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The Effect of GRI and ODA in Korean electronics industry development
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Development Policy, 2021The rapid development of the Korean electronics industry is one of the factors leading to Korea''s miraculous economic growth. Despite the unfavorable conditions (i.e., scarce natural resources and small domestic market) and limited technological base in its early years, in 2019, the Korean electronics industry has become the third-largest electronics producer in the world. To support the development of the sector, the public sector played an active role. The government enacted a series of laws and basic plans to enhance and promote the electronics industry. The government also established several government-funded research institutes (GRIs). They developed the basic/appliance technology, facilitated technology transfer, and trained the experts.
At the same time, it would be essential to highlight that Korea was a recipient country of Official Development Assistance (ODA) until 1995. Despite its remarkable growth between the 1970s and 1980s, the country graduated IBRD in 1995. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer two questions. The first question is how these GRIs affected the industrial development of Korea. The second question is what roles the ODA played in this development. To answer these questions, this research conducts a case study of the ''Electronics Technology Project'' funded by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)/World Bank. This project was implemented to establish a government-funded research institute for the Korean Institute of Electronics Technology (KIET).
Therefore, this thesis will describe how the government affected/supplemented industry through the public research institute and how the ODA assisted this move for the recipient country''s economic and social development. The KIET functioned as a bridge between the technology adoption phase and the technology embodiment phase by leading the technology assimilation phase. This institute trained personnel for the industry, recruited Korean experts from abroad, provided research infrastructure, developed technologies, and facilitated technology transfer. At the same time, this institute encouraged the private sector to enter the industry with its successes in developing semiconductor technologies.
By studying the case of KIET from its recommendation to the completion, it would be possible to grasp the ideal role of government intervention to the industry and the role of ODA for the recipient country''s economic and societal development through the development of specific/desirable sector.I Introduction
II Research Question and Scope
III Theoretical Background
IV Case Study of Korean Institute of Electronics Technology
V Conclusion
VI ReferencesmasterpublishedSooyeon KI
firstborn daughters in Korea
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Development Policy, 2021I examine the causal relationship between the firstborn child’s sex and the mother’s time spent on home and work responsibilities. Using the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF), the empirical strategy in this paper exploits the randomness of the firstborn child’s sex in a fixed-effect model. I demonstrate that the firstborn daughter (1) lightens the working mother’s domestic responsibilities and (2) offsets the negative impact of additional childbirth on the mother’s working hours. Both findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the firstborn daughter substitutes for the mother in carrying out domestic tasks.masterpublishedSongyi SHI
The case of Korea
No full textDespite the outbreak of Covid-19 in Korea, there has been no lockdown and the impact of the virus has remained rather limited to date. This suggests that the correct fiscal and monetary policy stance to be taken by the Korean government and the Bank of Korea, should not have been to stem the crisis by speedy and preemptive action as in the case of the 2008 global financial crisis, but to mitigate its economic impact by a gradual response, which would be taken in tandem with the evolution and intensity of the Covid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, given the enormous financial cost ensuing from the misallocation of resources, actions targeting vulnerable sectors and groups should be prioritized. A gradual and targeted response in place of a speedy and undiscriminating response seems to be the more appropriate method to cope with the Covid-19 crisis in Korea.Introduction
Part 1: The Experience of the USA
1. Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the United States
Part 2: Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the Euro-Area and in the EU
2. The Covid-10 Monetary and fiscal Response in the euro-area and the EU
3. The Case of France
4. The Case of Germany
5. The Case of Italy
6. The Case of the UK
Part 3: Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Asia
7. The Case of China
8. The Case of Japan
9. Monetary and Fiscal Policy Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic - The case of Korea
10. The Case of Singapore
Appendix: Chronicle of the Macroeconomic Responses in the US, Europe, and East AsiaTRU
Understanding Credit Card Usage Behavior of Elderly Korean Consumers for Sustainable Growth: Implications for Korean Credit Card Companies
