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Measuring the Degree of Integration into the Global Production Network by the Decomposition of Gross Output and Imports: Korea 1970-2018
Get PDFThe import content of exports (ICE) is defined as the amount of foreign input embodied in one unit of export, and it has been used as a measure of the degree of integration into the global production network. In this paper, we suggest an alternative measure based on the decomposition of gross output and imports into the contributions of final demand terms. This measure considers the manner in which a country manages its domestic production base (gross output) and utilizes the foreign sector (imports) simultaneously and can thus be regarded as a more comprehensive measure than ICE. Korea’s input-output tables in 1970-2018 are used in this paper. These tables were rearranged according to the same 26-industry classification so that these measures can be computed with time-series continuity and so that the results can be interpreted clearly. The results obtained in this paper are based on extended time-series data and are expected to be reliable and robust. The suggested indicators were applied to these tables, and, based on the results we conclude that the overall importance of the global economy in Korea’s economic strategy has risen and that the degree of Korea’s integration into the global production network increased over the entire period. This paper also shows that ICE incorrectly measures the movement of the degree of integration into the global production network in some periods
A Study on setting appropriate revenue water rate target reflecting the operating characteristics of each city
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2021.In 2015, the Ministry of Environment in Korea has ben pushing for the 2nd operation eficiency improvement project of tap water management for 103 local governments whose RWR(Revenue Water Rate) is stil les than 70% among total 161 local governments. The main contents of this project are to establish a DMA system and replace old water suply networks. Through this project, the Ministry of Environment in Korea subsidizes 70% of total facilty investment to local governments. However, the conditons of grant suport must be achieved and maintained at least 85% of the RWR(Revenue Water Rate) for five years after the DMA system is established. The target of RWR for 1st operation eficiency improvement project was 80% 15 years ago in 200, but now it is questionable why the RWR target for the 2nd project has ben changed to 85%. Furthermore, it is also questionable whether it is the right policy to target al local governments at the same 85%, even though the RWR varies greatly depending on the size of the city, the density of the city, and the financial status of the city. For example, should the two local governments achieve the same 85% target if the curent RWR is 45% of local governments A and that of local governments B is 69%. Rather, it can be more reasonable for both local governments to improve 20% to set targets at 65% for local governments A and 89% for local governments B. Therefore, the research questions to be reviewed in this study are as folows. First, what is the most suitable RWR target in Korea, and 80% of the 2010s is a reasonable target? Or is 85% of the 2020s the right target? Second, is the Ministry of Environment''s corect policy to present the same RWR target to al local governments? Or should diferent RWR targets be presented acording to the unique characteristics of local governments? Third, if local governments have to set diferent RWR targets acording to their unique characteristics, what are the variables that afect the RWR target, and what is the predictive model for an apropriate RWR target? Lastly, if the RWR target is low due to the characteristics of local governments with low density like in rural areas, if leakage continues, what other alternatives are there to solve this problem? Therefore, in this study, the RWR and the regresion analysis on various variables are performed to review the RWR target suitable for each local government.
In order to determine which variables afect RWR, I first performed a corelation analysis of RWR with 15 independent variables. As a result, RWR has the greatest corelation with urban density factors. In other words, the higher the city''s density, the higher the RWR, and the lower the city''s density, the lower the RWR. In aditon, the financial status of each local government and the technical variables such as GIS, DMA systems were also analyzed to have some corelation with RWR. For the prediction of suitable RWR targets for each local government, I conduct multiple regresion analyses by combining these 15 variables through stepwise regresion. As a result of the verification of the RWR prediction model for 161 local governments in Korea, the coeficient of adjustment determination was analyzed to 0.7238, creating a highly reliable prediction model. In other words, the target of RWR for each local government can be explained by the prediction model by aproximately 72%. Therefore, it is not reasonable for the Ministry of Environment to aply the same RWR target to al local governments at 85% for 2nd operation eficiency improvement project for tap water management. The Ministry of Environment should set diferent RWR targets suitable for each local government by comprehensively considering their urban density, financial status and level of technology of WDS (Water Distribution Network) management.
As previously mentioned, it is not the right government policy to set the same RWR target for al local governments, as RWR depends on the unique characteristics of each city, such as density. Therefore, I would like to propose an improvement policy for a suitable RWR target seting that reflects the unique characteristics of each city. First, it is required to introduce the global standard, Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI), in Korea. Because ILI presents an objectified target caled Unavoidable Anual Real Los (UARL), depending on the density and presure of various cites, it is posible to set the corect leak index target reflecting the unique characteristics of each city. Second, in case of smal cites where UARL is highly generated due to low density, the latest SWM(Smart Water Management) technologies such as Sub-DMA and smart metering should be introduced more actively. By instaling many of these smart water flow rate, presure, and quality measurement sensors in the WDS (Water Distribution System), it is easier to find and repair leaks of vast pipelines even in smal cites with low density. Ultimately, these smart technologies can reduce leakage by dramaticaly reducing the ALR(Aware–Location–Repair) time for leakage.
