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Prediction of deep eutectic solvents densities at different temperatures
No full textPredicting densities of nonconventional solvents like deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a function of temperature is of considerable importance in the development and design of new processes utilizing these solvents. Because of the nature of bonding existing between the salt and the hydrogen bond donor, conventional methods result in very large deviations. In this study, the density of DESs based on three different salts was estimated using empirical method. Nine different salts:hydrogen bond donor combinations were selected to test this method. The densities of all DESs were measured at a temperature range (298.15-368.1 K). The critical properties of salt and hydrogen bond donor were estimated using the Modified Lydersen-Joback-Reid method, while that of the mixture were calculated using Lee-Kesler equation. The Rackett equation modified by Spencer and Danner was employed to predict the DES density. The values of measured and predicted densities were compared and the average of absolute relative error percentage (ARPE) for all DESs was found to be 1.9%. The effect of salt to HBD molar ratio on ARPE in predicted DESs densities was also investigated. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Influence of Baseline Serum Calcium Level on Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity in Neonates at a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia
No full textThe study was conducted to measure the effect of baseline serum calcium levels on the stage of nephrotoxicity caused by Gentamicin therapy for neonates' patients in teaching hospital, highlight the mechanism(s) behind this type of toxicity and setting a therapy regimen to minimize or delay such toxicity caused by Gentamicin. Retrospectively, the renal function indicators values such as BUN, Srcr and BUN-to-Srcr ratio were collected for all different groups of neonatal patients receiving Gentamicin from September 2008 to September 2009 in the Teaching Hospital of King Khalid University and Hospital of King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Collected data were analyzed and evaluated. Total of 237 neonate patients profiles were reviewed and classified to three groups based on serum calcium baseline level to normo, hypo and hypercalcemic patient. Hypocalcemic group has the highest rising rate for BUN, Srcr and BUN-to-Srcr ratio values. The protection effect of calcium was obvious. The findings revealed that baseline serum calcium level has some effect on the decline and maintaining of kidney function in neonate patient under Gentamicin therapy. The possible mechanism (s) has been discussed and a Gentamicin therapy protocol was proposed to minimize or delay nephrotoxicity in neonate patients under Gentamicin therapy
Al-Baseet: A proposed simplification authoring tool for the Arabic language
No full textThis paper sheds the light on the importance of developing an Arabic simplification tool for the benefit of Arabic readers with low levels of literacy and for Arabic learners. We propose a prototype for a simplification tool, called Al-Baseet, in which we identify some basic modules and stages that are necessary for performing automatic Arabic text simplification. The limitations that stand in the way of developing such a tool are then investigated and recommended for further research.King Saud Universit
Metformin attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats through modulation of oxidative stress genes expression.
No full textDiabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or action. One of the most important complications of this metabolic disease is diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and hence generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies have established that metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug, possesses antioxidant effects. However, whether metformin can protect against diabetic nephropathy has not been reported before. The overall objectives of the present study are to elucidate the potential nephroprotective effect of metformin in a rat diabetic nephropathy model and explore the exact underlying mechanism(s) involved. The effect of metformin on the biochemical changes associated with hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin