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The air-launched autonomous micro observer
Full text linkAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(4), (2022): 491–502, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0046.1.The Air-Launched Autonomous Micro Observer (ALAMO) is a versatile profiling float that can be launched from an aircraft to make temperature and salinity observations of the upper ocean for over a year with high temporal sampling. Similar in dimensions and weight to an airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT), but with the same capability as Argo profiling floats, ALAMOs can be deployed from an A-sized (sonobuoy) launch tube, the stern ramp of a cargo plane, or the door of a small aircraft. Unlike an AXBT, however, the ALAMO float directly measures pressure, can incorporate additional sensors, and is capable of performing hundreds of ocean profiles compared to the single temperature profile provided by an AXBT. Upon deployment, the float parachutes to the ocean, releases the air-deployment package, and immediately begins profiling. Ocean profile data along with position and engineering information are transmitted via the Iridium satellite network, automatically processed, and then distributed by the Global Telecommunications System for use by the operational forecasting community. The ALAMO profiling mission can be modified using the two-way Iridium communications to change the profiling frequency and depth. Example observations are included to demonstrate the ALAMO’s utility.This work was supported by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration under Grants NA13OAR4830233 (as part of CINAR Sandy Supplemental funding from the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013) and NA14OAR4320158 and by Office of Naval Research under Grants N0001416WX01384, N0001416WX01262, and N000141512293. ALAMO floats are commercially available from MRV Systems, LLC (https://www.mrvsys.com)
Concentrations, d13C and D14C data for DOC and DIC in fluids collected from North Pond Cork Observatories U1382A and U1383C and from bottom seawater in 2012, 2014 and 2017.
No full textDataset: Carbon Geochemistry DataConcentrations, d13C and D14C data for DOC and DIC in fluids collected from North Pond Cork Observatories U1382A and U1383C and from bottom seawater in 2012, 2014 and 2017.
For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/876729NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-163536
Complete genome sequences of two phylogenetically distinct Nitrospina strains isolated from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Full text linkThis paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Bayer, B., Kellom, M., Valois, F., Waterbury, J., & Santoro, A. Complete genome sequences of two phylogenetically distinct Nitrospina strains isolated from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 11(5), (2022): e00100–e00122, https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00100-22.The complete genome sequences of two chemoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospina are reported. Nitrospina gracilis strain Nb-211 was isolated from the Atlantic Ocean, and Nitrospina sp. strain Nb-3 was isolated from the Pacific Ocean. We report two highly similar ~3.07-Mbp genome sequences that differ by the presence of ferric iron chelator (siderophore) biosynthesis genes.This work was supported by a Simons Foundation Early Career Investigator Award (3435889) and a U.S. National Science Foundation award OCE-1924512 to A.E.S. B.B. was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project number J4426-B. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science User Facility, is supported under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. These data were generated for JGI proposal number 506203 to B.B. and A.E.S
Impoundment increases methane emissions in Phragmites‐invaded coastal wetlands
Full text link© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sanders‐DeMott, R., Eagle, M., Kroeger, K., Wang, F., Brooks, T., Suttles, J., Nick, S., Mann, A., & Tang, J. Impoundment increases methane emissions in Phragmites‐invaded coastal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 28(15), (2022): 4539– 4557. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16217.Saline tidal wetlands are important sites of carbon sequestration and produce negligible methane (CH4) emissions due to regular inundation with sulfate-rich seawater. Yet, widespread management of coastal hydrology has restricted tidal exchange in vast areas of coastal wetlands. These ecosystems often undergo impoundment and freshening, which in turn cause vegetation shifts like invasion by Phragmites, that affect ecosystem carbon balance. Understanding controls and scaling of carbon exchange in these understudied ecosystems is critical for informing climate consequences of blue carbon restoration and/or management interventions. Here, we (1) examine how carbon fluxes vary across a salinity gradient (4–25 psu) in impounded and natural, tidally unrestricted Phragmites wetlands using static chambers and (2) probe drivers of carbon fluxes within an impounded coastal wetland using eddy covariance at the Herring River in Wellfleet, MA, United States. Freshening across the salinity gradient led to a 50-fold increase in CH4 emissions, but effects on carbon dioxide (CO2) were