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The pseudobranch of jawed vertebrates is a mandibular arch-derived gill
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hirschberger, C., & Gillis, J. A. The pseudobranch of jawed vertebrates is a mandibular arch-derived gill. Development, 149 (13), (2022): dev.200184, https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.200184.The pseudobranch is a gill-like epithelial elaboration that sits behind the jaw of most fishes. This structure was classically regarded as a vestige of the ancestral gill arch-like condition of the gnathostome jaw. However, more recently, hypotheses of jaw evolution by transformation of a gill arch have been challenged, and the pseudobranch has alternatively been considered a specialised derivative of the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch. Here, we demonstrate in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that the pseudobranch does, in fact, derive from the mandibular arch, and that it shares gene expression features and cell types with gills. We also show that the skate mandibular arch pseudobranch is supported by a spiracular cartilage that is patterned by a shh-expressing epithelial signalling centre. This closely parallels the condition seen in the gill arches, where cartilaginous appendages called branchial rays, which support the respiratory lamellae of the gills, are patterned by a shh-expressing gill arch epithelial ridge. Together with similar discoveries in zebrafish, our findings support serial homology of the pseudobranch and gills, and an ancestral origin of gill arch-like anatomical features from the gnathostome mandibular arch.This work was supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership studentship to C.H., and by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF130182 and URF\R\191007), a Royal Society Research Fellows Enhancement Award (RGF/EA/180087) and a University of Cambridge Sir Isaac Newton Trust Grant (14.23z) to J.A.G. Open access funding provided by the University of Cambridge. Deposited in PMC for immediate release
An experimental method for evoking and characterizing dynamic color patterning of cuttlefish during prey capture
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kim, D., Buresch, K. C., Hanlon, R. T., & Kampff, A. R. An experimental method for evoking and characterizing dynamic color patterning of cuttlefish during prey capture. Journal of Biological Methods, 9(2), (2022): e161, https://doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2022.386.Cuttlefish are active carnivores that possess a wide repertoire of body patterns that can be changed within milliseconds for many types of camouflage and communication. The forms and functions of many body patterns are well known from ethological studies in the field and laboratory. Yet one aspect has not been reported in detail: the category of rapid, brief and high-contrast changes in body coloration (“Tentacle Shot Patterns” or TSPs) that always occur with the ejection of two ballistic tentacles to strike live moving prey (“Tentacles Go Ballistic” or TGB moment). We designed and tested a mechanical device that presented prey in a controlled manner, taking advantage of a key stimulus for feeding: motion of the prey. High-speed video recordings show a rapid transition into TSPs starting 114 ms before TGB (N = 114). TSPs are then suppressed as early as 470–500 ms after TGB (P < 0.05) in unsuccessful hunts, while persisting for at least 3 s after TGB in successful hunts. A granularity analysis revealed significant differences in the large-scale high-contrast body patterning present in TSPs compared to the camouflage body pattern deployed beforehand. TSPs best fit the category of secondary defense called deimatic displaying, meant to briefly startle predators and interrupt their attack sequence while cuttlefish are distracted by striking prey. We characterize TSPs as a pattern category for which the main distinguishing feature is a high-contrast signaling pattern with aspects of Acute Conflict Mottle or Acute Disruptive Pattern. The data and methodology presented here open opportunities for quantifying the rapid neural responses in this visual sensorimotor set of behaviors.KCB and RTH acknowledge partial support from the Sholley Foundation
Shear turbulence in the high-wind Southern Ocean using direct measurements
