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Human capital development and household welfare in Myanmar
Get PDFThesis(Doctoral) --KDI School:Ph.D in Public Policy,2020Chapter 1 investigates the long-term effect of exposure to earthquake being either inutero or two years of life on human capital outcomes — types of disability and years of education employing difference in differences strategy. We compare the human capital outcomes across the subpopulations of cohorts exposed to earthquake being either in-utero or two years of life using Myanmar census data. The results indicate that cohorts exposed to the earthquakes being either in-utero or two years of life have a higher probability of being disabled and less years of education. Moreover, the affected cohorts born in rural areas have a higher probability of being disabled than cohorts born in urban areas. Our findings suggest that being exposed to the earthquake in the early years of life negatively impact on human capital outcomes in the long run.
Chapter 2 examines the effect of the cyclone Nargis on household expenditure and crop production in the Ayeyarwady delta region of Myanmar, using the Myanmar Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment Survey and applying the difference-in-difference (DID) strategy. We compare household expenditure and crop producation across the subsamples between households in the severely cyclone-affected townships and less cycloneaffected townships. The results show that the cyclone significantly reduces cropland, the quantity of crops harvested, monthly non-food expenditure and health expenditure, and the cyclone increases the quantity of food bought as well as monthly food expenditure. Our findings suggest that the cyclone has a negative impact on crop production and household expenditure.
Chapter 3 studies the impact of university expansion through distance education on graduates’ job market outcomes using Myanmar Labor Force Survey. To investigate the policy impacts, this study uses Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach exploiting variations in educational attainment and exposure to the policy intervention. Our findings suggest that the education expansion policy lead policy-affected graduates to the higher probability of being under unemployment, and the lower probability of having a formal job and getting a good job. Results also reveal the differential impacts of gender; male graduates have a higher probability of being under unemployment relative to female graduates; however, they have a higher chance to get a formal job and a good job. Estimates from the Difference-in-Differences integrated with Propensity Score Matching (PSM-DID) reassure the validity of the baseline estimates by purging the ability endogeneity.Chapter 1: Early life Exposure to Earthquake and its Long-term Effects on Human Capital Outcomes
Chapter 2: The Effects of Natural Disaster on Household Expenditures and Crop Production: A Case Study on Cyclone Nargis Affected Region in Myanmar
Chapter 3: The Impact of Higher Education Expansion Through Distance Education on Graduates'' Job Market Outcomes: Evidence from MyanmardoctoralpublishedTial Len Par
Catalyzing Women’s Leadership and Participation in Rural Development: The Case of Saemaul Women’s Associations in the Republic of Korea
Get PDFThis case study examines the emergence of the Saemaul Undong Women's Association in the Republic of Korea from 1972 to 1979. This initiative was carried out as part of the Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement), a nationwide community development project. The Saemaul Undong combined top-down aspects, in that it was mandated and directed by the central govenerment, and bottom-up aspects, in that villages had broad leeway in terms of the projects that they took on at the local level. The same was true for the Saemaul Women's Associations.
One important aspect of the Saemaul Undong was its encouragement of women’s leadership in village projects. In 1973, the Saemaul Women’s Association was established as a branch organization of the Saemaul Undong. After the establishment of the SWA, each village had one male and one female Saeumaul leader, who were tasked with organizing village members to undertake a variety of local development projects – ranging from reforestation and building small bridges to the creation of village savings and improved agriculture programs, like planting orchards and building greenhouses. The program-within-a-program of the SWA, and the building up of women’s leadership that this entailed, has been credited with significantly changing women’s roles in rural society; with inspiring them to participate in village life; and with possibly having a long-term effect on such markers of women’s empowerment as increased school enrollment for girls.
In turn, studies of the Saemaul Undong, as well as observers at the time, have in many cases highlighted the idea that women’s participation was a critical driver for the success of Saemaul Undong. The notion that women worked harder than men to carry out the Saemaul Undong is widespread, and contemporary publications praise their “iron-willed” determination. Indeed, the governor of Jeonlabugdo commented that in his view the Saemaul Undong was led by women.
