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Private but Misunderstood? Evidence on Measuring Intimate Partner Violence via Self-Interviewing in Rural Liberia and Malawi
No full textWomen may under-report intimate partner violence (IPV) in surveys due to a variety of social and psychological factors. To understand if anonymized interviewing can allay this concern, we conduct a measurement experiment in rural Liberia and Malawi in which women were asked IPV questions via either self-interviewing (SI) or face-to-face interviewing (FTFI) with an enumerator. We find that about a third of women incorrectly answer basic screening questions over SI, and that it generates placebo effects on innocuous questions even for those who "pass" screening. Because the probability of responding "yes" to any specific IPV question is less than 50%, and that IPV is typically reported as an index (reporting yes to at least one question in a category of violence), such misunderstanding will tend to increase IPV reporting. In Malawi, we find that SI dramatically increases reported IPV, with the incidence of any type of IPV increasing by 13 percentage points on a base of 20%; in Liberia, we find an insignificant and modest increase of 4 percentage points on a base of 39%. Our results suggest SI may spuriously increase reported IPV rates
The Air Quality Effects of Uber
No full textThis study identifies the effect of Uber on the air quality of urban agglomerations in the United States. For this, we infer its causal impact on the Environmental Protection Agency’s air quality index with state-of-the-art difference-in-difference estimators accounting for Uber’s staggered implementation and dynamic treatment effects. Results show that Uber improves air quality. The value of the air quality index and the number of unhealthy air quality episodes decrease after its introduction. We provide evidence that the bulk of the improvement comes from declining ozone levels during the summer. Notably, results hold for a plethora of different specifications, samples, and robustness exercises. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to estimate the air quality effects of ride-hailing technologies empirically in the United States. However, further research is required to identify the exact mechanisms through which Uber’s impact on the transportation system affects air quality
Wellness for Happiness in Developing Asia
No full textThe wellness sector of Asian economies can potentially contribute to national happiness, either through its contribution to economic performance or through noneconomic channels. This chapter exploits recent data on six wellness sectors from the Global Wellness Institute and self-reported happiness from the Gallup World Poll to assess the wellness–happiness nexus empirically. Simple ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions show that workplace wellness spending by employers is statistically and economically significant for national happiness, both globally and within developing Asia. Wellness real estate development and spending on recreational physical activities are also correlated with a population’s happiness, but only in the global sample.TRU
FinTech Megatrends: What Welfare Implications Can We Draw for Financial Consumers?
No full textThis study aims to assess the welfare implications of the FinTech service providers on financial consumers, by focusing on one particular subsector - the online capital-raising activities (CRA) including P2P lending and crowdfunding.To that end, the key arguments advanced by the recent studies are synthesized as follows: Thanks to the rapid deployment of online platforms and digital data in recent years, the CRA service providers have greatly enhanced intermediation efficiency, which results in lower transaction cost and heightened convenience for financial consumers, and have also extended financial inclusion for marginal borrowers in both developed and developing countries;These alternative service providers tend to narrow the credit gap caused by information asymmetry between borrowers and lenders by utilizing soft data for ex ante credit evaluation; However, some concerns are raised as to the likelihood of over-leverage by certain segments of P2P platform borrowers as well as the heightened risk of cyber-crimes such as identity theft and voice phishing. Based on these findings, policy implications as to designing effective measures of financial consumer protection, both from demand-side and supply-side of the CRA service sectors, are discussed.
