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Financial Consumer Protection in the Era of Digital Transformation: A critical survey of literature and policy practices
Get PDFThis study aims to shed light on how to foster a welfare-enhancing policy regime for financial consumer protection (FCP), mainly through a literature and institutional survey on three pillars of FCP policy - financial education, ex ante (or before point of sale) FCP measures, and ex post policy instruments. To that end, we first conceptualize the typical behavioral patterns in the demand- and supply-side of the financial markets, to be tamed through an FCP policy regime, and also attempt to reflect the ramifications of the on-going global trend of digital transformation. As to the first pillar, most of the literature claims that no consensus exists as to the goal of financial education (FE), one that is clear, specific, and measurable enough to guide empirical endeavor to gauge its effectiveness. On this issue, we suggest three dimensions of financial capability as possible targets of measuring the effectiveness of FE – knowledge dimension, choice and decision dimension, and outcome dimension, and discuss a possible testing strategy. Another issue stressed is that, given the inherent complexities in most financial products, the second letter “E,” i.e., pedagogy and timing, should be given a higher weight than the first one “F,” i.e., contents, in designing a FE strategy. In the supply-side, three sets of policy instruments are discussed as the key FCP elements: that is, the self-regulation mechanisms such as code of conduct, and training and certification programs for business ethics; the behavioral principles along with rules and regulations to ensure fair and ethical consumer treatment (FECT); and, internal governance structure to align FECT with incentives of employees of financial institutions. In addition, dispute resolution mechanism along with the legal responsibility of service providers if and when FECT is violated are also discussed. Using the key findings, we develop a template, or a checklist, by interacting the key behavioral patterns to be tamed with the FCP policy instruments, and suggest a set of indicators based on the matrix developed to be used for international comparison
Protecting girls from droughts with social safety nets
No full textThis paper revisits the relationship between agricultural productivity shocks and the infant sex ratio in India and investigates how this relationship changes when households have access to government-provided employment opportunities outside of agriculture. When a household's preference for sons coin-cides with adverse agricultural productivity shocks, previous research shows that households tend to dis-proportionately reduce investments (prenatal and postnatal) in their female children. This behavior leads to a relatively more balanced sex ratio in good rainfall years and a more skewed sex ratio (in favor of boys) in low rainfall years. In a deviation from past work, we find evidence of this effect primarily through prenatal channels in modern India. More importantly, we show that a workfare program that decouples both wages and consumption from rainfall attenuates the relationship between rainfall and the infant sex ratio. Using a back-of-the-envelope calculation, we find that the program could have saved at least 0.7 million girls - relative to boys - if the government had implemented it from 2001 to 2005. Suggestive evidence also indicates that the program may have attenuated the positive effect of birth year productiv-ity shocks on girls' longer-term height-for-age. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1
COVID-19 and Asian Americans: How Elite Messaging and Social Exclusion Shape Partisan Attitudes
Get PDFExtending theories of social exclusion and elite messaging, we argue that Trump's targeted rhetoric toward Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic pushes the racial group, largely “Independent” or nonpartisan affiliated, to lean more towards the Democratic Party. This article supports this claim by combining social media (Study 1) and survey data (Study 2) analysis. Tracing 1.4 million tweets, we find that Trump's rhetoric has popularized racially charged coronavirus-related terms and that exclusionary, anti-Asian attitudes have increased in the U.S. since the pandemic began. Next, by analyzing repeated cross-sectional weekly surveys of Asian Americans from July 2019 to May 2020 (n=12,907), we find that the group has leaned more towards the Democratic Party since Trump first made inflammatory remarks towards Asian Americans. Whites, Blacks, and Latina/os, on the other hand, exhibited little and less consistent change in these democratic-related attitudes. Our findings suggest that experiences with social exclusion that are driven by elite sources further cement Asian Americans as Democrats.1
The Effect of Health Service Quality on Health Facility Choice and Health Outcomes in Malawi
Get PDFWe study the impact of health care service quality on health facility choice and health outcomes in Malawi. We use Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) 2015 and Malawi Service Provision Assessment (MSPA) 2013-2014 to examine the effect. MSPA provides many useful health care service quality information that has not been examined much in the previous studies. We create health care service quality measures to represent infrastructure quality, medical supplies quality and health facility management quality. We examine the impact of these quality measures on the demand for health services and health outcomes. We find that people who live closer to quality health facilities are more likely to utilize health services such as facility delivery. However, we do not find strong and significant evidences that healthcare quality is associated with positive health outcomes due to the insufficient data and the weak identification strategies
Designing the Education Workforce
Get PDFThere is rising evidence that traditional ways of teaching are failing to provide adequate learning opportunities and breadth of skills for the 21st century, likely to leave millions of children and young adults behind. The challenge of meeting the demands of each student with vastly different backgrounds and abilities within today’s models of education has limited the capacity of teachers and education systems to provide the personalized learning that students need. A new approach is required. The Education Commission is partnering with select countries, higher education institutions, schools and tech thought leaders to test the applicability and adaptability of “High-Touch High-Tech (HTHT)” learning in diverse contexts. The first pilot - currently in Vietnam - will incrementally expand to other select countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. HTHT learning is an opportunity for new collaborators to become part of a transformative effort to personalize learning for enhanced learner success through the application of Artificial Intelligence. Based on the report, “Transforming the Education Workforce: Learning Teams for a Learning Generation” that the Education Workforce Initiative (EWI) released during 2019 UN General Assembly, we propose new approaches for harnessing the potential of teachers and the broader education workforce to ensure HTHT learning and, more broadly, quality education for all students
A study on the method for the capacity determination of water supply system in industrial complex
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020.In the past, many planners in the field of water use water consumption per land area although the circumstance of the industry is changing as time went on. The reason is that the method is simple to apply. Using 4.5 thousand data, this study examines which factors (land area, the number of employees, amount of product) are most closely related to the water consumption in industrial complexes. At first, whether the land area is statistically significant with water consumption. And then, the statistical significance is analyzed between the land area, the amount of production, the number of employees, and the water consumption. If the analytical values by the two methods are not statistically appropriate to use, the present middleclassification code of manufacture is reviewed by sub-classification or by a small group with sub-classification.
