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Tenancy, Land Redistribution, and Economic Growth A Case of Korea, 1920-1960
Get PDFAgriculture is the largest and the most important industries in many developing countries. A typical pattern observed in these countries is high inequalities of land ownership, that is, a small number of people own large portion of arable lands and large number of farmers have a small piece of land or even don’t have anything. Farmers usually lease land wholly or partially from large landowners and pay typically 50% of their harvest. This tenancy or sharecropping contract imposes heavy burden on farmers, which results in their poverty. Scholars and policymakers claimed that the burden of rent lowers productivity of farmers and that the low income further prevents the farmers from investing for the future. These factors aggravate living condition of farmers and ultimately economic growth of the country.
Land reform is regarded as a solution to break this vicious circle. Land redistribution can improve farmers’ income, and this allows them to invest for improve quality of land or for educating their children. Therefore, it is very important to examine how would land reform is implemented, how would land reform changes level of inequality, and how would it change production activities and investment, and so forth.
The goal of this study is to investigate, arguably, a successful case of land reform, the land reform of Korea. During the colonial period from 1910 to 1945, almost 50% of farmers were tenants without having any land at all and 20% were partial tenants. After the liberation in 1945, the Korean government made efforts to perform land reform, and it was completed by 1951. Investigating the impact of land reform on agricultural productivity and human capital investment will contribute to better understanding Korean economic development. And it will provide important implications for many developing countries. For this goal, we reviewed previous studies on land reform. And then, we explored the impact of land reform on agricultural productivity and its contribution to human capital accumulation. Using prefecture level data, we estimated the impact of land ownership in this period. Our estimation shows that land reform improved agricultural productivity. This implies that land reform could contribute to economic growth after the liberation.
We then performed empirical analysis on the relationship between the land reform and the secondary school enrollment rate is conducted to examine whether the land reform has contributed to the accumulation of human capital in Korea by utilizing the gun level data.
The possibility of effect being different on gender is also evaluated. The results imply that the region with higher increase in share of independent farmers during the land reform show higher increase in secondary school enrollment rate. This proves the hypothesis that land reform influenced positively on the accumulation of human capital. Also, the secondary school enrollment rate of female increased as the share of independent farmers rose, when the increase in enrollment rate of male proved to be statistically insignificant.
This result is interpreted as when the income level of farmers went upwards by the land reform, female, who was neglected in education due to male offspring preference, relatively gained more opportunity for education than male did
Child health and education in developing countries
Get PDFThesis(Doctoral) -- KDI School: Ph.D in Development Policy, 2020This dissertation studies the effect of livelihoods skills upgrading program, community nutrition projects, education law on child’s educational attainment and nutritional status in developing countries such as Myanmar, Ghana and Viet Nam.
Chapter one studies the livelihoods skills upgrading program which was implemented in 2012 across three agri-ecological zones of rural areas Myanmar and data collected in 2011, 2013 and 2015. In this study, we estimate the impacts of livelihoods skills upgrading program on child schooling (middle school, high school and university school), household poverty and monthly income in the program villages relative to the control villages. We find that the program strongly increases the probability of middle school level attended by 14.2 percent and high school level attended by 19.8 percent. And, no evidence of its impact on university school level attended across 2013 and 2015. However, the program has no impact on household poverty and their monthly income across 2011 and 2013, and 2011 and 2015 respectively.
Chapter two examines the effects of community nutrition projects-Spring Ghana on malnutrition in Ghana. The project objective was to reduce chronic malnutrition (stunting) within 1,000 days of a child, from conception to 2 years after birth by 20 percent. Using the 2011 and 2017 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (GMIC) dataset and employing the difference-in-difference strategy, we show a strong positive association of the project effect on the probability of stunting and underweight by 9 percentage points. However, we find no evidence of the project effect on acute malnutrition. Our results show the effectiveness of community nutrition projects on child health in Ghana.
