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An Empirical Study on Unemployment and Life Satisfaction of 26 Transition Countries
No full text연구목적: 사회주의 계획경제에서 자유민주주의 시장경제로 이행은 정치적, 경제적 변화와 함께 해당 국가국민들의 미시적 삶에도 커다란 변화를 가져왔다. 특히 자유시장 경제체제로 이행 과정에서 가장 큰 충격과변화는 노동시장 구조와 노동 형태에서 발생했다. 이에 본 연구는 EBRD가 3차에 걸쳐 실시한 Life in Transition Survey(LiTS) 데이터를 활용하여, 체제전환 이후 노동시장에서 경험이 개인의 삶의 만족도에 영향을 줄 것이라는가설 아래 실업에 따른 금전적, 비금전적 영향을 분석했다.
연구의 중요성: 본 연구는 삶의 질과 실업 간의 연관 관계를 체제전환 국가를 분석 단위로 하되, 체제전환이전의 구(舊) 사회주의 체제의 영향도 비교 분석함으로써 해당 연구분야의 지평을 확대한다.
연구방법론: 체제전환 국가 주민들의 주관적 삶의 만족도와 관련 설명변수를 회귀 분석하였다. 여기에 더해설명변수를 거시 변수, 미시 변수, 정책 만족도 순으로 추가하며 범위를 확장하였다. 또한, 국가와 연도 고정효과 모형을 적용함으로써 국가들의 공통적인 추세를 통제하였다.
연구결과: 개인 차원에서 실업으로 인한 비용은 금전적 측면보다 비금전적, 심리적 비용이 더 높게 나타났다.
실업에 대한 수용도 측면에서는 체제전환 초기에 비해 2008년 경제 위기 시에는 실업률이 높아졌음에도 실업에대한 사회적 수용도 역시 상승하여 심리적 불행감은 상대적으로 높아지지 않았다. 정부 효과성과 공공서비스변수의 경우, 국제금융/개발기구들이 강조하는 정부 효과성은 오히려 삶의 만족도를 낮추거나 통계적으로 유의미하지 않은 반면, 공공서비스 제공의 경우 극빈층 혹은 고소득층에 비해 중-저소득 계층에서 공공서비스에 대한수요와 만족도가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다.
결론 및 시사점: 실업에 따른 삶의 만족도 하락은 지역별로 사회경제적 변화의 맥락을 고려하면서 접근해야한다. 체제전환국의 경우, 일상적으로 이용하는 공공 서비스의 질을 높이고, 그 수혜자를 고령자와 여성을 포함하는 넓은 범위의 취약계층으로 확대할 경우, 실업에 따른 사회경제적 비용을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있을 것임을 시사한다.
Purpose: Utilizing three waves of the Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) conducted in 2006, 2010, and 2016, this study investigates the correlation between unemployment and life satisfaction in 26 post-socialist countries.
Originality: This research contributes to the previous literature by considering the context of transition countries. The result gives evident of the socialist legacy in the life satisfaction of their citizens in regards of unemployment.
Methodology: We regressed life satisfaction on its determinants such as macroeconomic variables, individual social characteristics, and public service satisfaction. We also applied country and year fixed effects to address common time trends across 26 countries.
Result: First, the nonpecuniary mental cost (a cost from non-monetary pressure) is larger than the pecuniary cost (a mental cost comes from loss of income) to an unemployed person. However, at the societal level, the ratio between pecuniary and nonpecuniary costs is reversed. Second, during the economic recession in 2010, the psychological loss decreased in these countries. Third, we found that the quality of public service in everyday life can be helpful to mitigate the detrimental impact of unemployment, especially for the low- and middle-income groups.
Conclusion and Implication: The subjective well-being cost of unemployment should be understood in the context of socio-economic change in the society.
In transition countries, policies to enhance the everyday public service quality for wide range of citizens, including elderlies and females, are needed to reduce the detrimental effect of unemployment.2
Value Systems and Adaptation: A Typology of North Korean Defectors
No full textThe total number of North Korean defectors living in South Korea topped 33,247 in 2019. Yet research finds that many are experiencing difficulties adapting to South Korean society. This study, based on a survey of 1,010 defectors, outlines a new typology of the value systems of North Korean defectors. Using a combination of factor and cluster analysis, we identify five major groups of North Korean defectors: (1) nation-oriented authoritarians, (2) community-oriented materialists, (3) family-oriented traditionalists, (4) conservative entrepreneurs, and (5) individualist conservatives. We show that value orientations are associated with distinctive political views and have demonstrable effects on adaptation and life satisfaction levels, with conservative entrepreneurs faring best. Although all groups adapt reasonably well to operating in a very different political and economic system and in their personal lives, defectors report significant problems at the social level, particularly in the form of discrimination. These findings suggest that more ‘customized policy’ be developed and implemented for North Korean defectors which ultimately helps them adjust more smoothly to South Korean society.
