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Sustainable Development Goals in Early COVID-19 Prevention and Control
Get PDFRecent failures in COVID-19 prevention and control in some of the richest countries raise questions about the relevance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the fight against pandemics. To examine this issue, we adopted the measure of countries' progress for the SDGs in the SDG Index Scores (SDGS) and employed two analytical devices. The first was regression-aided adjustment of the number of deaths and confirmed cases. The second was the use of robust regressions to control the undue influence of outliers. The results are mixed. Between the SDGS and the adjusted infection rates, we found no significant correlation; however, between the SDGS and the adjusted death rates, the correlation was negative and statistically significant. These results provide a nuanced contrast to the hasty conclusions some of us might be tempted to draw from apparent positive correlations between SDGS and the cases and the deaths. The SDGs represent the fruit of painstaking global efforts to encourage and coordinate international action to enhance sustainability. We find the results reassuring, in that they suggest that the countries with higher SDGS have been able to control the devastation of deaths from COVID-19 more effectively, despite being unable to control the propagation of infections.1
Did Financial Consumers Benefit from the Digital Transformation? An Empirical Investigation and a Case Study
Get PDFThis study aims to document the inter-linkages between two on-going global trends through an empirical investigation – (1) the rapid advancement of the ICT-driven innovations in delivering various types of financial service, and (2) the growing legal and regulatory efforts to protect consumers in the financial markets, after the recent financial crisis in particular. To that end, we compile a set of macro-level indicators on the aggregate outcomes of the financial service sector in Korea during the last three decades, and conduct a regression analysis to gauge the effects of the digital transformation (DT) in the country on those indicators. Using an ARDL-ECM as our empirical model, our results show that: Over time, the unit cost for financial intermediation in the country tends to move in tandem with the growth of economic output, although the profit portion of the cost did not exhibit a long-term relationship with the GDP trend; The long-term effect of the DT trend is negative (i.e., costsaving) for labor input and capital expenditure, which are shown to be statistically significant, and, as a consequence, its impact on the total intermediation cost is also positive and statistically significant. Based on the above outcomes, we elaborate their implications in designing a set of policy instruments to protect financial consumers, and also discuss the Vietnamese case as an illustration to extend this type of macro-level analysis for the purpose of coming up with a policy regime for financial consumers in an emerging-market context
the case of Mexico
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2021Sports diplomacy enhances a nation's positive image through soft power. However, this research suggests an alternative outcome for sports diplomacy in which a country's international sports relations leave a non-favourable impression. This research analyses Mexico's international sports governance and its effects on sports diplomacy, intending to identify the factors that end with a negative national brand image. To do so, it reconstructs the central components of sports diplomacy, highlights the role of athletes as actors and the impact of social media platforms for national promotion, and analyzes multiple studies-cases about Mexican international sports governance occurring over 2019-2020. Based on those studies-cases, a panel of experts through a SWOT matrix analyzes Mexico's national projection through sports. Then, opportunities and threats found are reviewed through the PESTEL analysis tool. By doing so, this research contributes to the sports diplomacy field and serves sports and nation-branding practitioners.I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Theoretical background
IV. Study Cases: Mexican International Sports
V. Methodology
VI. Results
VII. Discussion
VIII. Conclusion
IX. References
X. AppendixmasterpublishedTabatha Melissa CANTU REYNA URQUID
an input-output analysis approach
Get PDFThesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2021As countries worldwide seek to decarbonise their economies, global interest in hydrogen as a versatile, carbon-free energy solution is strong and growing. Australia has intentions to become a major hydrogen producer and exporter, leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and strong trade partnerships, especially across Asia. To achieve this ambition, it will be necessary for state and federal governments to justify substantial investment, funding, and policy attention toward scaling up the presently small hydrogen industry in Australia. To inform such justifications, this paper uses an input-output (IO) analysis approach to estimate the economic contributions to GDP and employment resulting from an expanding hydrogen industry out to 2040. This thesis uses scenario-based demand forecasts and proxy IO data to represent the two most important production methods of hydrogen: steam methane reforming (SMR) and electrolysis. The results indicate that the hydrogen industry has the potential to make significant contributions to Australia, with the most optimistic scenario projecting over $14 billion in GDP and support of almost 57,000 jobs by 2040. Another important finding of this paper is that per unit of hydrogen produced, there may be additional gains to GDP and employment through carbon-free, electrolysis-produced hydrogen, over the fossil-fuel based SMR, adding an economic justification to the environmental case for an accelerated transition toward so-called ‘green hydrogen’. As the first academic paper addressing the economic impact of the Australian hydrogen industry, the detailed descriptions of the data and methodology applied offer a foundation which future research will build upon. Future research priorities include detailed surveys of hydrogen industry inputs and uses, along with estimations on the extent to which fossil fuels will be substituted by hydrogen, with intention of calculating the net economic impact of the transition to an Australian hydrogen society.1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Literature Review
4. Data
5. Methodology
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion
9. References
10. AppendicesOutstandingmasterpublishedJustin Edward O'CONNO
After ISO 50001 : a study on the performance and improvement of the energy management system in the water sector
Get PDFThesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Management,2021.Today, global efforts to cope with the climate crisis make headlines. In particular, the industrial circles are making efforts to develop renewable energy sources and actively introduce energy saving technologies to reduce greenhouse gases. Among many countries, Korea''s water supply business consumes a lot of energy due to its mountainous topographical features and the use of long pipelines in the multi-regional water supply system. For this reason, K-water, which operates domestic water supply businesses, has recognized the importance of energy management early on and has implemented an energy management system in accordance with the energy management system [ISO 50001]. However, there is also skepticism that energy saving results from the introduction of ISO 50001 have never been demonstrated in detail, and that ISO is only a form of documentation or manual. Therefore, this paper attempts to verify the quantitative performance of how energy efficiency has improved since the energy management system (ISO50001) was introduced and examine the contents that need to be supplemented in order for the system to operate efficiently in reality.