less pronounced with uptake generally enhanced in the fresher, impounded sites. The impounded wetland experienced little variation in water-table depth or salinity during the growing season and was a strong CO2 sink of −352 g CO2-C m−2 year−1 offset by CH4 emission of 11.4 g CH4-C m−2 year−1. Growing season CH4 flux was driven primarily by temperature. Methane flux exhibited a diurnal cycle with a night-time minimum that was not reflected in opaque chamber measurements. Therefore, we suggest accounting for the diurnal cycle of CH4 in Phragmites, for example by applying a scaling factor developed here of ~0.6 to mid-day chamber measurements. Taken together, these results suggest that although freshened, impounded wetlands can be strong carbon sinks, enhanced CH4 emission with freshening reduces net radiative balance. Restoration of tidal flow to impounded ecosystems could limit CH4 production and enhance their climate regulating benefits.This project was supported by USGS-NPS Natural Resources Preservation Program #2021-07, U.S. Geological Survey Coastal & Marine Hazards and Resources Program and the USGS Land Change Science Program's LandCarbon program, and NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve Science Collaborative NA14NOS4190145. R Sanders-DeMott was supported by a USGS Mendenhall Fellowship and partnership with Restore America's Estuaries
Potential Vorticity and Instability in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent West of the Galápagos Archipelago
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(8), (2022): 1927-1943, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0124.1.The Galápagos Archipelago lies on the equator in the path of the eastward flowing Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). When the EUC reaches the archipelago, it upwells and bifurcates into a north and south branch around the archipelago at a latitude determined by topography. Since the Coriolis parameter (f) equals zero at the equator, strong velocity gradients associated with the EUC can result in Ertel potential vorticity (Q) having sign opposite that of planetary vorticity near the equator. Observations collected by underwater gliders deployed just west of the Galápagos Archipelago during 2013–16 are used to estimate Q and to diagnose associated instabilities that may impact the Galápagos Cold Pool. Estimates of Q are qualitatively conserved along streamlines, consistent with the 2.5-layer, inertial model of the EUC by Pedlosky. The Q with sign opposite of f is advected south of the Galápagos Archipelago when the EUC core is located south of the bifurcation latitude. The horizontal gradient of Q suggests that the region between 2°S and 2°N above 100 m is barotropically unstable, while limited regions are baroclinically unstable. Conditions conducive to symmetric instability are observed between the EUC core and the equator and within the southern branch of the undercurrent. Using 2-month and 3-yr averages, e-folding time scales are 2–11 days, suggesting that symmetric instability can persist on those time scales.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-1232971 and OCE-1233282), the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program (Grant 80NSSC17K0443), and the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NA13OAR4830216). Color maps are from Thyng et al. (2016).2023-02-0
A note on the depth of sidelobe contamination in acoustic doppler current profiles
Full text linkAuthor Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(1), (2022): 31–35, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0075.1.Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) do not provide reliable water velocity measurements near the sea surface or bottom because acoustic sidelobe reflections from the boundary contaminate the Doppler velocity measurements. The apparent depth of the center of the sidelobe reflection is zsl = ha[1 − cos(θ)], where ha is the distance from the ADCP acoustic head to the sea surface and θ is the ADCP beam angle. However, sidelobe contamination extends one and a half ADCP bins below zsl as the range gating of the acoustic return causes overlap between adjacent ADCP bins. Consequently, the contaminated region z < zsl + 3Δz/2 is deeper than traditionally suggested, with a dependence on bin size Δz. Direct observations confirming both the center depth of the sidelobe reflection and the depth of contamination are presented for six bottom-mounted, upward-looking ADCPs. The sidelobe reflection is isolated by considering periods of weak wind stresses when the sea surface is smooth and there is nearly perfect reflection of the main beams away from the ADCP and hence little acoustic return from the main beams to the ADCP.This analysis was supported by NSF OCE 1558874 for Kirincich and Lentz. Plueddemann was supported by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPO Fund Reference Number 100007298), through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158
Seagrass community composition surveys around artificial reefs in shallow coastal waters off of Abaco Island, The Bahamas
No full textDataset: Seagrass Braun–Blanquet SurveysThese data represent seagrass community composition surveys conducted from May to December 2021 around artificial reefs in shallow (less than 4 meters) coastal waters in The Bight of Old Robinson, off of Abaco Island, The Bahamas.
