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Opinion Polarization in Korea
No full textAlthough there is a growing concern that Korean politics become more extreme and polarized, previous studies find that there is no evidence for opinion polarization. This study extends the previous findings in three ways. First, I add the latest WVS wave to examine whether political development since 2014 caused any divergence in opinions. I find no supporting evidence. Second, therefore, I focus on investigating the characteristics of those who are “ideologically consistent” by conducting and using custom-designed survey results. I find the signs of antipathy between different ideologies and ideological sorting. What is unique in Korea is that there are more consistent voters among conservatives, and their opinions are more tightly aligned with partisan views. Third, I explore how ideological consistency affects people’s perceptions and attitudes toward COVID-19. As in the other advanced countries, this global pandemic reveals how political division negatively affects the disease control effort.TRU
Preparing for the Pandemic: Strengthening Epidemiological Investigations in The Republic of Korea, 2015-20
Get PDFWhen the epidemic of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) hit the Republic of Korea in 2015, the government found that its infectious disease management system was woefully inadequate. At the time, the government faced legal limitations in collecting information to track how viruses spread from person to person and medical information (such as hospital admissions) about those infected. In addition, the country’s epidemiological investigators—the officials tasked with tracking the spread of the virus—did not have the capacity to manage a large outbreak.
As a result of these constraints, MERS continued to spread through the population, infecting nearly 200 people nationwide. Following the MERS epidemic—which resulted in 38 deaths—the government realized it needed to establish a legal foundation for epidemiological investigation and boost capacity. In 2015, South Korea revised laws and laid the foundations for improved epidemiological investigations. When COVID-19 arrived in Korea in January 2020, epidemiological investigators were better prepared to track infections and prevent a widespread outbreak of the new infectious disease. Korea's case conveys the importance of a strong institutional basis for virus management
A Study on the resolution of conflict on the relocation of the Daegu water intake source
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Management, 2021In the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, demand for water resources in rivers increases rapidly, while the availability of rivers is absolutely limited, causing disputes over water to continue. The conflict between Daegu Metropolitan City and Gumi City, which have the Nakdong River as a source of water, is a representative example of the conflict over the use and distribution of rivers that has not been resolved for nearly 20 years. To resolve disputes over these rivers, it is necessary to first identify the cause of the conflict and stakeholders through conflict analysis, then create a consultative body for all stakeholders to discuss. Each interested party will be able to resolve distrust and misunderstanding of each other by examining uncertainties together. Through continuous dialogue and consultation, each stakeholder will know what the other really wants, and if they explore their BATNAs and develop many mutually beneficial alternatives, they will eventually be able to find an agreement that works best for each other. The investigator expects that if such a negotiation process is carried out, even water-related conflicts that have not been resolved for 20 years will be able to reach a mutual agreement. This report first summarized the process of conflict over the relocation of water sources and the main issues of conflict and analyzed the positions and interests of each stakeholder on the issue through analysis of various indirect data. Finally, based on this conflict analysis, it presents a step-by-step procedure and negotiation method for the building consensus among stakeholders.1. Introduction
2. The history of the conflict
3. The stakeholders and issues
4. Establishment of consensus building procedures
5. ConclusionmasterpublishedJeongjin O
proposal of improvement for the insertion of Ecuador into the 21st century economy
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2021Ecuador has executed various industrial policies during the XX century with different focuses and results. Still, none of them could achieve the primary purpose, “creating a prosperous and developed nation.” Currently, Ecuador has in force the “Industrial Policy 2016- 2025.” However, it is not under execution since there is a disconnection between the projects, goals, and strategies with Ecuador''s competitive advantages and future global demands and trends. Besides, Ecuador does not have a formal trade policy; instead, the Ministry of Production, Foreign Trade, Investments, and Fisheries are executing trade agendas trying to sign free trade agreements with key commercial partners. Still, those agreements aim to take advantage of the current economic structure of Ecuador, which is characterized for promoting agriculture products, low-skill jobs, and no innovation.
In this regard, this research describes a new approach of trade and industrial-innovation policy, outlining factors that determine its success or failure. Moreover, the study revised up-to-date bibliography to identify characteristics for increasing the odds for designing and executing trade and industrial-innovation policies. Besides, it describes the actors and roles that must develop the design and execution of the policy. Finally, a logical framework matrix is presented with general activities that will guide the update of the current industrial policy, to build a new approach for the insertion of Ecuador to the 21st century.