Previous studies have set the requirements of ISO50001 as independent variables and verified the financial performance of energy conservation and greenhouse gas reduction as dependent variables. However, in this paper, one of the International M&V Standards and SEP M&V Protocol is used to demonstrate the energy saving and financial performance of the system. The SEP M&V protocol calculates the adjusted energy baseline of the reporting period based on the multiple linear regression method and calculates the avoided energy saving of the gap with the actual energy usage. In addition, the six ISO requirements of K-water for obtaining the ISO 50001 certification are checked, and the areas that need improvement are studied. Benchmarking the U.S. case of granting companies an energy management performance rating through state-set standards, the improvement of K-water energy performance assessment indicators is proposed. In addition to this, this paper examines the operation of domestic energy management leading enterprises and what organizational operations are needed for K-water''s energy management.
The period between 2000 and 2014 is set as the baseline period, and the dependent variable is energy consumption. The independent variables are tap water production, the advanced treatment rate, and precipitation. Each of the independent variables is confirmed to be independent through the Pearson correlation coefficient and the VIF, and R-square is 0.9823, indicating a suitability of more than 98%. Among the dependent variables, water turbidity is rejected with p values exceeding 20%, and the water level at the intake station is rejected beyond the engineering validity criteria. The linear regression equation is Y=1.113287X1+0.3546334X2-0.0729407X3-3.127904, and the result of verification according to this model points to 226GWh of energy savings with 3.2% of energy performance rate from 2015 to 2019. The annual savings are around 4.5 billion won, and the annual greenhouse gas reduction is found to be 2.1 billion won. Apart from this, the review of the suitability of K-water''s energy performance assessment indicators currently in use concluded that it is an unsuitable evaluation method for most water purification plants and water intake plants. Consequently, to supplement the existing evaluation method, this paper presents an energy management readiness assessment table to K-water and domestic waterworks operators by benchmarking the score cards of the U.S. energy management performance rating system in proposing suitable energy performance assessment indicators for water projects. Through this, more scientific energy impact on factor management is expected.