Chapter three analyzes the impact of mother education on child health, child mortality and infant mortality by exploiting an exogeneous variation the law on primary school completion in 1991 in Viet Nam. Estimating the impact of maternal education on child health nutritional outcomes is employing the simple comparison of mother year of birth in 1979 and 1980, and mother birth cohorts 1980 and above till 1985, which is exploited from the Law on Universal Primary Education (LUPE). Our results show that primary school completion of mothers have no significant impact on child health outcomes: low height for age (stunting), low weight for age (underweight) and low weight for height (acute malnutrition), child mortality and infant mortality rates. In the simple comparison of mother birth cohorts in 1979 and 1980, primary school completion of mothers has an insignificant negative relationship with stunting and underweight while others have an insignificant positive relationship. Overall, it finds a negative relationship on child health outcomes. Specifically, competing primary schooling level (grade 2) of mother who were born in 1983 have significantly reduction on low height for age by 6.5 percentage points.Chapter 1: The Impacts of Livelihoods Skill Upgrading Program on Child's Schooling and Poverty: The Case of LIFT (Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund) Program in Rural Myanmar
Chapter 2: Impact of Community Nutrition Project on Child Health: A Case Study of SPRING-Ghana Project - A 1,000-Day Household Approach
Chapter 3: Intergenerational Impacts of Education on Childhood Nutrition: Evidence from VietnamdoctoralpublishedSalai Thar Kei My
Macroprudential Foreign Exchange Policy in Mongolia
No full textMongolia is a country with a large mineral wealth and great growth potential. As the Mongolian economy heavily depends on the production and export of minerals, it is inevitable for Mongolia to be vulnerable to external shocks. The changes in the demand for minerals and the associated changes in the prices of minerals in the global market directly affect the mining sector and ultimately the balance of payments, the government budget balance, and the growth rate of the Mongolian economy.
External shocks to the economy also directly affect the capital flows. The volatile capital flows, along with the swings of commodity prices, generate a boom-bust cycle, and given the mineral-centric structure of the Mongolian economy, small shocks in the world commodity market may have substantial impacts on the Mongolian economy following the changes in external conditions. Indeed, the Mongolian economy witnessed a decrease in the net capital inflows between 2012 and 2016. In particular, the net capital inflows of direct investments were USD 5.2 billion in 2012, but the direct investments turned into the net capital outflow of USD 4.4 billion in 2016. The crash of the foreign direct investments mainly resulted from the delay of the second phase development of the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) after the end of the first phase. In fact, the sudden fall of the foreign direct investments caused an economic turmoil in the Mongolian economy.
In response to these adverse external shocks, the Mongolian government and the Bank of Mongolia conducted expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to support growth. These expansionary policies, however, also caused side effects such as a rapid credit growth, deterioration of bank balance sheets, and an unsustainably high public debt.
The large mining investments required external financing, leading to a large current account deficit and a deterioration in the net international investment position. In 2012 and 2013, when the investment rates were high, the current account deficit recorded at –43% to -44% of GDP. The cumulative current account deficits resulted in a rapidly growing external debt. The external debt to GDP ratio, in fact, increased from 99.1 percent in 2010 to 220.9 percent in 2019. At the same time, the foreign exchange reserves decreased sharply from USD 4.1 billion in 2012 to USD 1.3 billion in 2015 and 2016. This large external debt and small international reserves require immediate policy responses.
Given the large external imbalances and weak prudential regulations in Mongolia, a sound management for external debts and capital flow should be the primary policy goal for the Mongolian goverment. The basic premise is to accumulate a financial buffer in order to strengthen resilience of the economy by conducting counter-cyclical macroprudential foreign exchange policies. For Mongolia to achieve this goal, several recommendations are suggested.2019/20 KSP with Mongolia
Executive Summary
Chapter 1
Macro Stabilization Policy through Fiscal and Monetary Policy Mix
Chapter 2
Improvement of Fiscal Stabilization Rules in Mongolia
Chapter 3
Macroprudential Foreign Exchange Policy in Mongolia
Chapter 4
Building Macroeconomic Modeling and Capacity Enhancement for ForecastingTRU
A Shift in the Economic Policy Paradigm
No full textGrowth in a Time of Change: Global and Country Perspectives on a New Agenda is the first of a two-book research project that addresses new issues and challenges for economic growth arising from ongoing significant change in the world economy, focusing especially on technological transformation. The project is a collaboration between the Brookings Institution and the Korea Development Institute.