Yet this effort was not without challenges. This case study examines how women’s leadership was promoted and integrated into Saemaul Undong, and some of the delivery challenges that it faced during the course of that process. The parameters of the program were determined by national-level policy makers, but given the locally-led nature of village development projects in the Saemaul Undong, experiences varied widely, as each village – and each local Saemaul Women’s Association – attempted to implement experiments at the local level. Thus, while the program-within-a-program of women’s empowerment was promoted by national authorities, it was ultimately the women themselves, working with persistence within the specific contexts of their villages, who ensured the success of the Saemaul women’s programs at the village level.Introduction .......................... 1
Development Challenge: Rural Development and Women’s Empowerment ..... 2
Delivery Challenges.............. 3
Implementation: Top-Down
and Bottom-Up..................... 4
Addressing Delivery Challenges ........................... 7
Reflecting on Results (Shortand Long-term) and Lessons from the SWA Experience .. 9
References .......................... 1
Korean Public Finance
No full textThis chapter provides an overview of the key characteristics of public finance in Korea, including a brief explanation of the country’s budgeting process and a fiscal condition analysis. Compared to the other OECD member countries, Korea has had a relatively healthy fiscal condition in that it has had a fiscal surplus for quite a long period of time until recently. However, it is possible that the fiscal health of Korea will deteriorate in the future. Challenges may come from multiple factors such as the aging population, sluggish economic growth, declining revenue, expenditure growth (especially social spending), and debt accumulation. All of these factors may undermine the fiscal sustainability of Korea, requiring the fiscal authorities of Korea to make preemptive efforts to overcome the possible challenges.1. Introduction, Chung-in Moon and M. Jae Moon
Part 1: Korean Politics
2. Political Institutions in Korea, Yoojin Lim and Jungho Roh
3. Political Culture and Behavior, Ji-yoon Kim
4. Political Process- elections, interest group politics, and mass media, Jong-sung You
5. Political Parties, Yoonkyung Lee
6. Political leadership, Sangyoung Rhyu
7. Political Polarization- regionalism, ideology, and generational changes, Wook Kim
Part 2: Korean Foreign Policies and National Security
8. Korean Foreign Policy - A Historical Overview, Ki-jung Kim
9. Korean Foreign and National Security Policy- actors, structure, and process, Jong-Yun Bae
10. National Defense, Young-geun Kwon
11. Unification Policy, Sangkeun Lee and Chung-in Moon
12. National Intelligence, Chung-in Moon and Woong Chun
13. Managing North Korea, Yong-ho Kim
14. Managing Big Powers, John Delury
15. ROK and the Middle Power Diplomacy, Yul Sohn
Part 3: Korean Public Administration and Governance
16. Korean Civil Service Systems from Recruitment to Retirement, Sungjoo Choi
17. Public Service Motivation in Korea, Chansu Jung and Seeun Ryu
18. Performance Management in Korea, Jungwook Lee
19. Citizen Participation in Korea, Younhee Kim
20. E-government and Digital Governance, M. Jae Moon and Jooho Lee
21. Korean Public Finance, Chul Liu and Kangkoo Lee
22. Public Trust and Transparency in Korea, Kwangho Jung
23. Public Corporations and Quasi-government Organizations in Korea, Sanghee Park
Part 4: Korean Public Policies
24. Korean Economic Policies, Heonjoo Jung
25. Korean Social Welfare Policies, Jaejin Yang
26. Korean Environmental Policies, Kyungjun Yun and T.J. Lah
27. Korean Information and Communication Technology Policies, Samyoul Lee
28 Korean Science and Technology Policies, Eunjung Shin and Eric Welch
29 Korean Health Policies, Do Hyung Kim, Soojin Min and Hyoungah KimTRU
Understanding Deindustrialization in Developing Countries
No full text본 연구에서는 1991~2018년 기간을 대상으로 부가가치와 고용 측면에서의 개도국 탈산업화 현상을 고찰하고 있다. 분석결과에 따르면, 1차 산업과 서비스업을 제외한 산업부문 부가가치는 1인당 실질 GDP가 약 6,400달러 수준에 이르기까지 30% 초반 대까지 증가한 이후 감소하는 것으로 나타난다. 반면, 개도국의 경우 선진국과는 달리 고용의 탈산업화는 본격적으로 나타나지 않는 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 부가가치와 고용 비중의 주요 결정요인들은 제조업과 서비스업 간 생산성 격차, 1인당 GDP, 인구규모, 무역의존도, 도시화율, 자연자원 지대비중 등으로 나타난다. 또한, Baumol(1967)이 제시하듯이 제조업과 서비스업 간 생산성 격차가 클수록 산업부문 고용 비중은 줄어드는 반면, 서비스업의 고용 비중은 증가한다. 반면, 소득이 증가할수록 소득 탄력적인 서비스 수요가 증가하면서 탈산업화가 진전된다는 Clark (1940)의 가설은 현재의 개도국에는 적용되지 않는 것으로 나타난다.