Get PDFAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(10), (2022): 2325–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0015.1.The ocean surface boundary layer is a gateway of energy transfer into the ocean. Wind-driven shear and meteorologically forced convection inject turbulent kinetic energy into the surface boundary layer, mixing the upper ocean and transforming its density structure. In the absence of direct observations or the capability to resolve subgrid-scale 3D turbulence in operational ocean models, the oceanography community relies on surface boundary layer similarity scalings (BLS) of shear and convective turbulence to represent this mixing. Despite their importance, near-surface mixing processes (and ubiquitous BLS representations of these processes) have been undersampled in high-energy forcing regimes such as the Southern Ocean. With the maturing of autonomous sampling platforms, there is now an opportunity to collect high-resolution spatial and temporal measurements in the full range of forcing conditions. Here, we characterize near-surface turbulence under strong wind forcing using the first long-duration glider microstructure survey of the Southern Ocean. We leverage these data to show that the measured turbulence is significantly higher than standard shear-convective BLS in the shallower parts of the surface boundary layer and lower than standard shear-convective BLS in the deeper parts of the surface boundary layer; the latter of which is not easily explained by present wave-effect literature. Consistent with the CBLAST (Coupled Boundary Layers and Air Sea Transfer) low winds experiment, this bias has the largest magnitude and spread in the shallowest 10% of the actively mixing layer under low-wind and breaking wave conditions, when relatively low levels of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in surface regime are easily biased by wave events.This paper is VIMS Contribution 4103. Computational resources were provided by the VIMS Ocean-Atmosphere and Climate Change Research Fund. AUSSOM was supported by the OCE Division of the National Science Foundation (1558639)
Deposit-feeding of Nonionellina labradorica (foraminifera) from an Arctic methane seep site and possible association with a methanotroph
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Schmidt, C., Geslin, E., Bernhard, J. M., LeKieffre, C., Svenning, M. M., Roberge, H., Schweizer, M., & Panieri, G. Deposit-feeding of Nonionellina labradorica (foraminifera) from an Arctic methane seep site and possible association with a methanotroph. Biogeosciences, 19(16), (2022): 3897–3909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3897-2022.Several foraminifera are deposit feeders that consume organic detritus (dead particulate organic material with entrained bacteria). However, the role of such foraminifera in the benthic food web remains understudied. Foraminifera feeding on methanotrophic bacteria, which are 13C-depleted, may cause negative cytoplasmic and/or calcitic δ13C values. To test whether the foraminiferal diet includes methanotrophs, we performed a short-term (20 h) feeding experiment with Nonionellina labradorica from an active Arctic methane-emission site (Storfjordrenna, Barents Sea) using the marine methanotroph Methyloprofundus sedimenti and analysed N. labradorica cytology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We hypothesised that M. sedimenti would be visible post-experiment in degradation vacuoles, as evidenced by their ultrastructure. Sediment grains (mostly clay) occurred inside one or several degradation vacuoles in all foraminifers. In 24 % of the specimens from the feeding experiment degradation vacuoles also contained bacteria, although none could be confirmed to be the offered M. sedimenti. Observations of the apertural area after 20 h incubation revealed three putative methanotrophs, close to clay particles, based on bacterial ultrastructural characteristics. Furthermore, we noted the absence of bacterial endobionts in all examined N. labradorica but confirmed the presence of kleptoplasts, which were often partially degraded. In sum, we suggest that M. sedimenti can be consumed via untargeted grazing in seeps and that N. labradorica can be generally classified as a deposit feeder at this Arctic site.This research has been supported by the French scientific programme MOPGA (Make our Planet Great Again) managed by the National Research Agency; the Norwegian Research Council through the Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (project number 223259); NORCRUST (project number 255250); and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 444059848
Design optimization of a submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO) for improved quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surface waters
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Grabb, K., Pardis, W., Kapit, J., Wankel, S., Hayden, E., & Hansel, C. Design optimization of a submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO) for improved quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surface waters. Sensors, 22(17), (2022): 6683, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176683.