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The Impact of Social Identity and Social Alliance on Economic Performance in Social Enterprises
No full text본 논문은 사회적 기업의 경제적 성과와 사회적 역량 간의 상관관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 사회적 기업은 양립하기 쉽지 않은 경제적 가치 창출과 사회적 가치 창출의 동시 추구를 목표로 하는 특징을 가진다. 본 연구는 어떠한 조건에서 두 가지가 서로 양립하여 정(+)의 상관관계를 이루는지 연구하였다. 특히, 사회적 기업의 중요한 두 가지 사회적 역량인 사회적 정체성과 사회적 협업 관계가 어떻게 사회적 기업의 경제적 성과에 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 한국사회적기업진흥원에 인증된 사회적 기업의 경영공시자료를 토대로 회귀분석을 통하여 가설검증을 하였다. 사회적 기업의 사회적 정체성에 부합하는 사회 가치 투자 활동은 사회적 기업의 경제적 성과에도 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 사회적 협업 여부 자체는 기업의 경제적 성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치지는 못하지만, 협업 파트너 기관의 조직적 특성과 사회적 기업의 협업 수혜 수용도를 함께 고려했을 때 사회적 협업 관계가 사회적 기업의 경제적 성과에 미치는 중요성을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 사회적 기업의 두 가지 본질 가치를 동시에 제고시킬 수 있는 실질적인 방안을 제시함으로써 사회적 기업의 전략연구 분야에 시사점을 제공한다. 끝으로 본 논문의 한계점과 그에 따른 향후 연구방안을 제시하였다.
The present study investigates the relationship between social competence and economic performance in social enterprises. Social enterprises simultaneously pursue social value creation and economic value creation, two of which are not easily compatible each other. This study explores the conditions under which these two values can synergize with each other and thereby, positively affect each other's performance. In particular, I examine how two important social competences, that is, social identity and social alliance, influence economic performance of social enterprises. Using the secondary data on social enterprises from Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency, I run OLS regression analyses to test hypotheses. I find that investment on social value creation, only when it aligns with social identity, has a statistically significant and positive relationship with economic performance of social enterprises. Further, the study finds evidence that social alliance in and of itself does not affect economic performance of social enterprises. However, social alliance does have a positive influence on social enterprises' economic performance, only when taking into account social alliance partners' organizational attributes and a focal social enterprise's degree of readiness to absorb expected gains from social alliance altogether. The present study improves our understanding on social entrepreneurship research by suggesting how social enterprises can enhance two seemingly incompatible values in a simultaneous manner. I also discuss potentially fruitful future research agenda based on the present paper's findings.2
Integrative Strategy of Planning and Budgeting
No full textChapter 3
Integrative Strategy of Planning and Budgeting
Summary
1. Introduction
2. An Overview of the Mongolian Economic Situation and Development Plans
3. Why Integration of Planning and Budgeting Matters?
4. Key Findings from The Survey
5. Policy Recommendations
ReferencesTRU
Essays on poverty reduction in Myanmar
Get PDFThesis(Doctoral) --KDI School:Ph.D in Development Policy,2019This dissertation studies the effect on poverty in Myanmar of policies such as relaxing rice export licensing restrictions and implementing the national minimum wage. In addition, this study discovers the effect on poverty of traditional betel-quid chewing.
Chapter one studies the impact of export liberalization on household welfare, using the policy of relaxing rice export licensing restrictions. The study mainly exploits the difference-in-differences (DD) method to identify the policy impact. Results show that the policy has a positive impact on rice production, through increased use of agricultural inputs such as labour and chemical fertilizer. Increased rice production leads to higher consumption among rice-cultivating households. However, other households - such as rural landless households, urban households, and non-export-crops cultivating households reduce consumption due to higher rice prices. Thus, only rich rice-cultivating households benefit from the policy and adverse effects are concentrated on poor households. We conclude, therefore, that the rice export liberalization policy hurts household welfare at the aggregate level.
Chapter two studies the impact of the national minimum wage introduction on enterprise-level employment in Myanmar, using the difference-in-differences method. Results suggest that the minimum wage introduction raises enterprises’ average-monthly labour cost, which leads to decreased employment and then to increased investment in machinery and equipment. We find no discernible effects on profit as enterprises raise labour productivity. Small enterprises also take the burden of higher labour costs resulting from the minimum wage introduction, although they are legally exempt from enforcement.