The principal findings of the research show that the current industrial policy of Ecuador is not efficient and must be updated. The trade agenda should be transformed into a policy integrated into the industrial one. Moreover, for the updating, the Government should consider factors such as climate change, COVID-19, political issues like the trade war between China and the United States, the structure of a new global economy by 2050, and the rise of the African Free Trade Agreement. All those situations bring about opportunities and threats that must be tackled with a long-term, adequately financed innovation policy, structured after discussions with the private sector, academia, and civil society. Indeed, the new trade and industrial policy should be the outcome from communication with different actors instead of being a set of top-down actions proposed by the public sector. Finally, the trade policy must be built in concordance with the industrial policy and focused not only on the current supply but also on the future international demands and needs.Acknowledgment
Executive Summary
Table of contents
Methodology
Analysis and findings
Policy Recommendations
ReferencesmasterpublishedPaul Marcelo ZARATE DIA
Estimating labor income shares at the sectoral level in Korea during 1975-2018 using input-output tables
No full textThe goal and contribution of this paper is to estimate the sectoral labor income shares in Korea with the same methods over a long period. For this purpose, I harmonized the input-output (IO) tables of Korea for the period 1975-2018 according to a common 26-sector classification, and applied various methods for computing labor income shares to the variables available in IO tables and the accompanying employment tables. It is expected that the results of this paper can be utilized in a variety of studies.
In this paper, three methods were applied. First method is to use compensation of employees (CE), the narrowest definition of labor income, as the labor income. Second method is to assume that the average labor income of non-wage workers equals the average wage level of employees. Third method is to estimate the average labor income of non-wage workers using micro survey data. All three methods use domestic income (DI), the sum of CE and operating surplus (OS), as the total factor income. In this paper, I used the estimates by Im (2020) for the third method.
The economy-wide labor income share by the first method is highly close to the official income share published by the Bank of Korea, and is believed to underestimate the true labor income share. On the other hand, the share by the third method is expected to highly overestimate the true value. The accuracy and the reliability of the estimated shares can be greatly improved by estimating the relative average labor income share of non-wage workers more thoroughly based on more accurate survey data.2
The Effect of the Type of Information in an E-government Site on User Responses: Mediating Role of Consumer’s Information Overload and Cognitive Failure
No full text본 연구는 디지털 정부 웹사이트의 정보제시 유형과 그에 따른 정보 과부하가 소비자들의 온라인 정보에 대한 인식과 태도에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 연구 모형을 검증하기 위해 디지털 정부 웹사이트에 제공되는 정책정보를 인포그래픽과 텍스트 형식으로 제시하고, 참가자의 반응을 확인하는 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 총 1,000명의 대한민국 성인 남녀가 온라인 설문조사에 참여하였고 구조방정식 모형 검증을 통해 정보제시 형식과 정보 과부하가 이용자 반응에 미치는 구조 모형의 유의성을 검증하였다. 분석 결과 연구에서 가정한 경로 가설은 모두 유의하게 검증되었으며, 간접효과 또한 유의하게 검증되었다. 더불어 두 정보제시 조건(인포그래픽 vs. 텍스트)간 간접효과의 차이도 유의하게 검증되었다. 연구 결과 디지털전환 시대 정부의 웹사이트의 정보 과부하에 의하여 이용자의 인지처리의 어려움이 발생할 경우 지각된 정보성과 흥미를 낮추고, 이는 곧 정부의 웹사이트 서비스 이용의도와 신뢰를 낮춘다는 것을 발견하였다. 또한 인포그래픽을 통한 정보 전달이 텍스트를 통한 정보 전달보다 정보 과부하와 인지처리의 어려움을 낮추고, 정부 웹사이트 서비스에 대한 긍정적 반응을 높일 수 있다는 점을 발견하였다. 이 연구를 통해 이용자 중심의 디지털 정부 서비스의 방향성과 전략적 함의를 제시하였다.
This study was performed to explore the effects of the type of information presentation format and information overload in e-government sites on user response and attitude to the sites. In order to verify a structural model of the study, online survey was conducted with two types of information format (infographic vs. text) as an experimental condition. A total of 1,000 adults participated in the survey and significance of the direct and indirect paths of the study model was analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling method. Results show that all direct and indirect path coefficients in the study model were significant, which confirms all the research hypotheses. In addition, the difference in indirect effects between the two information formats (infographic vs. text) was also significantly validated. Findings indicate that 1) information overload in e-government sites causes difficulty in cognitive processing and decreases perceived informativeness and interest, which eventually lessens usage intention and trust of the sites and 2) infographic format is more appropriate than text format to reduce information overload and cognitive difficulty and also increase positive responses to the e-government sites.2
Policy and political changes in advanced countries and its impact to the international financial market focusing on emerging economies
No full textThesis(Doctoral) -- KDI School: Ph.D in Public Policy, 2021-Chapter1. The US Long term interest rate and its Impact to Emerging Economies
-Chapter2. Emerging Stock Market Reaction to Political Changes and Economic Uncertainty in advanced market
-Chapter3. RFA A Survey of the Literature and Recent Developments (with Prof. Wook Sohn)doctoralpublishedWoo Jin CHUN
국책연구기관의 국제개발협력사업 연계 강화 및 거버넌스 구축 방안 연구
No full text경제·인문사회연구회 (이하 ‘경사연’) 소관 26개 연구기관들은 고유의 설립목적과 연구 분야에 따라 국제개발협력 연구 및 사업을 개별적으로 추진하고 있다. 국무조정실을 중심으로 한 ODA 통합조정 기능이 점차 확대되는 환경 하에서는 국책연구기관의 ODA 연구조사 기능도 보다 체계적으로 수행 되어, 정부의 ODA 전략수립 및 운영에 대한 지원 확대 요구가 예상된다. 따라서 본고에서는 단편적으로 이루어지고 있는 국책연구기관의 국제개발협력사업의 연계를 강화하고 연구수행 체계 확립을 위한 거버넌스 구축방안을 제시하고자 한다.