2020 Policy Consultation for the Kurdistan Regional Government I: Improving the Banking and Payment, Taxation System, Tourism Industry, and Industrial Investment
No full textThe “Policy Consultation for the Kurdistan Regional Government I” was carried out as the first round project under the agreement among the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), Korea National Oil Corporation and KDI School of Public Policy and Management. The four key consultation agendas were identified as top policy priorities by the KRG: (1) banking and payment, (2) taxation system, (3) tourism development, and (4) industrial investment. Our findings and recommendations for each policy area are summarized in this report.Preface
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Chapter 1. Modernization of the Banking Services and Payment System
Highlights
1. Introduction
2. Current Situation and Challenges of the KRG
3. Banking and Payment System in South Korea
4. Experiences of Other Countries
5. Recommendations for Modernizing Banking and Payment System in KR
6. Conclusion and Future Consultation Areas
References
Appendix
Chapter 2. Establishment of a Comprehensive and Modern Tax Administration
Highlights
1. Introduction and Current Challenges of Tax Administration in KRG
2. Improving Tax Collection Methods
3. Building Database and Cashier Systems for Tax Offices
4. Connecting the Taxation Offices to the Relevant Government Offices through a Network
5. Organizing Year-end Accounting Budgets for Companies to Prevent Tax Evasion
6. Developing Data and Statistics for the Taxation Department
7. Developing a Government-Owned Point-of-Sales (POS) System
8. Developing Sophisticated Systems for Sales Taxation
9. Developing Sophisticated Systems for Corporate Taxation
10. Developing Sophisticated Systems for Income Taxation
11. Conclusion and Recommendations for Establishing a Comprehensive and Modern Tax Administration for KRG
References
Chapter 3. Lessons and Implications from Korean Experience for Promoting the Tourism Industry of the Kurdistan Region
Highlights
1. Introduction
2. Legal and Institutional Arrangement in Korea
3. Tourism Marketing in Korea
4. Tourism Human Resources Development in Korea
5. Infrastructure Development for Tourism in Korea
6. Conclusion and Future Consultation Areas
References
Appendix
Chapter 4. Promoting Industrial Investment through Smart Industrial Cluster and Institutional Reform Highlights
1. Introduction
2. Planning Guideline for Regional Industry (Cluster) Development in Kurdistan Region
3. Improving the Licensing Process for Industrial Projects
4. Improving the Quality Control and Examination System of Industrial Products
References
Appendi
Topic Keyword Analysis of International Development Cooperation through Text Mining: OECD International Cooperation Reports (1997-2018)
No full text연구목적: 본고는 텍스트마이닝과 머신러닝을 이용하여 국제개발 원조의 동향 및 구조의 변화를 과학적으로 파악하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다.
연구의 중요성: 공적개발원조를 중심으로 하는 국제개발협력의 중심 의제는 변화를 거듭하고 있으나 이를 이러한 변화를 체계적으로 분석한 논문은 찾기 어렵다. 따라서 본고에서는 머신러닝 기법을 활용하여, 국제개발원조의 동향 및 구조의 변화를 과학적으로 분석하고 이를 활용하는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법론: 매년 정례적으로 발간되는 「OECD 국제개발협력보고서」 (1997-2018 년)를 대상으로 텍스트 데이터를 구성하고 인공지능(AI)을 이용하여 지난 20여 년간의 국제개발협력의 키워드를 분석한다. 또한 현재 국제개발협력의 목표로 선언된 SDG의 17개 목표를 대상으로 어느 목표가 더욱 중시되고 있는지 추세 의 변화를 파악하고 이를 통해 목표의 가중치를 시산하고자 한다. 연구결과: 분석대상 기간 중 국제개발협력의 키워드는 지속적으로 변화하여 왔으며, 특히 2010년 대 들어 기후변화와 환경 보존적 개발원조가 부각되는 가운데 민간의 투자 촉진과 개발투자 유인에 대한 논의가 중시되는 경향을 보이고 있다. 또한 SDG 채택을 전후하여 SDG 17개 목표의 상대적 중요도를 시산한 결과 SDG 채택을 기점으로 변화가 있었음이 관찰되었다. 기후변화 대 응이 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났으며, 글로벌 파트너십, 빈곤종식, 건강한 삶 및 웰빙, 성평등 및 여성 자력화, 포용적 양질의 교육, 양질의 일자리와 경제성 장이 그 다음으로 중요한 것으로 나타났다.
결론 및 시사점: 이러한 국제개발협력의 키워드 추이 및 SDG 목표의 중요도는 가중치로 설정하여 국제개발협력 사업의 계획, 대상국가 및 사업 선정, 사후 평가 등의 체계화에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of current issues in the international development through machine learning and text mining.
Originality: Despite of variability latent in the current international development agendas, it is hard to find literature with scientific approach. In this regard, this paper propose machine learning methods in the topic of the international development policies.
Methodology: We extract text data out of the annual OECD Development Cooperation Report then apply text mining techniques to see versatility in the trend of international development cooperation during 1997-2018 through the transitions in topic keywords. In addition, we analyze the relative significance of 17 agendas listed on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) to see there have been significant changes in those weights before and after the declaration of SDGs.
Result: Since the beginning of the 2010s, while topics related to climate changes and sustainable development were being highlighted, it has been frequently discussed to accelerate private sector commitment. In regards to the topic importance, climate action comes first, then global partnership, ending poverty, healthy lives and well-being, gender equality and empowerment of women, inclusive and equitable quality education, and decent work and economic growth come next.