It is clear that leakages in pipes wil improve when SWM technology is introduced to smal cites with low density. However, there are some limitations and chalenge to the introduction of SWM technology by government policy. First, there is stil a lack of cases in Korea that have overcome the problem of leakage in cites with low density by aplying SWM technology. Therefore, more studies on SWM aplication cases are required. Second, the development of a big data system (S/W) for analyzing vast smart sensors acording to the introduction of SWM technology is required first. No mater how many sensors and budgets are invested, if there is no big data analysis S/W, we may fail to achieve the leak reduction goal because it takes a lot of time to analyze and proces vast amounts of data by human resources. Finaly, a Benefit-Cost (B/C) analysis study of SWM infrastructure deployment is also required first, even though SWM technology dramaticaly reduces leaks.1. Introduction & Research Question
2. Literature Review
3. Methods
4. Policy Recommendation
5. Limitation and Future Researchmasterpublishe
A Study on the optimal model for the expansion of integrated supply system of customized industrial water to strengthen corporate competitiveness
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2021.Looking at the domestic industrial water supply system, a water service provider (local government or K-water) supplies only general-purpose industrial water (raw water, purified water, and settled water), and the consumer uses the water provided by the water service provider after additional water purification to suit its application (e.g., cooling water, boiler feed water, washing water, etc.) and water quality. Therefore, companies that require high-purity industrial water such as semiconductor, display, petrochemical, and precision machinery industries directly install and operate additional water treatment facilities at their own expenditure to supply customized industrial water (pure water, ultrapure water) required for product production.
Even though there are professional water supply companies that supply industrial water, high purity industrial water that requires additional water treatment is produced and managed by the manufacturer itself, raising product costs and production risks and weakening corporate competitiveness.
In particular, when a large amount of industrial water is required for product production, the supply of industrial water in a stable and affordable manner through improvement of the industrial water supply system is a very important factor in enhancing production efficiency and corporate competitiveness because the cost of the water has a large effect on the product cost.
Taking this study as an opportunity, if a specialized water service provider expands the introduction of a system that integrates and supplies customized industrial water required by manufacturing companies, it will be possible to prevent duplicate investment in facilities and to supply industrial water efficiently at a relatively low unit price. It could lead to an improvement in the competitiveness of companies.
For example, in 2011, quantitative results were also proven through the successful operation of a customized integrated industrial water supply facility (K-water Daesan Industrial Water Center) installed in the Daesan Petrochemical Complex for the first time in Korea. However, since then, the spread of the integrated industrial water supply system has been sluggish.
Therefore, in this study, through a feasibility analysis of project expansion and a review of the project implementation method, an optimal business model and implementation plan were suggested, and efforts were made to secure new driving forces.
The conclusions drawn through this study are summarized as follows:
From a locational perspective, it was judged that the existing national industrial complex, where demanding companies were concentrated, was suitable as a business target in many aspects, such as securing stable demand and linking with government policies (regeneration of aging industrial complexes).
From an economic perspective, there is a difference depending on the availability of financial support, fluctuations in benefits and total project costs, and the quality of water required by customers, but it turns out that it is possible to secure stable economic feasibility when the scale capacity of the integrated supply facility is 50,000 ㎥/day or more.
From a policy perspective, this project is in line with the policy direction of the country that wants to secure its own technology for high-purity industrial water treatment, and the willingness of the government and K-water to pursue the project is clear, so it is possible to secure sufficient feasibility if uncertainties are resolved through thorough preparation and the customized industrial water integrated supply plan is reflected in the relevant high-level plan (2040 national waterworks maintenance basic plan, etc.).
In addition, as a result of comparing the strengths and weaknesses of various business methods including the national finance project, it is judged that the promotion in the form of government fiscal projects led by the government and K-water will be the most advantageous in many aspects (e.g., deciding on flexible rates in consideration of acceptability, enhancing project execution power, achieving effective business goals, etc.).
Now is the time for K-water, a state-owned enterprise specializing in the water sector, to actively strive to enhance the execution power of the project by reflecting the plan to expand the introduction of Integrated Supply System for Customized Industrial Water in government policies and inducing financial and institutional support.1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review and Case Study
4. Research Methodology
5. Analysis and Findings
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
7. Limitations and Further Research to be addressed in the future
8. References
9. Appendixmasterpublishe
체제전환국가의 민주주의와 시장경제 적응도 분석
No full textPurpose: This paper investigates the impact of the structural level of transition in the post-socialist countries in Central Europe and CIS countries by comparing the adaptation to democracy and a market economy at the individual level characteristics (gender).