Dutertismo in the Philippines
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2019This study explores the central elements of Dutertismo – Rodrigo Duterte’s brand of populism in the Philippines in his first three years in office. Using Paul Taggart’s analytical theory on populism, this paper argues that upon Duterte’s assumption to office, he has used populism to maintain a steady grip on power, while concurrently portraying “Others”, particularly members of the once dominant Liberal Party, the media, Roman Catholic Church and most controversially, drug users as enemies of the State; and sheds light on how Duterte deals with reactions from external actors such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and international human rights groups who, according to him, have been ‘attacking our sovereignty’. It also looks into how he justifies and legitimizes his populist actions by framing and exaggerating the drug problem as a national crisis, exploiting national surveys and the social media, and offering vague policies and agenda. Lastly, this paper presents the chameleonic nature of Duterte’s politics by looking at his coalition with relatively liberal institutions such as the Philippine National Police and Armed Forces of the Philippines, and his relationships with the Communist Left. This analysis gives us an unprecedented opportunity to move from discussing the explanations on the rise of Duterte in 2016 into exploring the nuances of Rodrigo Duterte’s regime and major developments in the Philippines three years after his electoral victory.1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
4. CONTEXTUALIZING DUTERTISMO: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINES INFLUENCING DUTERTE’S APPROACH TO POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
5. CASE STUDY: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER POPULIST DUTERTE
6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION OF IMPLICATIONSOutstandingmasterpublishedRovil Angustia ESPIRITU
finding from BRICS
No full textThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2019This paper studies the effect of capital account openness and institutional quality on capital flight. It takes BRICS countries as the research object by using panel data during 2000-2015 and reviews capital account openness through three angles, including overall indicators, capital inflow sector and capital outflow sector. The study shows that the improvement of overall capital account openness does not lead to an increase in capital flight. On the contrary, it acts as a restraint. Increase in capital outflow openness will promote capital flight while the increase in capital inflow openness will curb capital flight. As BRICS has done well in controlling speed and depth of capital openness in both inflow and outflow, the overall inhibitory effect is higher than promoting effect. In the process of capital account openness, improvement of institutional quality, especially legal system concerning contract protection and property right protection, can effectively reduce capital flight. The findings can provide some reference for China’s policy reform being implemented at the moment.I. INTRODUCTION
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
III. EMPIRICAL TEST
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONSmasterpublishedBoya YU
The On-nara System for Task and Document Management: Scaling Up Back-Office e-Government Across the Korean Government
No full textThe On-nara system originally developed and used from 2004 as an administrative information system in the presidential office is a primary back-office information system in government through which Korean public officials could handle task and document management on a daily basis. The system allows government officials to be more effective and accountable by easily communicating and sharing documents with other public officials as well as by identifying those who work with and change documents in the course of administrative work in governments. Despite the potential usefulness of the system, it was not welcomed by many public officials and faced the bureaucratic resistance that is often seen toward e-government systems. This case study highlights how the Korean government effectively coped with delivery challenges such as lack of coordination and poor engagement of public officials particularly in the course of scaling up a new ICT system in the public sector. Delivery challenges were effectively overcome through strategic use of performance management in the scale-up process, promoting positive examples and stimulating leadership, swift and effective responses to technical problems, and provision of helpdesks and training programs to ease bureaucratic resistance and complaints about the new system
Opinion Polarization in Korea: Patterns and Mechanisms
No full text본 연구는 여론양극화와 관련한 전체적인 논의의 한 부분으로서 인터넷 미디어의 역할을 미시적으로 살펴보고자 했다. 만약 인터넷 미디어 중 한쪽 성향의 채널만을 이용하는 소비자가 존재한다면 그는 다양한 시각의 정보에 노출되기 어렵다는 것을 본 연구 결과를 통해 확인할 수 있다. 특히 최근 증가하고 있는 유튜브 이용자들처럼 인터넷 미디어에서 선별적으로 콘텐츠를 이용하는 경우 이용자들이 다양한 견해에 노출되기가 매우 어려워진다는 점을 예상할 수 있다. 따라서 정책당국의 입장에서는 SNS 이용에 따른 문제를 플랫폼에만 맡길지 여부에 대한 판단이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 글로벌화된 인터넷 플랫폼에 대한 정부의 직접적인 규제가 쉽지 않다는 점도 고려할 필요가 있다. 가장 근본적인 해결책은 이용자들에 대한 미디어 해득(literacy) 교육이라고 할 수 있다. 수요 측면의 분석 결과에서 볼 수 있듯이, 뉴스에 대한 경험이 많은 소비자들은 매체의 영향을 덜 받게 된다. 이를 위해 구체적으로는 일선 학교에서의 교육도 적극적으로 이루어질 필요가 있으며, 최근 급격히 증가하고 있는 SNS 크리에이터에 대한 교육에 있어서도 공공성과 공익성 등을 고려한 교육이 이루어질 필요가 있다.