Part I of the book looks at key elements of change from a global perspective. It analyzes how technological change, shifts in investment, and demographic transition are affecting potential economic growth globally and across major groups of economies. The contributors explore possible scenarios for the global economy as the digital revolution drives rapid technological change, including impacts on growth, jobs, income distribution, trade balances, and capital flows. Technology is changing the global configuration of comparative advantage and globalization increasingly has a digital dimension. The implications of these developments for the future of sectors such as manufacturing and for international trade are assessed.
Part II of the book addresses new issues in the growth agenda from the perspective of an individual major economy: South Korea. The chapters in this section analyze how macroeconomic developments and technological change are influencing the behavior of households and firms in terms of their decisions to consume, save, and invest. Rising income and wealth inequalities are a major concern globally. Against this backdrop, trends in the labor income share and wage inequalities in South Korea are analyzed in terms of the role played by technology, industrial concentration, shifts in labor demand and supply, and other factors.
Throughout the book, the contributors, in their analysis of both global and Korea-specific trends and prospects, place emphasis on drawing implications for policy.Contents:
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: The Changing Global Context for Growth
1. Technology, Change, and a New Growth Agenda
Zia Qureshi
2. Subdued Potential Growth: Sources and Remedies
Sinem Kilic Celik, M. Ayhan Kose, and Franziska Ohnsorge
3. Stagnation vs. Singularity: The Global Implications of Alternative Productivity Growth Scenarios
Warwick J. McKibbin and Adam Triggs
4. The Future of Global Manufacturing
Brahima Coulibaly and Karim Foda
5. The Digital Transformation of International Trade
Joshua P. Meltzer
Part II: Country Perspectives on a Changing Growth Agenda: Korea
6. A Shift in the Economic Policy Paradigm
Hyeon-Wook Kim
7. Growth and Distribution: No Longer Compatible with Each Other?
Youngsun Koh
8. Change in Labor Income Share in Korea: Findings from Firm-Level Data
Jiyoon Oh
9. Technological Change and the Rise of Corporate Saving: A Korean Case Study
Duksang Cho
10. Rise of Household Debt and Spending in Korea: Evidence and Policy Implications
Young-Il-Kim
Contributors
IndexTRU
Creating a Regional Business Development Map in Kazakhstan, 2014-2015
No full textIn 2014-15 the government of Kazakhstan embarked on a new undertaking: to create a regional business development map with the aim of providing comprehensive information on development opportunities for entrepreneurship and expanding support for entrepreneurs. The project faced numerous delivery challenges during implementation, including lack of available data and skilled human resources, as well opposition from government and businesses, which had to be carefully navigated. This case study examines the implementation process of the project, the approach of the Kazakhstani government to support businesses, and the results of these efforts.
The regional business development map answers four main questions related to current business and potential entrepreneurship:
