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Determinants of water demand in marginalized urban areas in Lima-Peru and their importance in improving social welfare
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2019This research studies part of the water market from marginalized urban areas in Lima-Peru, where households are not provided potable water service with pipes by the Lima water company. Given this, consumers of marginalized areas pay higher prices from tank trucks services than consumers of the Lima water company. Therefore, the main purposes of this study are: (1) to identify the determinants of water demand using an instrumental variable regression, and (2) to know how social welfare changes when water price varies. For measuring this change, I use concepts such as consumer surplus, producer surplus, equivalent variation and compensating variation. I use data from the survey conducted by the Direct Marketing Research and Consulting, and the National Superintendence of Sanitation Services of Peru (SUNASS). Finally, the results suggest that consumption of water depends significantly on water price, number of people per household, the storage capacity of water that each household has and the level of income. Likewise, we found out that there is a strong negative relation between water price and social welfare; thus, public policies to regulate the level of water price are strongly recommended.I. INTRODUCTION
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
III. METHODOLOGY
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V. CONCLUSIONOutstandingmasterpublishedSandro Alejandro HUAMANI ANTONIO
Defining E‐leadership as Competence in ICT‐Mediated Communications: An Exploratory Assessment
No full textWhile many aspects of the dramatic shifts caused by digital government have made enormous progress, the leadership of those who serve the public via electronic means has yet to take a significant step forward. This article addresses three questions: How significant has e‐leadership become? What are the challenges in trying to create a more comprehensive model of defining and measuring e‐leadership? And, based on current knowledge, what skill and behavioral elements are candidates for a concrete e‐leadership model? The authors develop and test an original model that focuses on e‐leadership as a competence in virtual communications (i.e., the use of ICT‐mediated communications) and the digital opportunities and challenges that are created. The results provide strong support for the proposed model. The article concludes with a discussion of a future agenda for e‐leadership research that can be developed in a manner that is fruitful for theory and practitioners.1
Study on the impact of donors' AID transparency on their AID volume
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2019While the international development cooperation community is bearing a double burden of increasing the volume of foreign aid and enhancing its effectiveness and accountability at the same time, this study aims to explore whether aid transparency of donor agencies, among other determinants of foreign aid, has any impact on their aid volume. Fixed effects regressions using panel data over 2011-2017 for 51 donor agencies in 36 donor countries are used in the analysis.
The results find that donor agencies in more populated countries spare less aid budget, implying the existence of economies of scale. On the political side, donors with more women in parliaments tend to show higher generosity, while fractionalized opposition party has negative influence. In addition, pro-poor donors with larger government and social expenditure appear to also spend more for international redistribution. However, in contrast to existing studies, domestic inequality proxied by income held by the bottom quantile and Gini coefficient is examined to be positively correlated with foreign aid. Aid transparency of donor agencies, captured by Aid Transparency Index and its separate components, is found to be insignificant as determinants of aid allocation decisions.1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
4. METHODOLOGY
5. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
6. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONSmasterpublishedWongi JO
Three essays on welfare policies and well-being
Get PDFThesis(Doctoral) --KDI School:Ph.D in Public Policy,2019This dissertation presents the results of a series of studies into the effects of welfare policies on individual well-being. The research objectives are to examine empirical evidence of how national policies affect the objective and subjective well-being of individuals, and to fill the gap between policies at the macro level and individuals at the micro level. This will enable us to further our understanding of the effects of policies to promote a more dignified approach toward the treatment of real life people. This thesis consists of three chapters that fall under the broad banner of welfare policies and well-being.
The first essay, The Well-Being Effects of Targeted Cash Transfer Programs for the Elderly:
Evidence from Natural Experiments in South Korea, aims to examine the effects of targeted cash transfers with a cutoff for lower economic status on objective and subjective well-being, and to investigate the possible mechanism behind the program. Examining two types of exogenous policy changes, coverage expansion and benefit increase, results clearly show that these cause a crowding out of private transfers, compensating the loss of private transfer to household income, lower life satisfaction, and higher depression of the treated. Focusing on the stigmatizations associated with targeted cash transfer programs, a dignified targeted cash transfer through a non-face-to-face application and a positive media campaign to deliver the policy intention to the public are suggested.
