Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
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Evaluation of Thymidylate Synthase Polymorphisms in ALL patients of Kashmir
Get PDFAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder of lymphoid progenitor
cells, affects both children and adults, with peak prevalence between the ages of 2 and 5
years, and is the most common paediatric cancer. Genetic susceptibility to leukemias can
be related to the polymorphisms in multiple genes and consistent with this paradigm;
several polymorphisms have been identified in the pathogenesis of lymphoid
malignancies. The enzyme encoded by Thymidylate Synthase (TS) gene is a crucial
enzyme in the folate metabolism and plays an important role in the DNA synthesis and
repair pathway. Impairments in this enzyme have been associated with chromosome
breaks and fragile site induction, which in turn have been associated with the
development of lymphoid malignancies including leukemias. The aim of the study was to
investigate whether the tandem repeat polymorphism in the TS promoter region is a risk
factor for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Kashmiri population. The
repeat polymorphism in the TS gene was evaluated in 72 ALL cases and 82 (age, sex and
region matched, non malignant) controls by PCR analysis of DNA obtained from the
blood of the subjects and direct sequencing of the PCR products. We observed that the
TS triple tandem repeat (3R) allele frequency was 73.75 % in the controls and 67.91% in
cases. This difference in frequency was found to be statistically insignificant with a P =
0.2713(P> .05). The TS 2R/2R genotype was found to be present in 13.88% of the cases
and 9.75% of the controls, the 2R/3R variant in 31.94% of the cases and 31.70% of
controls, and the 3R/3R genotype in 47.22% of cases and 56.09% of controls.
We observed that although the proportion of patients who were homozygous for the TS
tandem repeat(3R/3R) was lower in cases than in controls, the difference was not
statistically significant when using 2R/2R genotype as a reference (OR= 0.5913; 95% CI,
0.2111-1.657; P = 0.3143). Similarly, we observed the frequency of the heterozygous
genotype (2R/3R) when compared with 2R/2R genotype was not much different between
the cases and controls hence, statistically insignificant (OR=0.7077; 95% CI, 0.2389-
2.097; P= 0.5317). Thus, our study suggests that there is no association between TS
tandem repeat polymorphism and the development of ALL in Kashmiri population.
However these findings need to be substantiated with larger sample size to clarify the real
contribution of this gene in the susceptibility to ALL in different world populations
Some Application of Switched Current Circuits.
Get PDFA complete digital signal processing system requires analog circuits acting as an interface between the digital system and the outside analog world. Various techniques have been proposed to implement these circuits, but the one compatible with digital technology is switched capacitor (SC) technique. However, there are still some problems with SC circuits which are as follows: (i) The process technology used for these circuits is not compatible with the standard digital process technology due to extra poly-silicon layer, (ii) the performance of these circuits worsens for low voltage operations, because lower supply voltage will tend to increase power consumption for the same dynamic range, and in order to maintain the same dynamic range on a low supply voltage requires a quadratic increase in sampling capacitance to reduce thermal noise. The required increase in bias current to maintain circuit bandwidth results in a net increase in the overall power consumption. To overcome these problems, a new technique called the switched current (SI) technique has been proposed. The technique utilizes the ability of an MOS transistor to maintain its drain current, when its gate is open circuited, through the charge stored on its gate oxide capacitance. In this technique signals are represented by currents instead of voltages and, therefore, the signal
swing is only indirectly limited by a reduction of the available voltage range. In a traditional voltage mode circuit, the supply voltage imposes a direct limitation on signal swing. Switched current circuits could therefore be a better for low voltage operation.
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The application of switched current systems is much same as for switched capacitor systems viz. filters, A/D and D/A converters, general signal processing etc. but the prime aim is that switched current circuits should be implemented using a standard VLSI.
In this work, the SI technique has been studied and several reported SI circuits have been simulated for their performance. Specifically, the work was aimed at the study of developing SI technique for the design of high performance circuits such as Integrators, Differentiators, Programmable filters, A/D and D/A converters, Sigma Delta Modulators, Multipliers, Delays etc.
All the investigations are based on the PSPICE simulations using model parameters of the BISIM335 MOS transistors. The investigations match the theoretical interpretations and predictions. The entire gamut of this dissertation has been to study the already reported SI circuits and to investigate them for improved accuracy, dynamic range, bandwidth, linearity and low voltage operation
Response of some cruciferous ornamentals to certain foliar applied growth regulators on growth, blooming and postharvest longevity”
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Genetic studies in Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
No full textThe present investigation entitled “Genetic studies in Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out to generate information on genetic variability, degree of inter-relationship between various traits, combining ability ( general and specific), nature and magnitude of gene effects and nature and magnitude of heterosis. The experimental materials consisted of ten diverse lines of Sweet pepper viz. SP-4, SP-21, SP-29, SP-31, SP-32, SP-82, SP-202, SP-614, SP-640 and California Wonder. The parents were crossed in diallel fashion to generate forty five crosses. The crosses and parents were evaluated as per Method II and Model I of Griffing (1956 a,b) in randomized complete block design during Kharif, 2010 at three different locations viz., Vegetable Experimental Farm of Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST (K), Shalimar (E1); Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malangpora (E2) and Regional Research Station, SKUAST (K), Wadura (E3). The observations were recorded on days to first flowering, days to first fruit set, days to first fruit maturity, plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), number of branches per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), flesh thickness (mm), pedicel length (cm), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant (g), number of locules, average seed weight per fruit (g), flesh to seed ratio, total chlorophyll (mg/100g of fresh wt.), TSS (°Brix), vitamin C (mg/100g) and total carotenoids (mg/ 100g). The data was analyzed as per standard statistical procedures.
Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents and crosses indicating that the materials selected for present investigation were diverse. The magnitudes of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to high depicting the ample scope for improvement through selection. The heritability (broad sense) was high for all the traits except number of locules. Fruit yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with number of branches per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh thickness, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and average seed weight per fruit.
Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that variances due to gca and sca were significant for all the traits suggesting the importance of both types of variances in the inheritance of the traits. GCA and SCA also interacted significantly with the environments. The estimates of dominance variance were higher in magnitude than corresponding estimates of additive variance indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action.
None of the parents exhibited desirable gca effects for all the traits simultaneously. However, overall ranking of genotypes revealed that the parents SP-21, SP-82, SP-640 and California Wonder exhibited significant desirable gca effects for most of the traits. None of the crosses exhibited significant desirable sca effects for all the traits simultaneously. However, the crosses SP-29 x SP-640, California Wonder x SP-82 and SP-82 x SP-614 were found to be desirable for most of the traits.
The component analysis revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of traits. Net dominance effect was significant and positive for most of the traits indicating positive direction of dominance. Positive and significant ‘F’ values for days to first flowering, plant height, fruit length, pedicel length, average fruit weight and flesh to seed ratio indicated positive direction of dominance. Average degree of dominance was more than unity in all the traits indicating overdominance.
Significant values of t2 and significant deviation of regression coefficient from unity depicted the presence of epistasis in days to first flowering, flesh thickness and fruit yield per plant in all the environments and pooled analysis. Higher magnitude of heterosis in fruit yield per plant, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant suggested the possibility of yield enhancement through exploitation of heterosis
Evaluation of Various Phytoecdysteroids for their Influence on Synchronization of Maturation and Economic Characters of Silkworm Bombyx mori L
No full textThe present study entitled “Evaluation of various phytoecdysteroids for their influence on synchronization of maturation and economic characters of silkworm Bombyx mori L.” was carried out at the Division of Sericulture, Mirgund. Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during spring seasons (April-May) of 2008 & 2009. The study was undertaken on twenty locally available plants belonging to different families. Out of twenty tested plant materials, eight revealed presence of moulting hormone like substance viz., 20-hydroxyecdysone through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). However, through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) presence of this moulting hormone like substance was established in only three of the eight plant materials screened earlier under TLC. These plants were: - Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Cupressus tularosa Linn and Datura stramonium Linn. Maximum quantity of this moulting hormone like substance was recorded in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. followed by Cupressus tularosa Linn and least was in Datura stramonium Linn. These plant extracts were tested for their influence on silkworm (through per os administration) at concentrations of 1:100 and 1:50 applied at four different timings of 48 hrs, 72 hrs, 120 hrs and at the onset of spinning. The study also included branded hormone (Sampoorna) as control-I whereas, no treatment constituted control-II.
Plant extracts and the branded hormone (control-I) application at the onset of spinning (when 3-5 % worms show maturation) resulted in a maturation of 52.32 and 58.65 % within 12 hours respectively as against only 26.99% in control-II (without treatment). The same treatments induced uniform maturation of the entire lot within 24 hours as against 36 hours in control-II (without treatment). Thus synchronization in treated batched was achieved 12 hours earlier than in untreated batches (control-II).
The application at 72 hrs and 120 hrs shortened larval duration by about 12-18 hours than control-II. Application at 72 hrs and 120 hrs terminated rearing at 168 hrs and 162-164 hrs, thereby, taking 64 hours and 36 hours for maturation of entire lots respectively. Both the treatments terminated rearing within 7 days of 5th instar. This finding opens up possibility of a crop saving use of this hormone when there is unforeseen shortage of mulberry leaf or apprehension of disease outbreak. This would ensure some crop for the rearer as against a total crop failure.
Plant extracts when applied at 48 hours slightly prolonged larval duration thus acting like juvenile hormone. This resulted in increase in cocoon weight from 1.9g to 2.2g and shell weight from 0.324g to 0.414g recorded in the treatments (72and 120 hrs) and 48 hrs respectively.
It is therefore concluded from the present study that extracts of these locally available plants containing 20-hydroxyecdysone like substance could be utilised primarily for (1) achieving synchronization of maturation (2) as crop saver under certain circumstances and also for (3) enhancement in some commercial characters of silkworm Bombyx mori L
Peroxidase, Polyphenol Oxidase Activity, Protein Profile And Phenolic Content In Tomato Cultivars Tolerant And Susceptible To Fusarium Oxsyporum F.Sp.Lycopersici
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Investigation on nitrogen, sulphur and FYM application on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.