1. What is produced in the region?
2. Where is it economically feasible to do business?
3. Which business entities may become a driving force of development? and
4. What is the real business environment of the region?
Thus, this project offers important insights to the Kazakhstani government in understanding what issues exist for entrepreneurs looking to create a company while identifying sectors of the economy where entrepreneurs need government support
the empirical analysis of the 2015's tax implementation in South Korea
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2020Korean government implemented a huge increase in tax on tobacco nationwide in 2015. Previous literature proved approximately 4% of smokers quit smoking because of about 114% of the increased price. Many other researchers who interested in public health studied about the relationship between smoking and health status. This study attempts to identify the empirical analysis of the tax effect on public health combining the previous ideas, which the adjusted smoking behavior by tax implementation improves public health. To estimates, this study utilizes KOWEPS raw data and difference-in-differences methods. As a result, this study suggests the potential possibility of the improvement of mental health. However, there are insignificant results and some limitations such as time limits of the data, thus, still there remains veiled scope for further research on this topic.1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Data and Descriptive Statistics
4 Empirical Methods
5 Empirical Results
6 Discussion and Limitation
7 Conclusion
8 ReferencesmasterpublishedHanbin KI
A Study on the correlation analysis of the factors affecting the water revenue ratio of sub-small block
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2020.According to the Ministry of Environment''s 2017 water supply statistics, 10.5 percent of annual water production were lost by leakage which is mainly caused by aging water pipes, burst of pipes and inadequate pressure management, illegal usage of water, etc. Water pipe network system improvement is required to reduce losses caused by leakages and improve the water revenue ratio and for this purpose, block system and sub-small block of Goryeong local water supply were used.
There are 39 small blocks within the corresponding small blocks and 12 small blocks in GR3(Oe-ri/Naegok, Ssanglim I.C., Gogok, Strawberry Village, Anhwa, Singok2, Singok1, Songlim1ri, Sandang, Baeksan, Sinchon, Mahon), 10 small blocks in GR5(Junghwa P.S, Weolsan1, Huam2, Garryun1, Baekri, Weolsan2, Hwaam, Palsan, Daepyeong, Yeonbong P.S), 17 small blocks in GR5(Jikri, Yajeong/Sokri, Sajeon/Daegok, Yeonri samgeori, Gwangdo, Osa, Gu-gok, Ok-san2, Ok-san1, Kisan, Kijok, Eogok, Deukseong, Ogok, Buri, Yongso/Sangyong, Mugye)
For the analysis of the affecting factors of the small block in the small block of Goryeong local water supply, firstly, the correlation analysis and reliability verification were conducted and reliability analysis used ''F-verification:Two Groups for Variance'' and a significant level of reliability analysis was applied at 5%. Next, a correlation analysis was conducted to identify the factors affecting the sub-small block with a significant level of correlation with the water revenue ratio of the small block. The independent variables are length of distribution pipe (X1), length of water supply pipe (X2), faucet (X3), night minimum flow (X4) and the dependent variable is set to the water revenue flow (Y).
The results showed that eleven sub-small blocks had a significant level of correlation with the water revenue ratio of the three small blocks. In detail, GR3 small block have 3 sub small blocks(Singok1, Baeksan, Sinchon) out of total 12 sub-small blocks, GR5 small block have 2 sub-small blocks (Hwaam, Yeonbong Pressure Station) out of total 10 sub-small blocks and GR6 small block have 6 sub-small blocks (Gwangdo, Gugok, Oksan1, Kijok, Deukseong, Yongso/Sangyong) out of total 17 sub-small blocks.
Secondly, 11 small blocks were analyzed for the correlation between the factors affecting the water revenue ratio. As a result of the correlation analysis between the factors affecting the water revenue ratio, all of the factors negatively related to the water revenue ratio.