Furthermore, the review of the requirements in ISO 50001 suggests two ISO integrative certifications to address the issue of redundancy due to the high overlap with ISO 140001 and proposed an organizational institution that reflects the characteristics of K-water, a renewable energy producer and large energy consumer. As a result of studying the case of domestic energy leading companies, P and I, the unification of energy decision making is emphasized, and the establishment of an energy committee is needed. It is necessary to create a management goal in which greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption indicators are linked through the energy committee, and to pool companies’ capabilities in coordinating opinions from energy production and consumer departments and responding to climate change. Overall, this will enable K-water to play a pivotal role in responding to the domestic climate crisis along with the Ministry of Environment.I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Energy Management System for Regional Water Supply in Korea
IV. Energy Performance Evaluation
V. Complementation of ISO50001 Requirements Standards
VI. Conclusionmasterpublishe
The impact of the minimum wage on the characteristics of new establishments: Evidence from South Korea
No full textThis paper examines how the minimum wage affects the characteristics of new establishments. We utilize the introduction of a minimum wage of South Korea in 1988 and exploit a data covering the universe of new plants subject to this law. From difference-in-differences analyses, we first confirm that the introduction of the minimum wage caused new plants to remit higher remuneration to workers. Due to the minimum wage, new plants tended to start with fewer employees and to equip their employees with more capital. Finally, we find that the minimum wage led to higher labor productivity among entering plants.1
Development of Korea’s National Health Insurance System: Political Economy and Macroeconomic Considerations
No full text우리나라의 국민건강보험제도는 2020년 초에 발생한 코로나 감염병의 대규모 확산을 차단하기 위한 방역대책이 성공적으로 추진될 수 있었던 중요한 요인 중 하나로평가받고 있다. 본고는 세계적으로 유례가 없는 우리나라의 성공적인 국민건강보험제도의 도입 및 발전 경험에 대한 사례연구로서, 도입배경에 대한 정치경제학적 고찰과 함께 도입 이후의 단계별 발전과정을 재정건전성을 포함한 거시경제적 시각에서조명하였다. 1977년기업과근로자들이비용을분담하는직장보험도입과단계적확대, 1988-89년 농어민․자영업자 등에 대한 지역보험 도입, 2000년 직장보험과지역보험의 통합을 거치는 과정에서 이루어진 정치사회적 고려와 당시의 거시경제여건 등에 대한 사실적 자료를 기초로 균형있는 분석을 시도하였다. 이어서 우리나라의 건강보험이 지닌 우수한 특성에 대한 경제적 평가와 함께 이러한 특성들이 성공적으로 정착될 수 있었던 이유를 민간의 역할을 중시한 우리나라의 유도형 경제발전전략(indicative planning)과 연계하여 설명하였다. 본고에서 제시된 건강보험의 발전과정과 성공요인에 대한 논의가 향후 우리나라의 건강보험이 직면할 도전을이해하고 이를 바탕으로 지속적인 발전방안을 도출하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.2
International Financial Institution ’ s Aid Conditionality and Implications for Development Cooperation with North Korea
No full text북한은 김정은 체제 등장 이후에도 ‘비핵화’ 문제로 주변국과의 군사안보적 긴장 관계를 유지하고 있으나, 한국을 포함한 국제사회는 북한의 사회경제적, 정치적 변화에 대한 다양한 시나리오를 준비할 필요가 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 북한에 대한 국제사회의 개발협력이 본격화되기전 주요 의제로 등장할 가능성이 높은 국제금융기구의 ‘이행조건’을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 ‘이행조건’의 정의, 변천 과정, 관련된 주요 쟁점과 정책적논의를 고찰하고, 특히 ‘이행조건’에 대한 비판을 극복하기 위해 최근 국제금융기구들이 강조하고 있는 수원국의 주인의식, 이행조건의 최소화, 국별특성에 부합하는 거버넌스개혁과 기술지원, 국제금융기구 간 협업과 조정, 공여국과 수원국 간 파트너십, 이행조건 수행에 대한 사전⋅사후 명확한합의 등 이행조건 관련 원칙들의 핵심 내용을 정리했다. 또한, 신규 회원국, 체제전환국, 저소득 스트레스 국가(LICUS)에 적용되었던 이행조건들을 사례로 하여, 이행조건의 실제 적용 실태와 문제점, 유형별 특징을 분석함으로써 북한에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다.
North Korea has maintained military and security tensions with neighboring countries over the issue of ‘denuclearization’ even after the Kim Jongun regime emerged. However, the international community, including South Korea, needs to consider various scenarios for socioeconomic and political changes in North Korea. In this context, the study sought to analyze the ‘aid conditionality’, which is prerequisite for financial aid to North Korea by international financial institutions(IFIs). To this end, examined were the definition of ‘aid conditionality’, the process of application, related policy discussions and major issues. The present study also analyzed key principles of conditionality proposed by the IFIs such as national ownership, collaborations and coordination among the IFIs, clarification of the conditionality and so on. On top of that, the study investigated the contents of major implementation conditionality such as partnership between donor and recipient countries, willingness and past achievements of recipient countries, cooperation and harmonization between donor countries/organizations. Finally, the implications for North Korea were derived by analyzing the characteristics of these implementation of conditionalities applied to developing countries, transition countries, and low-income stress countries (LICUS).2
Happiness and the Quality of Government
No full textThis chapter uses happiness data to assess the quality of government. Our happiness data are drawn from the Gallup World Poll, starting in 2005 and extending to 2017 or 2018. In our analysis of the panel of more than 150 countries and generally over 1,500 national-level observations, we show that government delivery quality is significantly correlated with national happiness, but democratic quality is not. We also analyze other quality of government indicators. Confidence in government is correlated with happiness, however forms of democracy and government spending seem not. We further discuss three channels (including peace and conflict, trust, and inequality) whereby quality of government and happiness are linked. We finally summarize what has been learned about how government policies could be formed to improve citizens’ happiness.TRU