the most responsive to disbudding compared to other varieties in terms of number, size and weight of bulbs produced