No full textThe present investigation entitled “Investigation on nitrogen, sulphur and FYM application on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)” was conducted at Agronomy Farm of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar during kharif 2009 and 2010. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three nitrogen levels (40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1), two sulphur levels (30 and 60 kg ha-1) and three FYM levels (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1). The plots were given uniform recommended dose of phosphorus and potassium through diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash at the rate of 60 and 40 kg P2O5 and K2O ha-1, respectively. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, low in available nitrogen and sulphur, high in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and potassium with neutral pH.
The study revealed that except at 25 days after sowing (DAS), the periodic plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production recorded significant and consistent increase with increase in nitrogen rates from 40 to 120 kg ha-1 during both years of investigation. Nitrogen rates of 80 and 120 kg ha-1 at par with one another, significantly increased the total number of achenes capitulum-1, number of filled achenes capitulum-1 and 1000-seed weight over 40 kg N ha-1 during both years, however head diameter and sterlity percentage recorded significant and consistent increase with increase in nitrogen rate up to 120 kg ha-1. Nitrogen application at the rate of 80 and 120 kg ha-1, at par with one another significantly increased the seed yield over 40 kg N ha-1 during 2009 and 2010 and in the pooled yield over two years. However, stalk yield showed significant and consistent improvement with increase in nitrogen application up to 120 kg ha-1. The harvest index (HI) recorded significant increase with increase in nitrogen rateup to 80 kg ha-1 but showed significant decrease at 120 kg N ha-1 application. Nitrogen content and uptake in seed and stalk showed significant and consistent increase with increase in nitrogen rate up to 120 kg ha-1, whereas sulphur content and uptake in seed and stalk recorded at 80 and 120 kg N ha-1 was statistically similar but significantly higher than 40 kg N ha-1. The oil content recorded significant and consistent decrease with increase in nitrogen rate up to 120 kg ha-1, whereas oil yield showed significant and consistent increase with increase in nitrogen rate up to 120 kg ha-1.
Sulphur application at 60 kg ha-1 significantly increased the periodic plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production except at 25 DAS over 30 kg S ha-1 during both years of experimentation. All yield attributes viz., total achenes capitulum-1, filled achenes capitulum-1 and 1000-seed weight recorded significant increase with increase in sulphur rate up to 60 kg S ha-1 during both years, whereas sterlity percentage remained unaffected with sulphur application. Both seed and stalk yield and the pooled seed yield over two years showed significant increase with increase in sulphur rate up to 60 kg ha-1. Both nitrogen content and uptake and sulphur content and uptake in seed and stalk and oil content and oil yield recorded significant increase with increase in sulphur rate from 30 to 60 kg S ha-1.
FYM application at 10 and 20 t ha-1 was statistically similar but significantly increased the periodic plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production except at 25 DAS over no FYM application during both years of study. The yield contributing characters viz., filled achenes capitulum-1, head diameter and 1000-seed weight recorded with 10 and 20 t FYM ha-1 were at par but significantly higher over no FYM application, whereas total achenes capitulum-1 increased significantly and consistently with increase in FYM rate from 0 to 20 t ha-1. Sterlity percentage recorded with 20 t FYM ha-1 was significantly higher over 10 and 0 t FYM ha-1. Seed yield during 2009 and 2010 and pooled yield over two years recorded with 10 and 20 t FYM ha-1 was at par but significantly higher over 0 t FYM ha-1, whereas stalk yield showed significant and consistent increase with increase in FYM rate from 0 to 20 t ha-1. Nitrogen content and uptake in seed and stalk recorded with 10 and 20 t FYM ha-1 was similar but significantly higher than no FYM application except nutrient content during 2009. Sulphur content in seed recorded with 10 and 20 t FYM ha-1 was statistically similar but significantly higher than 0 t FYM ha-1, whereas sulphur content in stalk and sulphur uptake in seed and stalk recorded significant and consistent increase with increase in FYM rate up to 20 t ha-1. The oil content remained unaffected by different FYM levels, however oil yield increased significantly and consistently with increase in FYM rate up to 20 t ha-1. The interaction effect of nitrogen and FYM on dry matter production at harvest, nitrogen and sulphur during 2010, FYM and sulphur during 2010 and FYM and nitrogen during 2009 and 2010 on filled achenes capitulum-1, nitrogen and FYM on seed yield and nitrogen and sulphur, nitrogen and FYM and sulphur and FYM on oil yield during 2009 and 2010 was found significant.
Available nitrogen in soil after crop harvest during two years was highest with treatment combination 120 kg N + 60 kg S + 20 t FYM ha-1 and lowest with 40 kg N + 30 kg S + 0 t FYM ha-1. Similar trend was observed also for available sulphur and organic carbon content.
The net returns and benefit cost ratio remained highest with tretment combination 80 kg N + 60 kg S + 0 t FYM ha-1, whereas gross returns were highest with 120 kg N +60 kg S + 20 t FYM ha-1