For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/873083NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-194862
A warm and a cold spot in Cape Cod waters amid the recent New England Shelf Warming
Full text link© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Yu, L., & Yang, K. A warm and a cold spot in Cape Cod waters amid the recent New England Shelf Warming. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, (2022): 922046, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.922046.Despite the widely recognized warming of the New England Continental Shelf (NES), climate patterns of the shelf’s economically and ecologically important coastal environments remain less examined. Here we use a satellite sea-surface temperature (SST) analysis gridded on 0.05°C spatial resolution to show, for the first time, the existence of a warm and a cold spot in the environs of Cape Cod, Massachusetts amid the NES warming of the past 15 years. The warm spot refers to an increasing warming trend in shallow waters of Nantucket Sound sheltered by the islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket. The summer SST maxima have increased by 3.1±1.0°C (p<0.1), about three times faster than the warming elsewhere on the NES, and the summer season has lengthened by 20 ± 7 days (p<0.1). The cold spot refers to an increasing cooling trend over Nantucket Shoals, an area of shallow sandy shelf that extends south and southeast from Nantucket Island and also known for strong tidal mixing. The strong cooling trend during June–August reduced the SST maxima by -2.5±1.2°C (p<0.1) and shortened the warm season by -32 ± 11 days (p<0.1). Away from the Cape Cod waters, the broad warming on the shelf is attributable to a forward shifted annual cycle. The shift is most significant in August–November, during which the summer temperatures lingered longer into the fall, producing a pronounced warming and delaying the onset of the fall season by 13 ± 6 days (p<0.1). The three different patterns of SST phenology trends displayed by the respective warm spot, the cold spot, and the broad shelf highlight the highly dynamically diverse responses of coastal waters under climate warming. Finally, the study showed that spatial resolution of SST datasets affects the characterization of the spatial heterogeneity in the nearshore SSTs. The widely used Optimum Interpolation SST (OISST) on 0.25°C resolution was examined. Although the two SST datasets agree well with the measurements from the moored buoys at four locations, OISST does not have the cold spot and shows a higher rate of warming on the shelf.This study is supported by NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation (GOMO) Program, grand number NA19OAR4320074
Percent cover of benthic functional groups in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) from 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018
No full textDataset: PIPA Benthic DataThis dataset includes percent cover of benthic functional groups in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA). Percent cover of reef-building coral was quantified using photoquadrat transects conducted during 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 following standard Pacific coral reef monitoring protocols. Areas of study include: Phoenix Islands, Kiribati. Kanton Island (2.8 S, 171.6 W), Rawaki Island (3.7 S 170.7 W), Nikumaroro Island (4.7 S, 174.5 W), Orona Island (4.5 S, 172.2 W). These data were published in Fox et al., 2021 (DOI: 10.1029/2021GRL094128).
For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/863410NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-173731
Evolutionary and acclimatory shifts in gene expression of Eurytemora affinis copepods reared in saline and freshwater conditions during laboratory experiments from 2011-2014
No full textDataset: Gene expression of Eurytemora affinis (saline and freshwater)To explore mechanisms of freshwater adaptation and distinguish between adaptive (evolutionary) and acclimatory (plastic) responses to salinity change, we examined genome‐wide patterns of gene expression between ancestral saline and derived freshwater populations of the Eurytemora affinis species complex, reared under two different common‐garden conditions (0 vs. 15 PSU). These data include the RNA-seq Illumina short paired end reads (101 base pairs) of 10 freshwater and 12 saline copepods Eurytemora affinis samples. The freshwater copepod samples were collected in Lake Michigan (Racine Harbor), while the saline copepods were collected in Baie de L'Isle Verte, St. Lawrence marsh, Quebec, Canada. These data have important implications for our understanding of the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms of range expansions by some of the most widespread invaders in aquatic habitats.
For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/883426NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-165851