According to the result of correlation analysis, faucet was the highest correlation with negative 0.3, length of water supply pipe is negative 0.23, night minimum flow is negative 0.17, and lastly length of distribution pipe extensions was corelated with negative 0.10.1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research methods
4. Correlation analysis of the factors influencing the water revenue ratio
5. ConclusionMasterpublishedKANG, Byung-U
Welfare Implications of Credit Rationing for Financial Consumers: An Empirical Investigation on the Case of the Korean Residential Mortgage Sector
No full textCredit rationing through borrowing constraints has long been an important research topic in the literature, in the context of managing financial risks (i.e., financial stability) as well as of expanding financial service to more marginal borrower segments (i.e., financial inclusion). This study empirically investigates the role of borrowing constraints in the residential mortgage lending sector in Korea, by utilizing a discrete tenure choice model to test the constraining effects of two particular lending restrictions on households’ home owning decisions - the wealth and income constraints as measured by the maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio and that of debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. Using the household-level micro data from Korea, we report that: the lending restrictions exhibit negative effects on the propensity to own; those constraining effects are also shown to increase for younger borrower cohorts; and, the magnitude of the effect of wealth constraint is larger than that of the income constraint, which is consistent with the findings from the prior studies. Using the empirical findings, we discuss policy implications of relevancy, in particular, as to how to balance between two often competing policy objectives - ensuring financial stability and extending financial inclusion - in the context of the residential mortgage lending sector in Korea.2
Investigating Human Capital Development in Globalized Environment: Effects of Higher Education at KDIS
Get PDFThe purpose of this study: Various studies have examined the impacts of the academic achievement and performance of international students, while most of papers focused on shortterm effects. Previous studies also focused on academic performance of international students from countries such as China and Japan in U.S. and U.K. KDI school of public policy and management have performed exit survey each year that mainly analyzed the short-term impact, while long-term effects have rarely examined. The purpose of this study is to investigate longterm academic effects of international students in globalized environment. By classifying effects, this study expects to investigate effects on work, effects on globalization, and effects on hosting country.
Research questions: This study applied research questions as follows: i) how international graduates perceive application at work, improvement on work/organization/system, performance assessment, self-confidence, and use of network affect job satisfaction; ii) how international graduates perceive leadership skills, policy improvement, and improved public diplomacy affect perception of global leader; iii) how international graduates’ perceived affection, cognition, and behavior about hosting country affect improved image of Korea; and iv) how perceived social responsibility and global competence of international graduates affect perception of globalization?
Methodology: This study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. For quantitative data, this study distributed online survey to all alumni of KDI School. Data Analysis: For qualitative data, this study conducted in-depth and focus group interview. For quantitative research, this study applied factor, regression analysis, and structural equational modeling. For qualitative research, this study applied NVivo and Leximancer.
Results: For mediated effects, the study found that effects of improvement on work, performance assessment, self-confidence, and use of network showed significant on job satisfaction. The effect size was greater with self-confidence on job satisfaction. For long-term effects, the study found that effects of leadership skills, policy improvement, and public diplomacy showed significant on global leader. The study also found that effects of social responsibility and global competence showed significant on globalization. Results of this study also found that affective, cognitive, and behavioral components significantly affect attitude toward the Korea. Major variables found from quantitative research showed consistency with qualitative research.
Implications: The results of this study confirmed the role of KDIS’s academic empowerment in global environment. The results also implied how human capital development in global environment plays key role to enhance image of hosting country
서비스기업의 경영관리와 혁신, 기술 도입
No full text제1장 서비스 혁신의 개념과 분석틀 (황수경)
제1절 연구의 필요성
제2절 개념 정의 및 이론적 논의
제3절 보고서의 구성
참고문헌
제2장 서비스기업의 혁신 특성 (황수경)
제1절 문제 제기
제2절 서비스기업의 혁신활동
제3절 서비스 혁신의 특징과 성과
제4절 서비스기업 혁신의 결정요인 분석
제5절 소 결
참고문헌
제3장 서비스기업의 경영관리와 혁신, 기술 도입 (이창근)
제1절 서 론
제2절 서비스기업 경영관리 수준의 측정
제3절 서비스기업의 경영관리 수준과 혁신
제4절 서비스기업의 경영관리 수준과 디지털 기술 활용
제5절 소 결
참고문헌
제4장 혁신 패턴에 따른 서비스기업의 디지털 기술 도입요인에 관한 분 (이경애)
제1절 서 론
제2절 디지털 기술 도입에 관한 분석의 틀
제3절 혁신패턴 유형별 서비스기업의 경영과 혁신활동
제4절 디지털 기술의 도입 요인에 관한 계량분석
제5절 소 결
참고문헌
제5장 서비스기업의 혁신 유지 비용에 관한 연구 (김남훈)
제1절 서 론
제2절 혁신 비용의 개념과 가설 설정
제3절 분석 자료
제4절 분석 모형 및 결과
제5절 요약 및 결론
참고문헌
부 록TRU