Originality: The main contribution of this study is that we explore heterogeneity among female population by their demographic variables following the recent academic trends. Also this study tries to measure adaptability by analyzing preference towards a capitalist democracy.
Methodology: Using a retrospective survey dataset (Life in Transition Survey (LiTS)) by EBRD, we regressed life satisfaction to adaptability in order to investigate the change of well-being of the post-socialist population. We also applied country and year fixed effects as well as governance index at country level (WGI) to reduce a time-fixed unobserved heterogeneity.
Result: We found that females in transition counties show a lower preference for democracy and a market economy, and a higher preference for state involvement. As the preference for capitalist democracy is positively correlated with the life satisfaction, it reflects less degree of adaptability during the transition for females. Educated, healthy, rich, self-employed, and married females show a higher level of adaptation than other female groups, which is similar to findings in the male population.
Conclusions and Implication: Females in the transition countries experienced lowered life satisfaction due to economic hardship and social pressure at home and work. The result gives policy implications for former socialist countries as well as developing countries facing economic and political uncertainty.
연구목적: 구 사회주의 국가들의 체제전환 후 정치⋅경제 구조변화에 대한 적응도를 민주주의와 시장경제를 주요변수로 하여 비교 분석하고, 특히 성별 적응도 차이에 주목한다. 체제 전환은 정치, 경제, 사회에 걸친 거시적 인 변화였고, 미시적으로 개인들의 삶의 만족도에 영향을 끼치는 대전환이었다. 본 연구는 체제 전환이 성별 집단에 미친 영향을 살펴보고, 동일한 집단 내 적응도에 어떤 차이가 있는지를 실증적으로 분석한다. 연구의 중요성: 최근 여성의 정형성이나 동질성에 대한 전통적 시각에서 벗어나 여성 내부의 이질성, 사회 경제적 차이에 대한 요인 분석 등의 연구가 활발해지고 있다. 이러한 연구 경향에 따라 본 연구는 성별 비교 뿐 아니라, 기존 연구에서 동일집단으로 간주했던 동일 성별 내 이질성(heterogeneity)을 연구함으로써, 체제전환 기와 이후 집단 내 적응도 차이까지 분석함으로써 관련 연구의 지평을 넓힌다.
연구방법론: EBRD가 3차에 걸쳐 실시한 Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) 데이터를 활용하여 주관적 삶의 만족도, 정책 선호도와 관련 설명 변수를 회귀 분석하였다. 또한 국가와 연도 고정효과 모형, 그리고 국가의 시변적 변수(WGI)를 적용함으로써 관찰되지 않은 이질성을 통제하였다.
연구결과: 기존 연구들에서는 민주주의 체제와 시장경제에 대한 선호도는 삶의 만족도와 양의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났으나, 본 연구에서는 여성의 경우 민주주의와 시장 경제에 대해 상대적으로 낮은 선호도를 보인 반면, 정부 개입 필요성에는 높은 선호도를 나타냈다. 다만, 여성 집단 내에서도 교육 수준과 소득수준이 높고, 자영업, 기혼여성의 경우 높은 수준의 적응도를 보였으며, 이는 대체로 남성 집단과 유사한 특징을 보이고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.
결론 및 시사점: 체제전환기와 이후 여성은 일과 가사 양립, 시장경제 참여와 경쟁 노출에 따른 낮은 삶의 만족도와 적응도를 경험한다는 본고의 결론은 체제 전환국 뿐만 아니라 정치, 경제, 사회적으로 불확실성에 직면한 국가들에게 다양한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다.2
Misinformation and Hate Speech: The Case of Anti-Asian Hate Speech During the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textDonald Trump linked COVID-19 to Chinese people on March 16, 2020, by calling it the Chinese virus. Using 59,337 US tweets related to COVID-19 and anti-Asian hate, we analyzed how Trump’s anti-Asian speech altered online hate speech content. Trump increased the prevalence of both anti-Asian hate speech and counterhate speech. In addition, there is a linkage between hate speech and misinformation. Both before and after Trump’s tweet, hate speech speakers shared misinformation regarding the role of the Chinese government in the origin and spread of COVID-19. However, this tendency was amplified in the post-Trump tweet period. The literature on misinformation and hate speech has been developed in parallel, yet misinformation and hate speech are often interwoven in practice. This association may exist because biased people justify and defend their hate speech using misinformation.
