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Trust in Government and Social Media Competence as Primary Drivers: Examining CitizensʼIntentions to Adopt Digital Government Applications for Risk Management
Get PDFBuilding upon a framework of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), this study explores the determinants of citizens’ intentions to use the government’s mobile application for risk communication. An online survey was conducted with a quota sample of 700 Korean citizens. The results from structural equation modeling suggest that social media competence and trust in government information are primary determinants of willingness to accept the new application and intention to use it. Trust in government information appeared to influence the acceptance of the application both directly and indirectly through performance expectancy and effort expectancy. More confidence in the use of social media led to higher levels of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions, all of which subsequently contributed to willingness to accept the application. The acceptance of the application further influenced intention to use the application and the likelihood of positive recommendations. The findings suggest that while developing applications that meet public expectations for informational benefits and time efficiency is important, it is also necessary for the government to build trust and improve citizens’ ability to use new tools in order for new information technology initiatives to fully benefit citizens
The Challenge of Corruption Control in a Post-Unification Korea: Lessons from Germany and the former Soviet Bloc
Get PDFAlthough the current corruption in North Korea is keeping potential resistance and social disruptions under control, it may not be beneficial for North Korea’s economic development in the long-term. The most important reason is that the bribery, which is part of a daily life in North Korea, is rampant and is not functionally helpful to the economy as it does not contribute to formal sector in raising the supply of goods and services but rather remains within informal markets. Moreover, because bribery itself is highly common aspect of lives in North Korea, it takes a significant portion of household spending, which could be spent elsewhere for more productive uses if it could be avoided. Nevertheless, there is a fine equilibrium among dictators, authorities, and market participants that maintains the balance of the corruption system in place. In this backdrop, the present study examines whether this social change in North Korea is expected to break in the long-term as the corrupt relationship between authorities and market participants can no longer be contained by the dictator, resulting in destruction of the system and making transition to market economy
Constructing County-Level Data for Agricultural Inputs and Analyzing Agricultural Productivity, 1951-1980
Get PDFSince the liberation from the Japanese occupation in 1945, South Korea has achieved substantial improvement in the nutritional status of the population, as indicated by the increase in adult heights. Recent studies suggest that increase in local food availability was an important contributing factor of the increased heights of the individuals born prior to 1960. Besides its significance as a long-term factor of improvement in nutritional status, measuring agricultural productivity and determining its major factors in the 1960s and 1970s is an important issue in its own right given the relative size of the Korean agricultural sector at the time. However, in-depth studies on agricultural productions in the past are restricted by the shortage of micro-level data covering the periods prior the 1980s.
In this study, I collected data sources (statistical yearbooks published by each province and county) and constructed databased containing variables regarding major inputs of agricultural productions in the 1960s and 1970s. I examined how major agricultural inputs (including land, labor, agricultural machines, and chemical fertilizers) changed over time and across provinces. By linking the data on inputs with the county-level agricultural production data, I also estimated agricultural production functions, focusing on the production of rice, the most important crop in Korean agriculture.
The present study is distinct from previous studies on Korean agricultural production in several respects. First, this research investigates agricultural production in Korean prior to 1980 based on county-level data, whereas most of previous studies that looked into the period are largely based on aggregate data of the country as a whole. Secondly, this study is the first to utilize the comprehensive county-level agricultural data on both outputs and inputs that are drawn from statistical yearbooks covering the two decades from 1960 to 1980. Finally, the present studies consider a wider range of agricultural inputs than those included in previous studies, including individual machinery and chemical fertilizer.
The area planted with all food crops and the size of rice-cultivating area increased and reached the peak in the mid 1965s. Afterwards, it declined over time. During the Korean War (1950 to 1953), the cultivated area temporarily diminished perhaps due to wartime destructions. The area of arable lands considerably differed by province. During the three decades under study, the province with the largest planted area was Gyeongbuk, followed by Jeonnam and Gyeongnam. By the 1970s, Jeonnam overtook Gyeongnam at the number one province in terms of the arable land area.
The farm population sharply fell from 1949 to 1951 as a consequence of wartime deaths. After the Korean War, the farm population gradually increased until 1967, and then declined over time thereafter. During the three decades under study, the top three provinces in terms of the size of farm population were Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, and Gyeongnam. Even if the farm population is standardized according to age and gender compositions, these patterns of changes in labor input across times and provinces remain unchanged.
The number of major agricultural machines, such as power tillers, auto sprays, and tractors, increased sharply from the early 1970s. However, the trends should be cautiously interpreted because the relatively small number of machines in the early 1960s could result from the larger number of missing observations. Nevertheless, it seems evident that the availability of agricultural machines increased over time, although we cannot be sure how much under-reporting affects the real trend. If we compare years 1969 and 1980 when the number of counties with the number of machines reported remained unchanged, the number of power tillers increased more than 30 times. The increasing trend is similar to those of auto sprays and tractors. The patterns of changes in the use of agricultural machines substantially differed by region.