The second essay, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: The Role of Unemployment Benefit in South Korea, examines the comprehensive effects of unemployment on subjective well-being and the role of unemployment benefits as a public mediator. By examining exogenous entry to unemployment due to plant closure or layoff, it is found that there are negative spillover effects of unemployment on the life satisfaction of the unemployed and their spouses with noticeable gender differences. Unemployment benefit buffers the overall negative effects of unemployment, making it near-zero.
The third essay, Individual Perceptions toward the Social Systems, Social Spending and Subjective Well-Being in Europe, is inspired by previous literature showing that welfare state efforts measured by social spending have a near-zero effect on individual experienced utility, or life satisfaction. To fill the gap between individuals and welfare states, the moderating effects of individual perceptions toward the social system are examined. Focusing on European countries, 2002-2015, multidimensional social perceptions mediate the near-zero effect of social spending. This implies that policy-makers should consider how much people trust and perceive the social system to maximize the effects of welfare states.1 The Well-Being Effects of Targeted Cash Transfer Programs for the Elderly: Evidence from Natural Experiments in South Korea
2 Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: The Role of Unemployment Benefit in South Korea
3 Individual Perceptions toward the Social Systems, Social Spending and Subjective Well-Being in EuropedoctoralpublishedSeonga KIM
Taking an Electronic Claims System from Pilot to Countrywide Implementation in Ghana
Get PDFThis case study is about the challenges facing the Ghanaian National Health Insurance Scheme's claims management, how the processes of the e-claims system from 2010-13 were developed, and how the system bolstered efficiency in claims review and reimbursement, leading to lower claims costs through the detection of errors, abuse, and fraud. These efforts were led by the NHIS with support from the Ministry of Health, Ghana Health Service (GHS), service providers, and the World Bank’s Health Insurance Project (HIP).
Despite the delivery problems encountered in technical, human resource, and financial matters, the NHIS effectively managed these challenges through evidence-based strategies. This enabled the NHIS to effectively use the e-claims system as a cost containment measure; the system enforced prescription and dispensing levels and linked treatment and diagnosis procedures. It also removed errors in claims processing and payment and minimized abuses of the system by detecting fraud. The e-claims system also provided information to the NHIS on the quality of health care provided and facilitated early payment of medical claims. In addition, it allowed the NHIS to extract credible claims data for analysis and overall policy direction
Implementing a Real Name Financial Transaction System to Increase Transparency and Reduce Corruption
Get PDFA real-name financial transaction system (RNFTS) requires that the real name of an individual or a legal entity be used in financial transactions, subject to verification by some form of identification. By enhancing the integrity and transparency of financial transactions, RNFTS aims to address the development challenge of reducing corruption and promoting fair taxation. Introducing RNFTS entails basically two types of delivery challenges: technical and political economy. The technical challenge has to do with setting up data infrastructure and dealing with verification and transition problems while safeguarding financial privacy. The political economy challenge has to do with overcoming the resistance of those who wanted to keep financial transactions secret.
Since the early 1980s, successive governments in Korea acknowledged the imperative of financial transparency and integrity, but their commitment to implement the requisite reform fluctuated depending on political and economic conditions. In fact, although technical challenges associated with RNFTS had been largely addressed by the mid-1980s, political economy issues prevented its implementation until 1993.
Introducing RNFTS is generally regarded as a case of concentrated costs and dispersed benefits, where reform-minded citizens must play entrepreneurial politics to mobilize the support of the general public to overcome the resistance of the powerful vested interest. However, under certain conditions, it may more resemble a case of concentrated costs and concentrated benefits, where a few reformers derive a disproportionate share of benefits against their political rivals. In Korea’s case, the payoff structure associated with RNFTS seems to have gone through this shift from the 1980s to 1993
Is Bail-in Debt Bail-inable?
No full textThe contingent convertible bond (or CoCo) is designed as a bail-in tool, which is written down or converted to equity if the issuing bank is seriously troubled and thus its trigger is activated. The trigger could either be rule-based or discretion-based. I show theoretically that the bail-in is less implementable and that the associated bail-in risk is lower
if the trigger is discretion-based, as governments face greater political pressure from the act of letting creditors take losses. The political pressure is greater because governments have the sole authority to activate the trigger and hence can be accused of having 'blood on their hands'. Furthermore, the pressures could be augmented by investors’
self-fulfilling expectations with regard to government bailouts. I support this theoretic prediction with empirical evidence showing that the bailin risk premiums on CoCos with discretion-based triggers are on average 1.13 to 2.91%p lower than CoCos with rule-based triggers