Chapter three examines the impact of chewing betel-quid on poverty incidence, using Myanmar data. To address the potential endogeneity in a household’s decision on chewing betel-quid, we use household and community characteristics as instruments. 2SLS results suggest that chewing betel-quid exacerbates poverty through the direct channel – crowding-out effects of betel-quid consumption and associated health expenditure - and the indirect channel - loss of participation in the household workforce due to illness.Chapter 1: Impact of Export Liberalization on Household Welfare: Evidence from Relaxing Licensing Restriction
Chapter 2: Impact of Minimum Wage Introduction on Employment: Evidence from manufacturing enterprises in Myanmar
Chapter 3: Substance Addiction and Poverty: Evidence from chewing Betel-quid in MyanmardoctoralpublishedKyu Khin Gar
The Legacy of Conflict on Trade Negotiations
No full textThe world has witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) since the early 1990s, which has prompted a heated debate among trade economists and policymakers about the implications of RTAs for the multilateral trading system. Besides the standard economic gains from regional integration, RTAs can produce significant political gains for their member countries, chief among which is the reduction in interstate conflict between RTA members (peace-creation effect). Thus, depending on the RTA in question, economic integration and peace solidification can both occupy center stage on the agenda of the prospective RTA partners during the trade negotiations, affecting their duration. It is well known that the duration of negotiations across RTAs differs substantially, but this phenomenon has not received much attention in the literature. In this paper, we explore for the first time the legacy of past conflict on RTA negotiations. Using a unique dataset on the history of formation of a large number of RTAs (Tabakis and Zanardi, 2018) as well as data on conflict from the Correlates of War project and by employing survival analysis techniques, we found that country pairs with history of conflict conclude their trade negotiations relatively faster— 1.5 to 2.2 times faster in comparison with country pairs with no history of conflict. The result has implications for firms’ investment decision and the role of politics in RTAs negotiation.1 Introduction
2 Theory and Foundation of Trade Agreements: An overview
2.1 Why Countries sign RTAs?
3 Related Literatures
3.1 Theoretical Consideration
3.2 Empirical Evidence
4 Data and Identification strategies
4.1 Data
4.2 Stylized Facts
4.3 The Model
5 Empirical Results
5.1 Descriptive Statistics
5.2 Main Results
6 Conclusio
How the Volume-based Waste Fee Policy Increased Household Recycling Rates in the Republic of Korea (1995-2009)
Get PDFWith approximately 60 percent recycling and composting rates, theRepublic of Korea has been heralded as one of the highest recyclers of municipal solid waste among OECD countries. The Volume-based Waste Fee (VWF) policy, which South Korea introduced in 1995 as a developing country, has helped increase household recycling rates. As a result, the increased amount of recycled and composted waste has diverted waste from landfills and incinerators and relieved the burden of municipal governments to find or site new waste infrastructures in Korea.
To reap the benefits of a VWF policy, all key stakeholders play an important role in the implementation loop: citizens who separate wastes and purchase designated plastic bags; local government who collect recyclable materials; and recycling industries who reprocess those materials. The delivery challenge is to make citizens see waste separation as convenient and to believe their behaviors will make real and positive impacts on environment. Stakeholder engagement and coordination become very important in overcoming such challenges, so it is important that governments solicit and incorporate citizens’ ideas on more convenient waste separation schemes into its policy. The story of the VWF policy in Korea is about a story of trial and error, and navigating through a complex arrangement of factors in the waste management system in order to connect the dots in the implementation loop through the gradual engagement of all stakeholders.
With the increased level of awareness of the serious waste problem in Korea, the government built up administrative capacity step-by-step with legal provisions, creating necessary organizations with human resources, and providing budget line items as appropriate. However, the road to success did not start perfectly. Pilot tests were monitored, evaluated, and gradually improved upon. The key to success was how to navigate through the complex arrangement of factors in the waste management system. Ultimately, communication was the key to getting to know the interests of the stakeholders and ascertain their concerns about the VWF policy. Participation of non-governmental actors was critical to success as it allowed their opinions to be incorporated in policy adjustments
Integrating Geospatial Information: How the Republic of Korea Overcame Institutional Obstacles to Improve Data Management, 1998–2016
No full textFollowing two gas explosions in 1995 that resulted from poor management of information on underground pipes, the Republic of Korea accelerated its efforts to update and integrate spatial data, such as underground maps. The Ministry of Construction and Transportation (which became the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2013) led the integration initiative, but the ministry faced a lack of cooperation from counterpart ministries and agencies. It was often at a stalemate with its main counterpart, the Ministry of Home Affairs: the two ministries could not reach a consensus over how landrelated information should be collected, managed, and shared. This case study describes how the land ministry overcame these challenges by seeking mediation or windows of opportunity through higher bureaucratic channels, and by leveraging its experience and resources to scale up geospatial data integration. From its start combining just two datasets in 1998, it went on to establish a fully integrated geospatial data system consisting of nearly 80 datasets from different agencies, which it then disseminated across the entire nation. By 2016, the Republic of Korea’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) had not only prevented further disasters, but also dramatically reduced administrative costs and inefficiencies in the public sector. The integrated data system also enabled government officials to make better-informed policy decisions
Do in-kind grants stick? The department of defense 1033 program and local government spending
No full textThe U.S. Department of Defense 1033 program transfers decommissioned military goods to local police departments. This is one of the largest grant-in-kind initiatives in the country’s history, accounting for over $5.2 billion in transferred goods and vehicles since 1997. Two features of this program are unique among intergovernmental grants, each working against the tendency to let grants supplant local resources: goods from the 1033 program are less directly fungible than monetary grants, and their acquisition entails little to no oversight by officials outside of law enforcement. While previous research shows that intergovernmental grants crowd out a large or equivalent degree of local spending, we find no evidence of crowd-out in the wake of 1033 acquisitions. The features of this program may therefore be useful when designing grants to increase local spending in a targeted category, but welfare is likely tempered by the absence of local oversight.1