Get PDFThe Republic of Korea is the fastest aging country in the world, and its silver market, which is the market segment broadly defined as senior citizens, began to emerge in 2008 as Korean baby boomers started to retire. Given that the assets of households headed by individuals 55 years of age and over are much higher than those of average Korean households, it is essential for Korean financial institutions targeting elderly consumer groups to understand their credit card usage behavior, as it can be very attractive and provide the potential to lead to sustainable growth for institutions, while the market targeting for this group has not been well developed yet. This study examined elderly Korean consumers' credit card usage behavior in terms of key demographic variables. In this study, we found that the number of cards owned was negatively related to age and positively related to income level. In addition, those who were not retired owned more credit cards than those who were. Although the average monthly expenditure by credit cards was positively related to income, it was not significantly different in terms of age or retirement status. The findings from this research provide significant implications for marketers of credit card companies when searching for key target groups, particularly elderly consumers.1
A Sectoral Approach in Assessing the Data Economy Ecosystem: Focusing on the Finance, Real Estate, and Medical Service Sectors in Korea
Get PDF본 연구의 목적은 ‘데이터경제’의 개념화 및 활성화 방안을 우리나라의 3개 서비스부문(금융∙부동산∙의료)에 초점을 맞추어 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 최근 국내외 데이터 경제 관련 문헌의 주요 논거를 정리하였고, 2개의 국제학술논문 데이터베이스를 이용하여 상기 3개 부문의 데이터경제 관련 논문을 추출하여 메타분석을 수행하였다: 미국 국립보건원(NIH)의 ‘PubMed’로부터 추출한 263,974건의 보건∙의료 분야 학술논문; 그리고 WOS(Web of Science)로부터 추출한 26,859건의 금융∙부동산 분야 학술논문이 포함됨. 분석결과를 요약하면, 데이터경제는 디지털 데이터의 구축∙공유∙분석∙활용을 통하여 지역 또는 국가 차원의 사회적 후생을 증가시키는 혁신생태계로 정의하였고, 이의 핵심 구성 요소는 DPA(Data∙Platform∙AI) 기반의 하부구조와 제반 촉진기제들이 포함된다. 최근 문헌에서 논의되고 있는 데이터경제의 경제∙사회적 기대효과는 다음 3개 유형으로 정리하였고 - (1) 플랫폼 효과; (2) 예측력 증대 효과; (3) 새로운 분석기법 효과, 이들이 3개 서비스부문에 주는 시사점을 논의하였다. 메타분석의 결과는 3개 부문의 데이터경제 관련 학술논문이 2015년경부터 폭발적인 증가추세에 있고, 공저자의 숫자 및 다국간 협력논문의 비중이 지속적으로 증가하는 것을 보여 주었다. 우리나라의 경우 논문의 양적인 측면에서는 대체로 양호한 것으로 판단되나 (2개 DB 모두에서 세계 8위를 기록), 질적인 측면에서는 경쟁 상대국에 비하여 상당히 뒤쳐져 있는 것으로 나타났다 (평균 인용횟수, 연구주제의 참신성 측면에서). 상기 분석결과를 기초로 우리나라 3개 부문에서의 데이터경제 활성화를 위한 제반 정책과제를 논의하였다.
The main objective of this study is to conceptualize “data economy (DE)” and to assess the current state of fostering its ecosystem in three particular service sectors in Korea – finance, real estate, and health care. To that end, we, first, synthesize the key arguments advanced in the recent literature as to the expected socio-economic effects of DE and, second, perform the meta-analyses based on the academic articles of relevancy that are extracted from two international databases: 263,974 articles in the fields of health and medical science from PubMed, established by the National Institute of Health of the U.S.; and, 26,859 articles in the fields of finance and real estate from Web of Science (WOS). Our results are summarized as: for our analytical purpose, DE is defined as an innovation ecosystem in which digital data is collected∙shared∙analyzed∙utilized such that regional or national welfare gain can be realized; Its key elements include DPA(Data∙Platform∙AI)-driven infrastructure along with various enablers, both market-driven and institution-driven; The expected effects of DE, as discussed in the literature, are categorized into three types – (1) the platform effect, (2) the prediction power effect, and (3) the new analytics effect, whose implications to the three sectors are also elaborated; According to the metaanalyses performed, the DE-related academic studies have been growing in an explosive phase in all three sectors since around 2015, and the trend of increasing co-authorship and inter-country collaboration is also observed; And, those articles written by the Korean authors (according to their affiliations) show a fair standing in terms of the quantity, i.e., number of articles (8th place in both databases) but are being lagged significantly compared to other advanced economies in terms of the quality (e.g., average number of citations, newness of research topics). Using the above findings, we discuss the policy directions and tasks for activating DE and expanding its social effects in the three sectors examined
Public Corruption and Pension Underfunding in the American States
No full textUnfunded public pension obligations represent a great challenge for policy makers in the American states. We posit that a part of pension underfunding relates to the level of public corruption. Empirical findings in the article show that funding ratios in public pension funds are inversely related to the incidence levels of corruption in the state, with other fiscal, political, and institutional covariates held constant. We show that this can happen through higher pension benefits, lower actuarially required contributions (ARCs), lower percentage of actual ARC contributions, and poorer investment outcomes. Based on empirical estimates, we find that a reduction of corruption by one standard deviation around the mean would permit the states to save on pension benefits by 10.24% annually (or US$1,894.64 per recipient), increase required ARC by 4.40%, increase actual ARC contributions by 8.46%, and improve investment returns by 4.72%. Therefore, policies to reduce public-sector corruption, or to improve the insulation of pension funds in relatively more corrupt environments, can make a significant contribution toward tackling the public pension underfunding crisis in the American states.1
How do Export Pioneers Emerge and How are They Related to Product Creators?