아직까지 경사연 내 국책연구기관의 국제개발협력 관련 연구는 각 기관의 고유 연구 분야와 ODA 사업과의 연관성 및 개발협력 사업에 대한 관심도 차이 등의 이유로 큰 편차가 있으며 분절적으로 운영되어 충분한 시너지 효과를 내지 못하고 있다. 이들의 사업 형태도 ODA 주관부처 및 시행기관의 연구용역 공모참여, 국제개발협력 관련 주제의 경사연 협동연구 수행, 자체예산을 이용한 ODA 연구추진 등 다양한 방식으로 이루어지고 있다. 경사연은 소관 연구기관들이 추진하고 있는 ODA 사업 관련 연구의 연계성을 높이기 위한 다각적인 노력을 기울여왔다. 그러나 국제개발협력 아젠다를 주도하고 창출할 수 있는 기반이 될 수 있는 연구기관 간 연계 거버넌스가 아직 미흡하고, 연구기관이 개발협력 연구를 주도적으로 수행할 수 있는 역할도 단편적인 상황이다.
본 연구는 개발협력이 대외전략에서 차지하는 중요성이 점차 확대되고 있으므로 개발협력 분야에서 국제적인 리더십을 확보하고 정부의 ODA혁신계획에 부응하기 위하여 연구기능의 강화 및 효과적인 연구기관 간 거버넌스 구축을 제안하고 있다. 이를 위해 국제개발협력 사업의 글로벌 트렌드와 선진공여국의 연구 거버넌스를 분석하여 국제개발협력 연구의 기획 및 관리체계의 통합화 필요성을 도출하고 있다. 26개 국책연구기간 내 거점기관을 지정하고 이를 중심으로 분야별로 연구의 연계시스템 강화 및 거버넌스 구축방안을 제시하였다.
개별 연구기관 차원에서는 각 기관이 보유하고 있는 연구 결과물과 인적네트워크 자산을 체계적으로 축적·활용하는 한편, 국제개발협력 관련 중장기 연구 과제를 지속적으로 발굴하여야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 개발협력 전략 수립 및 기획 운영에 도움이 되는 지적 자산을 ODA 주관부처 및 시행기관에 제공하는 역할을 적극적으로 수행할 것을 제안한다. 국책연구기관 간 연계 시스템이 확립되면 더 나아가 대학, 학회, 민간연구소 및 기업을 포괄하는 ODA 연구생태계를 구축하는 것을 적극적으로 추진하 여야 할 것이다. 국제기구 및 해외 유수 ODA 연구기관과의 글로벌 협력을 통한 ODA 방향성 점검, 연구과제 발굴, 네트워크 활성화를 통한 역량강화사업도 추진할 것을 제안한다. 이러한 노력을 통해 국제개발협력 사업 지원을 위한 연구기능이 활발하게 작동하고 결국에는 국제개발협력사업의 효과성을 제고하고 국제사회에서의 리더쉽도 확보할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다
Searching for the Cause of the Gender Gap in Employment Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis
Get PDFThe recession caused by the COVID-19 crisis has features that could disproportionately harm female employment. Risk of infection and social distancing measures may have disrupted jobs in face-to-face industries, which have traditionally hired more women than men. School closures and a consequent increase in childcare and homeschooling demands may have discouraged labor market participation by working mothers. Using the Economically Active Population Survey, I examine how female employment was affected by each factor. I find that the gender gap in the Employment to Nonparticipation (E to N) transition rates is twice as large as the gap in the Employment to Unemployment (E to U) transition rates. Women’s overrepresentation in the face-to-face industries accounts for most of the gap in the E to U transition but only a third of the gap in the E to N transition. The rise in non-participation is especially pronounced among married women aged 39-44, the group most likely to have elementary-school-age children
Sectoral Wage Gaps and Gender in Rural India
No full textUsing detailed monthly panel data from rural India, this paper analyzes sectoral wage gaps for men and women. I document three important findings. First, there is clear evidence of sorting into sectors, with very large differences in worker human capital across the farm and non-farm sectors and much higher wages in the latter. Second, while these wage gaps are substantial in the cross-section, the wage gap within individuals is decidedly smaller, consistent with worker sorting. Third, the wage gap for women is much larger than it is for men, with the latter exhibiting almost no within-individual gap in wages across sectors. Women work fewer hours and are less likely to work outside of their own village in the non-farm sector, yet the wage gap is driven by higher-caste and married women. I find no evidence of non-pecuniary benefits of agricultural employment relative to non-farm employment being responsible for this gap. These results are consistent with a lack of local non-farm employment opportunities interacting with barriers to labor mobility for women but not men