Men's Economic Dependency, Gender Ideology, and Stress at Midlife
No full textObjective
This study investigates the association between men's economic dependency during midlife and allostatic load, an indicator of chronic stress, and how this relationship varies with men's gender ideology.
Background
Women are primary breadwinners in almost a third of heterosexual couples in the United States. Emerging research finds that female primary breadwinning (or men's economic dependency) is a threat to masculinity that has negative implications for men's midlife health. However, there is no quantitative evidence of the mechanisms linking men's economic dependency and health, particularly the role of stress, and whether men's gender ideology moderates this relationship.
Method
Using two waves of Midlife in the United States data for men who remained with the same marital or cohabiting female partner between waves (N = 332), the authors estimate the relationship between men's economic dependency in Wave 1 and allostatic load in Wave 2.
Results
There was no evidence of an association between men's economic dependency and higher allostatic load on average. However, gender ideology had a moderating influence; men's economic dependency was associated with higher allostatic load for those who espoused more traditional gender attitudes and lower allostatic load for those with the most egalitarian attitudes.
Conclusion
The findings underscore the existence of multiple masculinities and suggest that economic dependence has a negative or positive influence on men's health depending on the meanings men attach to female primary breadwinning.1
a case study of the southern border region of Kenya and the northern border region of Tanzania
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2020Despite the contentions about the effectiveness of decentralization as a form of governance and administration, there has been a rise in the number of countries attempting different forms of decentralization around the world in recent decades. By investigating what impact political decentralization had on service delivery in Kenya this paper seeks to contribute in gaining more understanding of decentralization and circumstances in which it is most effective. The study takes advantage of the border region between Tanzania and Kenya to perfume a natural experiment following the implementation of the county government framework of governance in 2013 through political decentralization in Kenya using difference-in-difference to examine if and what impact political decentralization had on service delivery.Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion and ConclusionmasterpublishedJane Mango ANGAR
application of nighttime lights data
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2020China’s rapid and successful development of HSR network provides a sound empirical setting to analyze the effect of transport infrastructure on regional development. Did the HSR promote local economic activities in the areas near HSR stations? This study aims to empirically examine the changes in economic activities associated with the introduction of the Wuhan-Guangzhou HSR line on December 26th, 2009. For analysis, this study uses nighttime lights data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to proxy for local economic activities and construct an 8-year panel dataset at the township level. Using a differences-in-differences approach, the study finds that on average, townships near HSR stations have seen an increase in economic activities by 9% four years after the launch of the HSR. A series of robustness checks confirms the main result.1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Background
4. Data and Summary Statistics
5. Empirical Strategy
6. Empirical Results
7. Conclusion and Discussion
8. ReferenceOutstandingmasterpublishedHye Rin LEE
a case study of South Korea
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020The purpose of the research is to improve the methodologies for setting water losses targets applicable to local water supplies in South Korea. Recently, South Korea has been suffering serious water scarcity due to frequent droughts caused by climate change. Accordingly, Non-revenue water (NRW) reduction projects, given the uniform goals of NRW ratio either 15% or 20%, have been introduced as a countermeasure. The currently uniform water losses target does not take into account the different water supply conditions of local municipalities and should be revised with a proper rationale to determine the optimal water losses level.