As in the case of agricultural machines, the use of chemical fertilizers dramatically increased from the early 1970s. Again, however, the trends should be taken cautiously because there were more counties in the 1960s where fertilizer consumption is unreported than in the 1970s. To address such potential problems, I also examined the yearly consumption divided by the number of counties (i.e., the average consumption per county). The results indicate that the rapid increasing trend largely captures the increase in the number of counties reporting fertilizer consumption. Furthermore, large fluctuations in each province’s fertilizer consumption are observed. These results suggest that samples with information on fertilizers should be selected so that variables for chemical fertilizers can be considered in the estimation of agricultural production functions.
Combining the county-level data on agricultural outputs and inputs, I estimated production functions of rice, the most important crop in Korean agriculture. The variable pertaining to land input is defined as the size the rice-cultivating area (measured in hectare) in each county in a given year. For labor input, I use the standardized population living in farm households cultivating rice. Since variables pertaining to capital inputs are not universally reported in provincial or county Annual Statistics, there is a tradeoff between considering more variables on inputs and additional loss of observations. I attempt to circumvent this problem in the following two ways. Firstly, I estimate agricultural production functions excluding the variable on capital inputs, and then extend the model by including additional capital inputs to examine the effects of the sample selections arising from missing observations of capital inputs. Secondly, I only focus only on major components of capital inputs to achieve a balance between omitted variables and missed observations. Finally, I included only the counties with information on a particular type of capital input (machine or fertilizer) to avoid bias arising from underreporting in early periods.
The results of regressions suggest that land and labor inputs have very strong positive relationship with the amount of rice production. In particular, the size of land input alone explains more than 95% of variations in rice productions across counties and years. If included separately, difference in labor input account for 83% of variations in rice outputs across counties and years. If the two inputs are included at the same time, the coefficient for land (0.99) is estimated much larger in magnitude than that for labor (0.05), confirming the huge importance of land in rice production in the 1960s and 1970s. If the year fixed is controlled, the coefficient for land diminishes by about 0.1 whereas the coefficient for labor increases by roughly the same magnitude. It is likely that year fixed effect captures the contributions of omitted factors that changed over time, including increased capital inputs and technical progress. The regression results imply that such omitted factors are positively related to land input, and negatively related to labor input. This is consistent with the fact that labor input decreased more rapidly than land input during the period under study.
I also conducted regressions in which a measure capital input (composite index of agricultural machines) is included. The coefficient for machine is positive and statistically significant, but the additional input explains only 3% of the variations in rice production across counties and years. If machine is additionally included, the coefficients for land and labor do not change much. Inclusion of year fixed effect reduces the coefficients for land and machine, whereas the contribution of labor becomes larger in magnitude. In particular, the coefficient for machine diminishes by more than two thirds. This indicates that the estimated contributions of agricultural machines largely capture the changes in capital input and output across times.
In sum, the results of regression analyses suggest that local rice production in Korea during the period from 1960 to 1979 was largely determined by land and labor inputs. Changes in these two factors explain more than 95% of variations in rice production across counties and years. It is difficult to estimate accurately the contributions of capital inputs to agricultural production because data are available only for selected capital inputs and for selected places and years. The results based on using three major agricultural machines of the time (power tillers, automatic sprays, and tractors) suggest that capital inputs also played significant roles in changing agricultural production, especially across times.
Given the currently available county-level data on agricultural inputs, it would be reasonable to use the number of major agricultural machines as an index of capital input in estimating agricultural production function. Land, labor, and agricultural machines explain over 98% of the variations in rice production across counties and years. Using the data and estimated regression coefficient for each input, it will be possible to estimate the agricultural total factor productivity as well as each factor productivity in each county and year. I remain it as future research agenda to investigate how natural, institutional and technological factors (such as natural disasters, local organizations, and new methods) affected these measures of local agricultural productivity
Economic Policy Changes in North Korea: A Text Mining Approach to Economic Research
No full text본고에서는 텍스트 마이닝 등 인공지능 분석 기법을 활용하여 북한 학술지 「경제연구」의 제목에서 유추할 수 있는 북한 경제정책 변화를 분석해 보았다. 「경제연구」에 수록된 논문을 김일성, 김정일, 김정은 시기로 구분하여, 각 통치자별 경제정책의 특징을 일관성과 변화 관점에서 추적하였다. 통치자의 정책적 관심사를 반영한다고 볼 수 있는 「경제연구」에 게재된 논문에 대한 심층 분석 결과는 김일성, 김정일, 김정은으로 이어지는 통치자 관점에서 경제정책의 핵심적인 방향과 당면 과제의 변화를 잘 포착하고 있다. 분석 결과, ‘주체의 경제이론’에 기반한 ‘사회주의 경제강국건설’을 위한 ‘경제사업’에 대한 ‘국가의 전략적 관리’는 일관되게 강조되는 원칙으로 고수하면서도, 대내외 환경변화에 대응한 차별화된 정책 방향의 변화도 관찰되었다. 또한 통치자 시기별로 논문 주제의 분포가 크게 다르게 나타나며 주제의 범위나 방향도 최고통치자에 따라 많은 차이가 나타났다. 「경제연구」등 북한 문헌에 대한 연구는 북한 내부에서 일어나고 있는 정책의 변화를 잘 반영하고 있으므로 대북정책 수립에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.