was investigated in rat kidney tissues. In addition, energy nucleotides (AMP and ATP), and Acetyl-CoA in the kidney homogenates and mitochondria, and the mRNA expression of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators were assessed. Our results showed that treatment of normoglycemic rats with metformin caused significant increase in ATP, Acetyl-CoA, and CoA-SH contents in kidney homogenates and mitochondria along with profound decrease in AMP level. On the other hand, treatment of diabetic nephropathy rats with metformin normalized all biochemical changes and the energy status in kidney tissues. At the transcriptional levels, metformin treatment caused significant restoration in diabetic nephropathy-induced oxidative stress mRNA levels, particularly GSTα, NQO1, and CAT genes, whereas inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 pro-inflammatory genes. Our data lend further credence for the contribution of metformin in the nephroprotective effect in addition to its well known hypoglycemic actio
دور عملية توليد الكهرباء في انبعاث غازات البيت الزجاجي
No full textتسهم محطات توليد الطاقة الكهربائية التي تعمل في الأساس على نظام حرق أحد مصادر الوقود الأحفوري بشكل واضح في زيادة انبعاث غازات البيت الزجاجي بخار الماء (H2O), ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2), الميثان (CH4), أكسيد النيتروز(N2O), الكلورفلور كربونات (CFXCLX). و تقوم هذه الغازات بالعمل نفسه الذي تقوم به ألواح الزجاج في البيت الأخضر- الزجاجي, فهي تمتص الأشعة الشمسية قصيرة الموجه و تعكس الأشعة تحت الحمراء طويلة الموجة إلى الداخل مؤديةً بذلك إلى حبس الحرارة داخل البيت الزجاجي و منعها من النفاذ للخارج. و سيؤدي زيادة تركيز هذه الغازات بالذات إلى ارتفاع معدل السنوي لدرجة الحرارة. و لذلك فان عملية المحافظة على درجة حرارة سطح الأرض يتطلب منا جميعاً التفكير ملياً في سلوك الاستهلاك الكهربائي و تغيير السلوكيات الخاطئة منها حتى نتمكن من خفض كميات الوقود الأحفوري الذي يتم حرق و سيؤدي ذلك حتماً إلى تقليل كميات الانبعاث من غازات البيت الزجاجي و المحافظة على استقرار المعدل العالمي لدرجة حرارة الأرض. و من المقترحات التي نسوقها للتعامل مع هذه المشكلة زيادة عدد مشاريع توليد الكهرباء من مصادر الطاقة البديلة للوقود الأحفوري و هي ما يُسمى بمصادر الطاقة المتجددة و النظيفة التي تشمل الطاقة الشمسية و المياه و الرياح و المد و الجزر و حرارة باطن الأر
Nursing documentation in Maternity clinical practice : Reflection of actual nurse's work load
No full textBackground: Reporting and recording are the major communication techniques used by health care worker in directing client based decision making and continuity of care. The medical records serve as a legal document for recording all client activities initiated by all health practitioners, its may be paper documents or electronic documents. Documentation allows nurses and other care providers to communicate about the care provided, and promote good nursing care and supports nurses to meet professional and legal standards. However, nursing documentation continues to draw criticism from professional, community, and regulatory organizations because of incomplete, substandard charting practices. Studies focused on time indicate that nurses spend a significant amount of time in recordkeeping. Nurses regularly copied data from the medical record and other documents to create personal records that guided their activities.
The purpose of this paper: is to evaluate nurses' attitudes toward documentation for endorsing patient care and its value as mean of communication. Also to identify the problems and barriers in the nursing documentation for reflecting actual nurse work Load from nurses’ perspective. Methods:1. Design :An exploratory descriptive study design was used. 2. Setting: The study was conducted over three months (March - May 2010) in pre natal ,post natal and nursery departments, at Al aziziah Maternity and children hospital, in Jeddah. 3. Sample; A total of (160 ) female nurses working at the wards of the study settings, 60 of them of different nationality were recruited thought simple random sampling 4. Tools; A questionnaire sheet was developed by researchers for data collection, also Likert rating scale consisting of 10 items divided into two sections: documentation barrier (5 items), and Documentation-tension (5 items). The research tools was generated through review of the literature and consultation with nursing experts. The descriptive statistics of mean was use to analyze the data with a criterion mean at 2.50.