The Impact of Geopolitical Risk on Stock Returns: Evidence from Inter- Korea Geopolitics
No full textWe investigate how corporate stock returns respond to geopolitical risk in the case of South Korea, which has experienced large and unpredictable geopolitical swings that originate from North Korea. To do so, a monthly index of geopolitical risk from North Korea (the GPRNK index) is constructed using automated keyword searches in South Korean media. The GPRNK index, designed to capture both upside and downside risk, corroborates that geopolitical risk sharply increases with the occurrence of nuclear tests, missile launches, or military confrontations, and decreases significantly around the times of summit meetings or multilateral talks. Using firm-level data, we find that heightened geopolitical risk reduces stock returns, and that the reductions in stock returns are greater especially for large firms, firms with a higher share of domestic investors, and for firms with a higher ratio of fixed assets to total assets. These results suggest that international portfolio diversification and investment irreversibility are important channels through which geopolitical risk affects stock returns.
본 논문에서는 북한 관련 지정학적 리스크가 한국의 주가 수익률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 1995 ~ 2020 년의 국내 언론 보도 자료에 대한 키워드 검색을 바탕으로 월간 지정학적 리스크 지수(GPRNK 지수)를 구축하였다. GPRNK 지수는 북한의 핵 실험, 미사일 발사 등 주요 군사적 위협의 시점에 급증하는 반면 정상회담, 6 자 회담 등 대화의 시기에는 감소하는 모습을 보였다. 상장기업 데이터를 활용한 회귀분석에서는 북한 발 지정학적 리스크의 확대가 국내 기업의 주가 수익률에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었다. 다만, 북한 발 리스크의 부정적 영향은 고정 자산의 비중, 외국인 보유 비율, 남북 경협과의 연관성 등 기업의 성격에 따라 다소 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.I. Introduction
II. Measuring Geopolitical Risk from Inter-Korea Relations
III. Empirical Framework
IV. Results
V. Conclusion
Reference
Empowering the frontline: internal and external organizational antecedents of teacher empowerment
No full textAlthough frontline empowerment is central to managerial reform, few scholars have explored the conditions which effectively promote empowerment. We argue that empowerment is linked to inherent organizational features. To investigate this, we consider six sub-dimensions of empowerment: a) decision-making, b) professional growth, c) supportive culture, d) self-efficacy, e) work autonomy, and f) use of performance information. Findings from a panel survey of all public-school teachers in North Carolina show the singular importance of responsive leadership for fostering empowerment, but also show that other organizational factors, such as organizational type, structure, size, and prior performance, explain significant variation in empowerment.1
Feasibility Trade-Offs in Decarbonisation of Power Sector with High Coal Dependence: A Case of Korea
No full textDecarbonisation of the power sector requires feasible strategies for rapid phase-out of fossil fuels and expansion of low-carbon sources. This study assesses the feasibility of plausible decarbonization scenarios of the power sector in the Republic of Korea through 2050 and 2060. The results from our power plant stock accounting model show that achieving zero emissions from the power sector by the mid-century requires either ambitious expansion of renewables backed by gas-fired generation equipped with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or significant expansion of nuclear power. The first strategy implies replicating and maintaining for decades maximum growth rates of solar power achieved in leading countries and becoming an early and ambitious adopter of the CCS technology. The alternative expansion of nuclear power has historical precedents in Korea and other countries but may not be acceptable in the current political and regulatory environment. Hence, our analysis shows the potential hurdles for decarbonisation in the power sector in Korea are formidable but manageable and should be overcome over the coming years, which give hope to other similar countries
Integrating human and machine coding to measure political issues in ethnic newspaper articles
No full textThe voices of racial minority groups have rarely been examined systematically with large-scale text analysis in political science. This study fills such a gap by applying an integrated classification framework to the analysis of the commonalities and differences in political issues that appeared in 78,305 articles from Asian American and African American newspapers from the 1960s to the 1980s. The automated text classification shows that Asian American newspapers focused on promoting collective gains more often than African American newspapers. Conversely, African American newspapers concentrated on preventing collective losses more than Asian American newspapers. The content analysis demonstrates that the issue priorities varied between the corpora, especially with respect to policy contexts. Gaining access to government resources was a more urgent issue for Asian Americans, while reducing or ending state violence, such as police brutality, was a more pressing matter for African Americans. It also helped avoid extreme interpretations of the machine coding, as the misalignment of political agendas between the two corpora widened up to 10 times when the training data were measured using the minimum, rather than the maximum, reliability threshold.
Social Welfare Analysis of Policy-based Finance with Support for Corporate Loan Interest
Get PDFWe analyze the social welfare effect when a policy-based financial system (PFS) enters a decentralized financial market. Particularly, the PFS in this case supports the interest spread for corporate loans held by firms with heterogeneous bankruptcy decisions under an imperfect information structure. Although support for capital costs through the PFS expands the economy consistently, the optimal level of PFS out of the corporate loan market is estimated to be 8.6% by a simulation model considering social welfare adjusted by the disutility of labor. This result is much lower than the recent level of PFS in the Korean financial sector