This paper analyzes changes in North Korea’s economic policy according to the North Korean journal, Economic Research, through various analysis techniques of text mining. The paper included in Economic Research is divided into periods according to ruler－Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un, and tracks the consistency of and changes in each ruler’s economic policies. The analysis showed a change in policy direction that was differentiated in response to changes in the internal and external environments while adhering to the principle of consistent emphasis on national strategic management for the “socialist economic construction of a powerful country” based on the economic theory of Juche. The in-depth analysis of the paper published in Economic Research, which reflects the policy interests of the rulers, captures changes in the core direction and challenges of economic policy from the perspective of rulers. The number and the variety of the thesis topics is more obvious in Kim Jong-un compared to the former highest rulers. The study of North Korean literature, including Economic Research, is expected to contribute to the establishment of North Korea’s policy as it reflects the change in policy taking place inside the country.Ⅰ. 서론
II. 북한경제 연구 접근 방법
III. 머신러닝을 활용한 주제 분류
IV. 통치자별 경제환경 및 정책주제 변화
V. 결론 및 시사점
참고문
A Model of Collaborative Governance for Community-based Trophy-Hunting Programs in Developing Countries
No full textThis paper adopts the Ansel & Gash (2008) model of collaborative governance to frame the structure of community-based trophy hunting (CBTH) programs as a form of collaborative governance that involves multiple stakeholders in the management of common pool resources. We conduct a meta-synthesis of 80 published studies on community-based conservation (CBC) and CBTH programs and develop contingency propositions that may help practitioners and governments to understand and implement programs that seek environmental conservation in collaboration with local communities. Regarding the initial conditions to engender CBTH in developing countries, we propose that the failure of conventional top-down conservation policies, perception of local communities about potential benefits from CBTH, and existence of facilitative leadership, such as local or international conservation NGOs will play critical roles in initiating CBTH, even under the prehistory of conflict, power imbalance, and lack of trust. We also propose organic and instrumental leadership from community and government and inclusive design that creates ground rules and basic protocols are important outside factors to induce stable and strong commitment from participants during the collaboration process. Inside collaborative process, constructive, trust-building face-to-face meetings and generation of intermediate outcomes are identified as crucial factors to building a momentum for successful CBTH outcomes.
Measuring the Effects of the Uniform Settlement Rate Requirement in the International Telephone Industry
No full textAs a case study of an ex-post evaluation of regulations, in this paper I evaluate the uniform settlement rate requirement, a regulation that was introduced in 1986 and that was applied to the international telephone market in the U.S. for more than 20 years. In a bilateral market between the U.S. and a foreign country, each U.S. firm and its foreign partner jointly provide international telephone service in both directions, compensating each other for terminating incoming calls to their respective countries. The per-minute compensation amount for providing the termination service, referred to as the settlement rate, is determined by a bargaining process involving the two firms. In principle, each U.S. firm could have a different settlement rate for the same foreign country. In 1986, however, the Federal Communications Commission introduced the Uniform Settlement Rate Requirement (USRR), which required all U.S. firms to pay the same settlement rate to a given foreign country. The USRR significantly affected the relative bargaining positions of the U.S. and foreign firms, thereby changing negotiated settlement rates. This paper identifies two main routes through which the settlement rates are changed by the implementation of the USRR: the Competition-Induced-Incentive Effect and the Most-Favored-Nation Effect. I then empirically evaluate the USRR by estimating a bargaining model and conducting counterfactual experiments aimed at measuring the size of the two effects of the USRR. The experiments show remarkably large impacts due to the USRR. Requiring a uniform settlement rate, for instance, results in an average 32.2 percent increase in the negotiated settlement rates and an overall 13.7 percent ($3.43 billion) decrease in the total surplus in the U.S. These results provide very strong evidence against the implementation of the USRR in the 1990s and early 2000s.2
an analysis of employees' assessments in public organizations in Korea
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020Enabling a healthy work environment is progressively becoming relevant to workplaces. Existing literature discusses different inputs that may lead to it but rarely has research tried to holistically address it through a consorted model with multiple buckets of approach. The current study seeks to address this caveat through a mixed-method approach. Extensive literature was used to identify the contribution of individual components that have been traditionally known to encourage a healthy work environment. Primary research was used to validate the need and selection of aspects to consider. The study explores the pattern of existing differences between what is perceived to be a desirable work environment and the current practices. The article closes by proposing a new consorted model called Step-In and Step-Out a model that discusses two-pronged approaches to enable a healthy work environment. The model considers strategies like work purpose alignment, building respect, trust and empathy with internal focus. Simultaneously it also considers physical and mental health, effective communication and inclusion and diversity which either have external manifestations or engage external elements to influence motivation, satisfaction, efficiency and other measures of productivity. Engaging both internal and external loci of engagement, the model contributes to providing a holistic solution to encourage a healthy work environment.1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THEORY AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