또한 인터넷 뉴스매체의 문제를 이야기할 때 한국에서는 포털뉴스 소비자들이 대다수를 차지하는 상황을 고려할 필요가 있다. 특히 포털의 자율규제가 각 매체들이 가질 수 있는 극단성에 대한 일종의 제약으로 작용할 수 있다. 또한 포털이 다양하게 뉴스를 배치하여 이용자에게 노출시킨다면 편향성에 대한 논란이 큰 문제가 되지 않을 수 있다. 이처럼 자율규제가 적절하게 이루어지도록 시민과 학계가 감시하는 것이 중요한 역할이 될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.발간사
요 약
제1장 여론양극화의 기제와 정책적 함의
제1절 이론적 배경
제2절 미국의 여론양극화 현상
제3절 한국의 여론양극화 현상
제4절 정책적 함의
참고문헌
제2장 조사자료 분석을 통해 본 우리나라 여론양극화의 추세와 양상
제1절 서 론
제2절 중위투표자정리의 한계: 미국 연구의 시사점
제3절 우리나라의 여론양극화 추세와 양상
제4절 분석 결과의 시사점
제3장 정치성향의 설명요인: 경제적 유인과 내재적 선호
제1절 서 론
제2절 이론적 배경
제3절 실험 디자인
제4절 실험연구 결과
제5절 결 론
참고문헌
부 록
제4장 인터넷 미디어와 여론양극화
제1절 연구 개요
제2절 선행연구
제3절 인터넷 미디어의 정보 공급 특성
제4절 미디어 이용자의 성향 변화
제5절 결 론
참고문헌
부 록
ABSTRAC
Implementing Holistic Security Strategies to Reduce Crime and Violence in Ecuador
No full textControlling crime, violence and insecurity is a great challenge in many parts of the developing world. By 2008, Ecuador had seen a worrisome increase in its rate of violent crimes, most emblematically the homicide rate that reached 18.9 per 100,000 inhabitants. The government demonstrated a weak capacity to prevent and react to crimes and other risks, as well as a little capacity for joint work among institutions to cope with the worsening crime rate. Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean – the most violent region in the world – have experienced high rates of insecurity due to violent crime.
However, Ecuador dramatically reduced this level of violence. By 2016, homicides had fallen to 5 per 100,000 inhabitants, and seven of the crimes that most affect citizen security had decreased. Several innovative measures contributed to the remarkable change in the country. The state expanded the use of technology, including video surveillance in cities and transports, and the gathering and use of statistical data to allow georeferencing of hot spots, in order to better allocate resources for crime prevention and to respond to other threats. Another element was the creation of the SYS-ECU-911, a system for national coordination among public agencies, as well as with private organizations and NGOs that receive and meet the needs of citizens; SYS-ECU-911 enabled organizations to better deal with emergencies reported by citizens dialing 911, and siting security infrastructure where needed by citizens. The SYS has optimized the response time to respond to emergencies. Last, but not least, the government adopted policies and public actions based on certified data, with its Government by Results system to meet objectives, analysis of hot spots to prevent risks, and decentralization policies to bring its responses closer to citizens and their ground-level realities. This enabled public security institutions to work in accordance with the realities of each zone, which improved public perception of the government's efforts to combat crime, address emergencies, and advance integrated security
A Study on impact of overseas direct investment of Korea on domestic investment and employment
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2019The study analyzes the impact of domestic investment and employment of Overseas Direct Investment(ODI) in Korea using quarterly data from 1981 to 2017. The research utilizes lag distributed model and empirically analyzes the effect by industries and by form of investment. According to the result, ODI positively impacts on domestic investment and employment. In detail, M&A ODI was insignificant both in domestic investment and employment whereas greenfield ODI was significant. Also, the impact was larger in the service industry than manufacturing industry. In sum, the study shows the positive impact of outward investment in the service industry and greenfield ODI on the domestic economy.I. INTRODUCTION
II. ODI TRENDS
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
IV. METHODOLOGY AND DATA
V. EMPIRICAL RESULTS
VI. CONCLUSIONmasterpublishedJehyun YU