137262 research outputs found
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La riforma della giustizia tra arte e diritto: indipendenza della magistratura e salvaguardia delle libertà fondamentali
No full textPartendo dal rapporto tra arte e diritto, la relazione analizza i profili costituzionali della riforma sulla giustizia
A newly isolated Streptomyces nigra strain for the biotechnological production of melanin
No full textAssessing demographic bias in brain age prediction models using multiple deep learning paradigms
No full textPredicting brain age from structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as a critical task at the intersection of medical imaging and Artificial Intelligence, with Deep learning (DL) models achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, despite their predictive power, such models remain susceptible to algorithmic bias, especially when applied to populations whose demographic characteristics differ from those seen during training. In this paper, we investigate how demographic factors influence the performance of brain age prediction models. We leverage a large, demographically diverse MRI dataset including 7480 healthy subjects (3599 female and 3881 male) spanning three major racial groups: White, Black, and Asian. To explore the effects of data composition and model architecture on generalization, we design and compare multiple training paradigms, including models trained on single group and a Multi-Input architecture that explicitly incorporates demographic metadata. Results on an external test set including 3194 subjects (2162 White, 694 Black, and 338 Asian) reveal evidence of demographic bias, with the Multi-Input model achieving the most balanced performance across groups (mean absolute error: 2.94 ± 0.07 for White, 2.91 ± 0.16 for Black, and 3.34 ± 0.17 for Asian subjects). These findings highlight the need for fairness-aware approaches, advocating for strategies that mitigate bias, and enhance generalizability
Higher intake of dietary dicarbonyl compounds is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study
No full textPurpose: Dicarbonyls are reactive precursors of advanced glycation end-products. They are formed during food processing, and endogenously in humans during glycolysis and lipid peroxidation. Higher plasma dicarbonyls, particularly methylglyoxal (MGO), promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the association between dietary dicarbonyls intake and type 2 diabetes is unknown. This study examined the associations between dietary dicarbonyls and type 2 diabetes incidence. Methods: 11,995 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a sub-cohort of 15,797 controls from the prospective multi-center European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct cohort were included. Intakes of three major dicarbonyls MGO, glyoxal [GO], and 3-deoxyglucosone [3-DG] were estimated at baseline using dietary questionnaires. Type 2 diabetes risk according to dietary dicarbonyl intake was estimated by multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios from Prentice-weighted Cox-regression analyses. Results: Higher intakes of MGO (sample-specific mean intake 3.4 ± 1.3 mg/d) and 3-DG (13.8 ± 10.5) were associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.92 [95% CI 0.90–0.95] for 1 SD higher MGO intake and 0.93 [0.90–0.95] for 1 SD higher 3-DG intake). No associations were observed for dietary GO. Conclusion: Participants who consumed more dietary dicarbonyls MGO and 3-DG had a lower risk to develop type 2 diabetes. This protective association contrasts with the harmful effects on type 2 diabetes risk reported for endogenously formed dicarbonyls. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-026-03904-0
Updated monitoring and risk assessment of acrylamide in traditional and emerging snack products in the Italian market
No full textReady-to-eat chips are susceptible to the formation of acrylamide (AA), a compound with potential health risks,
mainly during the Maillard reaction which occurs when sugars and amino acids interact under heat. In this study,
36 samples of vegetable-based ready-to-eat chips from brands of different food matrices (tubers, vegetables,
legumes, fruits and cereals) sold in Italy were analyzed. AA concentration was found between < LOQ and up to
730 μg/kg, with potato-based samples containing the highest AA mean content (177 μg/kg), followed by corn
(57 μg/kg). No sample exceeded the benchmark level of 750 μg/kg established by EC Regulation 2017/2158. The
risk assessment conducted on the Italian population using data from the INRAN SCAI IV study identified a potential
health concern for children aged 3–9 years. Specifically, Margin of Exposure (MoE) values below 10,000
(associated with cancer-related effects) were found for the average AA content in potato-based and vegetable mix
samples. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in Italy to analyze AA in vegetable-based ready-to-eat
chips made from both traditional (potato and corn) and novel (legume, fruit, and vegetable) food matrices, and
to assess their associated health risks
Adequacy criteria and reporting for prognostic and predictive profiling of biopsies from gastrointestinal neoplasia: A position paper from the Italian group of gastrointestinal pathologists, section of Italian society of anatomic pathology and cytology (GIPAD-SIAPeC-IAP)
No full text: Precision oncology relies on precision diagnostics, and histopathological diagnosis, along with biomarker evaluation, currently represents the cornerstone for personalized treatment. In gastrointestinal neoplasms, diagnostic assessment and molecular profiling are often performed on biopsy tissue, which may be quantitatively/qualitatively limited. Therefore, appropriate sample management is essential to avoid unnecessary waste and to obtain all the information necessary for treatment planning. Several factors may significantly impact biomarker testing: (i) pre-analytical issues; (ii) heterogeneity in biomarker expression; (iii) lack of standardization in biomarker testing and evaluation. Moreover, in the metastatic setting, inadequate/incomplete clinical information can lead to inappropriate sample handling, with negative implications. The application of appropriate guidelines in testing and reporting biomarker status according to clinical context is, therefore, strongly encouraged. In this position paper, the Italian Group of Gastrointestinal Pathologists (GIPAD), a section of the Italian Society of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology (SIAPeC-IAP), aims to summarize all the clinical and pathological requirements for adequate assessment of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the gastrointestinal oncology patient, from biopsy acquisition to diagnostic reporting
Urban and Territorial Resilience. Urbanism Facing Crisis
No full textCities and landscapes are undergoing an ever increasing number of often intertwined crises, which urbanism and territorial governance are called to fully understand and to timely and effectively address, in order to protect – in advance and/or in the midst of an emergency – the health and the sound operation of the spatial systems in which human and non-human societies can only live and flourish, i.e. the ecosystems upon which everything depends: the ecological, the social, and the economic spheres, and with them the cultural, the political, etcetera. Spatial multi-risk has been the core of the scientific activities taking place within the Spoke number 5 “Urban and metropolitan settlements” of the extended partnership project “RETURN – multi-Risk sciEnce for resilienT commUnities undeR a chaNging climate”. This special issue brings together studies and perspectives from those scientific activities, connected projects, and topic-relevant parallel studies, expanding much beyond the original idea to collect the proceedings of the special session “Urban and territorial resilience: from measuring to building planning solutions”, organised by most of this issue’s Guest Editors (Amenta, Cazzola, Cristiano, Giudice, Trabucco, & Vingelli) within the 63rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association (Terceira, Portugal, 26–30 August 2024)
Cinque storie napoletane. Indagine sulle dinamiche di riproduzione delle disuguaglianze
No full textInchiesta sulle dinamiche di riproduzione sociale e delle caratteristiche delle abitazioni, degli edifici e degli usi ai piani terra del vicinato per cogliere le dinamiche di riproduzione delle condizioni di vita legate ai principali caratteri del patrimonio abitativo