4. METHODOLOGY
5. FINDINGS
6. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSION
8. APPENDICESOutstandingmasterpublishedSomaya IQUBAL
Investigating Effects of Metacognitive Strategies on Reading Engagement: Managing Globalized Education
Get PDFPurpose: Previous studies rarely investigated the effects of the metacognitive reading strategies on reading engagement, particularly in globalized higher education, while those studies examined reading problems and engagement with lower reading level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the metacognitive reading strategies including global reading, problem solving, and supporting reading on reading engagement that include argentic, behavior, emotional, and cognitive engagement in global learning environment. This study investigated research questions: how do global reading, problem solving, and supporting reading strategies affect argentic, behavior, emotional, and cognitive reading engagement? Research design, Data, and methodology: This study collected data via online survey in globalized learning environment. This study applied statistical analyses, such as factor and regression analyses and ANOVA. Results: The results of this study showed that metacognitive reading strategies had significant effects on student reading engagement while they were reading class materials in English for academic purposes. Conclusions: This study provides managerial implications in higher education by providing better strategies to enhance learning skills in global context. In particular, this study provides implications that the effects of problem solving and supporting strategies could be improved by adopting better management systems in globalized education.2
A study on the KPIs for smart water management in developing countries
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020.The purpose of this study is to develop KPIs (Key Performance Index) to assess the level of smart water management in developing countries for the development and application of business models in developing countries. With existing projects centered on water resources, capital and complex projects, K-water is urgently needed to come up with new business alternatives for future K-water blueprints.
K-water already developed 65 KPIs for the assessment of water management level (K-water, 2017). This study derived KPIs of an appropriate size considering water supply status in developing countries through Delphi technique as a first step. Twenty of the 65 existing indicators were selected as shown below.
A. Water supply system features (6 items)
B. Adequacy of Water Supply Facilities (7 items)
C. Operational and Maintenance Reliability (7 items)
In step 2, AHP analysis determined the priority of each indicator. It is expected that K-water will be able to support the expansion of new waterworks and overseas projects through assessment of smart water management level developed through this study.1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Methodology
4. Research model design
5. Findings
6. ConclusionmasterpublishedDuck Kyu, NA
The diversification of financial resources for sustainable and effective investment on water infrastructure
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020.The “red tap water” incident in Incheon in May 2019 caused a huge social stir over the importance of water infrastructure. This is not a problem confined to Incheon, but a common issue that corresponds to most large cities with high rates of deteriorated water pipes. While citizens' expectations for water services have increased due to the improvement of living standards, the water related finance policy, which has been aimed at expanding the supply of water infrastructure, has lacked the resources and plans for reinvestment on aging facilities. Local governments, which are unable to recover costs due to the difficulty of raising tariffs, are excessively dependent on state subsidies for reinvestment, which makes it difficult to finance. Therefore, this study examines ways to diversify water infrastructure reinvestment resources and propose financing plans according to each project's characteristics.
The key agenda to consider under the current low growth, high fiscal spending policy situation seems to be financial accountability and sustainability. In terms of financial accountability using local bonds to finance water supply reinvestment is a desirable alternative to state subsidies received from higher governments. Local bonds have not yet been issued much, and the progress of projects becomes transparent in coordination process with the local parliament, attracting significant budget savings. For sewerage sector, it is appropriate to raise funds through private investment, including existing BTLs. However, in order for these measures to be activated, it was suggested that local water supply and sewage projects should be excluded from the gross cap of local bonds, and government empowerment on local level would be necessary to increase private investment.
The establishment and use of public revolving fund are considered as a way to increase the sustainability of financing reinvestment on water infrastructure. The U.S. State Revolving Fund case study examines the operational structure, process, assistance criteria, financial structure and support measures, and discusses the feasibility of domestic application and success requirements in Korea.I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Necessity of Securing Reinvestment Resources for Water Infrastructure
IV. Analysis on the Financing Methods of Water Infrastructure Reinvestment
V. Policy Implications and RecommendationsmasterpublishedSun Hwa, KIM