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key drivers of biogeochemical cycling while also exhibiting both positive and negative effects on marine ecosystem health. However, quantification of the ROS superoxide (O2−) within environmental systems is hindered by its short half-life. Recently, the development of the diver-operated submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO), a submersible, handheld instrument, enabled in situ superoxide measurements in real time within shallow coral reef ecosystems. Here, we present a redesigned and improved instrument, DISCO II. Similar to the previous DISCO, DISCO II is a self-contained, submersible sensor, deployable to 30 m depth and capable of measuring reactive intermediate species in real time. DISCO II is smaller, lighter, lower cost, and more robust than its predecessor. Laboratory validation of DISCO II demonstrated an average limit of detection in natural seawater of 133.1 pM and a percent variance of 0.7%, with stable photo multiplier tube (PMT) counts, internal temperature, and flow rates. DISCO II can also be optimized for diverse environmental conditions by adjustment of the PMT supply voltage and integration time. Field tests showed no drift in the data with a percent variance of 3.0%. Wand tip adaptations allow for in situ calibrations and decay rates of superoxide using a chemical source of superoxide (SOTS-1). Overall, DISCO II is a versatile, user-friendly sensor that enables measurements in diverse environments, thereby improving our understanding of the cycling of reactive intermediates, such as ROS, across various marine ecosystems.The development and verification of DISCO was funded by Schmidt Marine Technology Partners (G-2010-59878 to C.M.H., S.D.W. and J.K.). This research was further supported, in part, by grants from NSF GRFP (2016230168 to K.C.G.), WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund (2020 and 2021 to K.C.G.), and the MIT Wellington and Irene Loh Fund Fellowship (4000111995 to K.C.G.)
Reconstructing the three-dimensional structure of loop current rings from satellite altimetry and in situ data using the gravest empirical modes method
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Meunier, T., Pérez-Brunius, P., & Bower, A. Reconstructing the three-dimensional structure of loop current rings from satellite altimetry and in situ data using the gravest empirical modes method. Remote Sensing, 14(17), (2022): 4174, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174174.The three-dimensional structure of Gulf of Mexico’s warm-core rings, detaching from the Loop Current, is investigated using satellite altimetry and a large set of ARGO float profiles. Reconstruction of the Loop Current rings (LCRs) vertical structure from sea surface height observations is made possible by the use of the gravest empirical modes method (GEM). The GEMs are transfer functions that associate a value of temperature and salinity for each variable pair {dynamic height; pressure}, and are computed by estimating an empirical relationship between dynamic height and the vertical thermohaline structure of the ocean. Between 1993 and 2021, 40 LCRs were detected in the altimetry and their three-dimensional thermohaline structure was reconstructed, as well as a number of dynamically relevant variables (geostrophic and cyclogeostrophic velocity, relative vorticity, potential vorticity, available potential energy and kinetic energy density, etc.). The structure of a typical LCR was computed by fitting an analytical stream function to the LCRs dynamic height signature and reconstructing its vertical structure with the GEM. The total heat and salt contents and energy of each LCR were computed and their cumulative effect on the Gulf of Mexico’s heat, salt and energy balance is discussed. We show that LCRs have a dramatic impact on these balances and estimate that residual surface heat fluxes of −13 W m−2 are necessary to compensate their heat input, while the fresh water outflow of the Mississippi river approximately compensates for their salt excess input. An average energy dissipation of O [10−10–10−9] W kg−1 would be necessary to balance their energy input.This work is part of the LC-floats project, funded by the US National Academy of Sciences through the Understanding Gulf Ocean Systems grant 2000010488
Concentrations of dissolved cadmium, nickel, manganese, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium from the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean on R/V Revelle cruise RR1804-1805 (OMZ Nutrient Cycling project)
No full textDataset: ETNP dissolved Cd, Ni, Mn, and light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, and Nd)Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) play an important role in the distribution and cycling of trace metals in the ocean, as important sources of metals including Fe and Mn to the ocean, and also as possible sinks of chalcophile elements such as Cd. The Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) ODZ is one of the three largest ODZs worldwide. Here we present results from two sectional surveys through the ETNP ODZ (23N-14N, 105W-130W) conducted during two cruises of the R/V Roger Revelle, RR1804 and RR1805, from March to April 2018, providing a high-resolution concentrations of dissolved Cd, Ni, Mn, La, Ce, Pr, and Nd in seawater.