Through the literature review, the standardized methodologies for economic leakage target widely used in international countries and new approaches of South Korea were reviewed. MCW method, which is regarded as an applicable approach considering domestic conditions and an alternative of cumulative method are considered for the application. While MCW method revealed limitations as a result of the case study, the alternative method was able to calculate the economic leakage standard. MCW method was especially sensitive to data quality, and it was found that a clear relationship between the leakage level and the cost is not feasible considering domestic data characteristics. In addition, the effect of natural rate of rise of leakage and separation of effective NRW expenditure from total costs were identified as significant factors in calculating the leakage target. On the other hand, the cumulative method shows a more robust correlation than MCW, yielding the economic leakage target.
Through the case study, the cumulative method is demonstrated to be more suitable than the MCW method. And consideration of natural rate of rise of leakages and the social and environmental cost and benefits are proven to be significant elements of leakage calculations. In particular, it was confirmed that further research was required to estimate the natural rate of rise of leakage accurately, as the water losses target can be substantially lower. Besides, due to the effect of the previously established multi-area waterworks system in South Korea, it is likely to result in the less marginal cost of water. If the social and environmental aspects are taken into consideration, the high water losses level will lower and eventually contribute to efficient water management. Lastly, two cases of a short-term and long-term perspective have been considered, but further research is recommended to establish multiple water losses targets varying with time changes.1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Case Study
4. Implications
5. ConclusionOutstandingmasterpublishedHee-Keun MOON
a case study of Nepal
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2020This study aims to identify the relationship between wage and education, training, and experience among employed workers in Nepal. The study used the cross sectional data of 2017 Nepal Labor Force Survey. A total of 6264 employed workers between the ages of 25 to 65 were studied in the survey. The labor market of Nepal was found dominated by less educated workers with a high drop out from school education. We employed Mincer earning function with dummies of interest to explore the relationship. Rate of return to additional year of schooling was found lower than the South Asian average. We also found the average returns and return to schooling to vary across demographics. These results suggest that our National concern have to direct to ensure the quality of education and reduce drop out from school education.Abstract
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
ReferencesmasterpublishedKamal Raj GAUTA
The Socio-economic Effect of Community-Driven Development in Conflict-affected Regions: Evidence from Cambodia
Get PDFCommunity-driven development (CDD) has become increasingly common approach used by mul-tilateral development banks, governments, and NGOs to address the needs of the poor local communities in developing countries. CDD is characterized by the approach of giving control of decision and resources to the local community. CDD approaches are particularly prominent in conflict-affected communities which enables local community to regain sense of social cohesion and to restore livelihood. While much of literature focused on documenting the challenges and benefits of CDD approach in conflict affected context, what is yet to be established is whether CDD in conflict affected context can generate change in social and economic outcomes. Thus, this paper explores whether or not community-driven development (CDD) project af-fects a villages social capital and economic outcomes in post-conflict Cambodia. We compare the impact of CDD by looking at data from two rounds of surveys (baseline and endline). The results indicate that the project significantly strengthens the capacity of self-reliance, especially in vulnerable groups such as low-income, less educated and ethnic and religious minority house-holds. However, CDD was shown to have very limited impact on improving economic condition. Although the project slightly increases the household monthly income, the CDD project does not generate remarkable changes in community-level economic conditions. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains the historical background of Cambodia and the unique features of this CDD project. Section 3 describes the intervention and data collec-tion. Section 4 outlines the estimation models used in the analysis. In Section 5, we present the results of the program and explain their implications