Conclusions and Implication: This paper contributes to formalizing in setting up international development cooperation projects, appointing recipient countries and related projects, and a posteriori evaluation, through the scientific approaches of text mining and machine learning by tracking the changes in topic keywords and weights of SDG agendas.2
A validation of the modified democratic e-governance website evaluation model
No full textThe recent global pandemic has highlighted the importance of efficient communication between the government and its citizens through online platforms. While approximately 90% of governments around the world have opened up their websites to provide government information and public services, many have been criticized for their quality issues. The unsatisfactory upkeep of government websites may be due to the lack of adequate guidelines and evaluation tools for public managers, which would enable them to achieve the superior goals of e-government initiatives. We posit that evaluating government websites should be done with a formative and theory-based approach instead of summative or conclusion-based ones, as a government website is a long-term mechanism to achieve the objectives of e-government programs. Accordingly, this study empirically tests the Democratic E-governance Website Evaluation Model (DEWEM) that was conceptually created by Lee-Geiller and Lee (2019). Through a series of measurement development procedures, the results present a more concise, refined and validated model consisting of 25 items under 5 factors, whose associations to the outcome of democratic e-governance were statistically significant. The validated DEWEM also shows significant correlations with citizens' satisfaction and intention to use the website. This study advances the body of evaluation research for government websites and provides public managers with credible and useful guidelines for improving their websites.
How Does COVID-19 Affect Digital Innovation and Transformation?
Get PDFI investigate how the COVID-19 crisis affects innovation activity. I measure the effect of digital resilience on innovation activity in response to the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic that caused the severe lockdown. I find that the total patent applications of industries and firms with digital resilience were not affected by the crisis. However, digital innovation measured by patents related to non-face-to-face and ‘untact’ significantly increased. Workforce did not change for firms with digital resilience before the crisis. Furthermore, the increase in card transactions online provides evidence on digital transformation in economies. The results are driven by small firms, suggesting that small innovative firms found opportunities in times of the crisis. Investing in digital resilience for start-up innovative firms could generate significant economic benefits during the crisis
Evaluating Economic Impact of Industrial Parks Development Projects in Ethiopia
Get PDFThe construction and operation of industrial parks development projects are widely used as a major economic development strategy for most policy and decision-makers. Currently, there are 32 industrial parks in different zones, special zones and city administrations in Ethiopia. In this study, those zones and city administrations that have industrial parks in their geographic setting are categorized under treated zones and other zones that have no industrial parks in their geographic settings are categorized under controlled zones. This study aims to assess the factors that affect economic impact of Industrial Parks and to evaluate the micro and macro-economic impact of Industrial Parks Development Projects in Ethiopia. To address these research objectives, the authors used two estimation techniques: Ordered Probit and Difference in Differences (DID) estimation techniques. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to address the research objectives. The finding of the study revealed existence of high community commitment, abundant non-financial resource, tangible government support and good social capital in Ethiopia as the major factors that optimize economic impact of industrial parks development project whereas existence of unskilled labour supply, concentration of Ethiopian Industrial parks in the urban areas and out-dated technology are the major factors that diminish economic impact of Industrial Parks development projects in Ethiopia. The establishment and operation of Industrial Parks Development Projects significantly increased all assessed macro-economic indicators except domestic capital formation. The majority of our respondents strongly agree on the positive role of industrial parks development projects for environmental protection, infrastructure development, employment opportunities generation and technology transfer. Hence, it is highly recommended for the government to design special policies and incentives packages that encourage domestic investors to invest in the Ethiopian industrial parks
Who’s Hit Hardest? The Persistence of the Employment Shock by the COVID-19 Crisis
Get PDFThe persistence of the employment shock by COVID-19 has various policy implications during the pandemic and beyond it. After evaluating the impact of the health crisis at the individual level, this study decomposes employment losses into persistent and transitory components using the observed timing of the three major outbreaks and subsequent lulls. The estimation results show that while face-to-face services were undoubtedly hit hard by the COVID-19 crisis, the sectoral shock was less persistent for temporary jobs and self-employment. Permanent jobs in the hard-hit sector showed increasingly large persistent losses through the recurring crises, indicating gradual changes in employer responses. The persistent job losses were concentrated on young and older workers in career transitions, whose losses are likely to have long-term effects. These results suggest that targeted measures to mitigate the persistent effects of the employment shock should take priority during the recovery process