For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/872434NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-163633
Developing the next generation of Autonomous Underwater Gliders
Get PDFSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2022.This thesis presents a novel, hybrid Autonomous Underwater Glider (AUG) architecture developed for improved performance in shallow, high-current environments while maintaining all capabilities inherent to a deep, 1000m-rated AUG. Numerous regions of scientific interest, such as the marginal ice zone (MIZ) and continental shelf breaks present significant challenges to conventional AUG operations due to a combination of changing ocean currents and depths.
AUGs are traditionally optimized for performance in shallow (less than 200m) or deep water (200m to 1000m) environments. The design of a buoyancy drive on a deep-rated AUG does not support the pump rate required for fast inflections in narrow depth bands.
Contained within this thesis is the framework to expand the operational envelope of a Teledyne Webb Research (TWR) G3 Slocum glider through substantial modification of the glider’s hardware components backed by rigorous hydrodynamic analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. Since AUGs are limited in both speed and maneuverability, the goal of this thesis is to improve and modify the glider’s flight characteristics, specifically the glider’s speed through water, its inflection rate, and its efficiency. These performance improvements are accomplished through the introduction of a high-power thruster,
modified wings, and aft fin surfaces. The modified glider’s efficacy is evaluated through various laboratory experiments and field data obtained in Buzzards Bay and the Caribbean Sea. Design concepts for a future, more advanced glider are also discussed.Support for this research was provided through grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Navigating the New Arctic Grant (NNA #1839063) and the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) Enhanced Propulsion Integrated Capability - Deep Autonomous Underwater Glider (EPIC-DAUG) grant (NA19OAR0110408)
Meteorological tower monthly summary data for 2022
No full textMeteorological tower monthly summary data for 202
The diversity and functional capacity of microbes associated with coastal macrophytes
Get PDF© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miranda, K., Weigel, B., Fogarty, E., Veseli, I., Giblin, A., Eren, A., & Pfister, C. The diversity and functional capacity of microbes associated with coastal macrophytes. MSystems, 7(5),(2022): e0059222, https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00592-22.Coastal marine macrophytes exhibit some of the highest rates of primary productivity in the world. They have been found to host a diverse set of microbes, many of which may impact the biology of their hosts through metabolisms that are unique to microbial taxa. Here, we characterized the metabolic functions of macrophyte-associated microbial communities using metagenomes collected from 2 species of kelp (Laminaria setchellii and Nereocystis luetkeana) and 3 marine angiosperms (Phyllospadix scouleri, P. serrulatus, and Zostera marina), including the rhizomes of two surfgrass species (Phyllospadix spp.), the seagrass Zostera marina, and the sediments surrounding P. scouleri and Z. marina. Using metagenomic sequencing, we describe 63 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) that potentially benefit from being associated with macrophytes and may contribute to macrophyte fitness through their metabolic activity. Host-associated metagenomes contained genes for the use of dissolved organic matter from hosts and vitamin (B1, B2, B7, B12) biosynthesis in addition to a range of nitrogen and sulfur metabolisms that recycle dissolved inorganic nutrients into forms more available to the host. The rhizosphere of surfgrass and seagrass contained genes for anaerobic microbial metabolisms, including nifH genes associated with nitrogen fixation, despite residing in a well-mixed and oxygenated environment. The range of oxygen environments engineered by macrophytes likely explains the diversity of both oxidizing and reducing microbial metabolisms and contributes to the functional capabilities of microbes and their influences on carbon and nitrogen cycling in nearshore ecosystems.We thank The University of Chicago’s Microbiome Center for pilot award funding, Washington Department of Natural Resources, grants 93099282 and 93100399 (CAP), and NSF-DEB grant (no. 1556874) awarded to J.T. Wootton. We appreciate the work of C. Sauceda in the isotope analysis, as well as A. Wootton, A. Wood, and K. Foreman in the field sampling. S. Owens and S. Greenwald at Argonne National Lab provided expertise in sequencing. K.M. was supported by an EE Fellowship from The University of Chicago