This study is shown that water consumption in each manufacturer was not absolutely dependent on the land area due to the different nature of water consumption in each industry. For each code of manufacturing, a single variable (A(land area), E(number of employees), P(amount of product)) or many variables affects water consumption. Therefore, the sole application of land area unit when forecasting future industrial water use may not only lead to errors in the reliability of the forecasts but also affect the sizing of water supply facilities or sewage treatment facilities.1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Analysis and findings
4. Analysis and Findings
5. Conclusion / Policy recommendaion / limitationsmasterpublishedYoung Sun, SONG
Effectiveness of social media in promoting tourism in Bangladesh
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Development Policy, 2020In this paper, we will be scrutinizing the efficacy of web-based social networking sites in the tourism industry of Bangladesh. Alongside that, we will be exploring the fact if social media usage can effectively change the condition in the current tourism sector of the country. The paper will be putting a relation among the variables of the tourism industry to navigate the scopes for the application of the social media platforms. Consequently, the importance of brand image formation and using it as an essential tool for marketing will be emphasized in the paper. The goal is to explore the tourists’ perception, attitude, satisfaction, loyalty, and intention to visit Bangladesh using social networking sites as a promotional channel. In order to implement the plans regarding the sectors it is very necessary to form a partnership among the native start-ups that have grown centering the tourism sites and the digital marketing firms. The transparent regional and central governmental relation is essential as well. There needs to be certain establishments in the tourist regions where the businessmen are going to consult for any necessities and consequently reaching up to the central department for tourism. This paper will study all these implications after exploring the mentioned perceptions of the tourists.I. Introduction
II. Concept of Tourism
III. Literature Review
IV. Research Objective
V. Research Methodology
VI. Cognitive, Effective and Symbolic Perception
VII. Hypothesis Development
VIII. Theoretical Background
IX. Data Analysis and Interpretations
X. ConclusionmasterpublishedTasnim TARANNU
Samoa: Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility
No full textThis paper discusses Samoa’s Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility. Samoa has shown resilience to multiple past economic shocks, underpinned by the authorities’ strong commitment to support the economy, and financial assistance provided by the international community. The global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated the impact of the measles outbreak of late-2019 on Samoa’s economy. The border closure, combined with a sudden stop of tourist arrivals and decline in remittances, has led to a precipitous fall in two vital sources of foreign earnings and resulted in an urgent balance of payments need. Beyond the immediate response, the authorities will continue to implement structural reforms, with policies appropriately balanced between safeguarding debt sustainability and promoting economic growth. They also need to continue their efforts to enhance spending efficiency, strengthen social protection programs and safety nets, further improve tax administration, strengthen public financial management, and safeguard financial stability. Addressing vulnerability to climate change remains a key medium-term challenge to create a fiscal buffer
Did COVID-19 Market Disruptions Disrupt Food Security? Evidence from Households in Rural Liberia and Malawi
No full textWe quantify the effect of market disruptions due to COVID-19 on the lives of households in rural areas of Liberia and Malawi, utilizing panel data from phone surveys that were implemented as part of a randomized cash transfer experiment. The surveys began collection several months before the pandemic and have continued throughout it. The household survey included a consistent set of internationally accepted and validated questions on food security (the household dietary diversity score, the household hunger scale, and the food consumption score). In both countries, market activity was severely disrupted and we observe large declines in income among market vendors, but we find no evidence of declines in food security for households in the short run. Even though we observe no adverse effects of the lockdowns on food security among the control group, cash transfers improved dietary quality and quantity over the low levels observed at baseline
A Study on enhancing the function of the water commission for water dispute mediation
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2020.In August 2018, Moon Jae-in’s government enacted the Framework Act on Water Management in order to improve the quality of life of the people through sustainable water management. In June 2019, the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Water Management was promulgated and the Presidential and Basin Water Commissions having a function to mediation water disputes consisted. Even though various organizations are managing to public conflicts including water disputes before the Water Commissions, many water disputes are still going on nationwide, and the social costs to be paid continue to increase.
In order for the Water Commissions to perform the function of water dispute mediation well, it is necessary to accurately grasp the problems of water dispute mediation in the past and come up with measures to overcome them. In this study, I examined the methodologies for water dispute mediation and derive the characteristics of water dispute through the survey and analysis of 17 water dispute cases. And then, I evaluated the role and limitations of existing water dispute mediation agencies.
Finally, I suggested 5 measures for the Water Commissions to successfully carry out the water dispute mediation function. The proposal of this study is expected to contribute to the normal performance of the water dispute mediation function of the Water Commission.1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Research method
4. Methodology of water dispute mediation and analysis of water dispute cases in Korea
5. Measures to strengthen the dispute mediation role of the Water Commission
6. ConclusionmasterpublishedKIM, Jingo