Get PDFIn this paper, we empirically examine how export pioneers emerge and how they are related to product creators/innovators, utilizing a rich plant-product level dataset from the Korean manufacturing sector for the period of 1990-1998. Our analysis covers the process from the appearance of product creators as well as product imitators to the emergence of export pioneers. We find, first, that product imitators are larger, more productive and older than product creators. Second, most export pioneers are nevertheless found to be product creators. This result is largely due to the fact that almost all export pioneers export the products in the same year as product creation. Third, there are similarities as well as differences between product creators and export pioneers. Plants that are more productive or larger are more likely to become product creators as well as export pioneers. However, previous exporting experience positively affects the probability of export pioneering only, while plants’ engagement in R&D positively affects the probability of product creation only. We discuss possible explanations for our main empirical results as well as their policy implications
Job reallocation in Korean manufacturing: 1984–2014
No full textThis paper investigates the patterns of job reallocation in Korean manufacturing during the period 1984–2014. Utilizing establishment-level data from the Mining and Manufacturing Survey, we construct job flow measures and document the trend of job reallocation and test its efficiency. We first find that the pace of job reallocation has diminished since the Asian Financial Crisis. Although jobs were reallocated from less productive to more productive establishments overall, we find that the productivity-enhancing effect has also diminished over time. Although recessions are known to be periods of intense reallocation and restructuring, job reallocation was not particularly more efficient during recessions in Korea. It even decreased during the Great Recession of 2008 because the exit probability of low-TFP establishments was reduced.1
the case of Vietnam in 2020
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Development Policy, 2021For many Vietnamese students, the national high school graduation examination is one of the most important exams in their lives, transitioning from upper-secondary education to tertiary education. While the importance of the exam is significant in the country where a degree is inevitable for a stable job in the future, policies on the national examination have significantly changed since 2015. By using the concept of justice and motivation, the current study aimed to explore the effects of justice dimensions and motivation on student satisfaction in the context of education, specifically focusing on the national examination for higher education. In this regard, this study proposed a conceptual model and conducted an online survey to test relevant hypotheses. The empirical findings of the study found that procedural, distributive justice, and intrinsic motivation affected the level of student satisfaction. More broadly, these results would be useful for policymakers to make more informed choices and also suggest further programs and projects of the Vietnamese government, aiming to develop the system of university admissions in the future.1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Theoretical Foundation
4. Hypothesis Development
5. Methodology
6. Data Analysis
7. ConclusionsmasterpublishedNguyen Van BA
The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and Unilateralism of Special Economic Zones
No full textMany governmental incentives unilaterally offered in special economic zones affect competition in international markets and thus fall within the scope of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Until very recently, products made in such zones could face countervailing duty investigations abroad on a charge of improper subsidization. In 2019, the World Trade Organization issued its first ruling focusing on the legality of certain special economic zone subsidies. In particular, the panel in India-Export Related Measures found fiscal preferences under an Indian scheme to be prohibited export subsidies. This article examines the status of special economic zone incentives under the multilateral subsidy regime, discusses the relevant anti-subsidy practice, and identifies 'risky' and 'safe' types of support measures that constitute unilateralism of zones in promoting economic activities.1