Results:. The present study findings revealed significant percentages of nurses’ agreement upon the benefit of documentation to patient care ,(48.7%) reported that nursing notes always facilitate the movement toward the nursing goals, documentation leads to improve patient care recorded (30%). Furthermore, the majority had reported that documentation is always related to nursing care that provided to patient (61.7%). On the other hand, 41.7% were thinking that documentation is often an accurate reflection of patient nursing care. Concerning the value of documentation to the nurses, (51.7%) agreed that use of documentation are often more of help for nurses than load, while (38.3%) reported that nursing notes are often important to every health provider and documentation is not wasting of time. Regarding documentation barriers, (30%) had agreed upon that documentation is too heavily structured by quality assurance, and Workload demands hinder the completing of patient documentation. while (35%) agreed upon the statement that Shortage of staff work hinder completing of patient documentation. While only (16.7%) agreed upon the statement that Language barrier decrease quality of nursing documentation, and (21.7%) reported that documentation consist a lot of double-charting and repetition. Conclusion: It is concluded that nurses have a positive attitude to ward documentation in the mean of patient care, communication and value. However, nurses are not certain upon documentation barriers and tension. There is also significant relation ship between barriers, tension and Saudi nurses. Therefore, it is recommended for further examination of nurses opinion regarding barriers and tension among Saudi nurses. It is also necessary for hospitals to adopt formal nurses’ documentation forms on their chart
Calculation of the Zeeman-Fine Energies and the Spectrum with Doppler-Shift Correction of Atomic Lithium
No full textWe have calculated the Zeeman-fine energies of atomic Lithium (Li) by using the varying effective Landé g-factor method. We take the principle quantum number in the range; (2 ≤n ≤10 ). For this range we find 26 different energy values and 325 wavelengths some of which are the same. The Doppler shift is found to be Δλ=±0.004λ. The Doppler shift-corrected wavelengths are in perfect agreement with the observed (NIST) values for atomic Li
Effect of wall properties on the peristaltic flow of a third grade fluid
No full textAnalysis has been carried out to study the heat and mass transfer effects on the peristaltic flow in acurved channel with compliant walls. Firstly, mathematical modelling is performed and then solution is obtained under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Stream function, temperature and concentration fields are derived. The effects of emerging parameters in the obtained solutions are discusse
On the extended (G"/G )-expansion method and its applications
No full textIn this paper,the extended (G’/G )-expansion method with a computerized symbolic compu-tation Maple is employed for constructing the new exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations arising in physics. The obtained travelling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions,the trigonometric functions and rational functions.The applied method will be used in further works to establish more entirely new solutions for other kinds of two nonlinear evolution equations,namely,the (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation and extended generalization of Vakhnenko equation
Proteolytic cleavage of stingray phospholipase A2: Isolation and biochemical characterization of an active N-terminal form
No full textMammalian GIB-PLA2 are well characterized. In contrast, much less is known about aquatic ones. The aquatic world contains a wide variety of living species and, hence represents a great potential for discovering new lipolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to check some biochemical and structural properties of a marine stingray phospholipase A2 (SPLA2). The effect of some proteolytic enzymes on SPLA2 was checked. Chymotrypsin and trypsin were able to hydrolyze SPLA2 in different ways. In both cases, only N-terminal fragments were accumulated during the hydrolysis, whereas no C-terminal fragment was obtained in either case. Tryptic and chymotryptic attack generated 13 kDa and 12 kDa forms of SPLA2, respectively. Interestingly, the SPLA2 13 kDa form was inactive, whereas the SPLA2 12 kDa form conserved almost its full phospholipase activity. In the absence of bile slats both native and 12kDa SPLA2 failed to catalyse the hydrolysis of PC emulsion. When bile salts were pre-incubated with the substrate, the native kinetic protein remained linear for more than 25 min, whereas the 12 kDa form activity was found to decrease rapidly. Furthermore, The SPLA2 activity was dependent on Ca2+; other cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) reduced the enzymatic activity notably, suggesting that the arrangement of the catalytic site presents an exclusive structure for Ca2+. Although marine and mammal pancreatic PLA2 share a high amino acid sequence homology, polyclonal antibodies directed against SPLA2 failed to recognize mammal PLA2 like the dromedary pancreatic one. Further investigations are needed to identify key residues involved in substrate recognition responsible for biochemical differences between the 2 classes of phospholipases.King Saud Universit