Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado

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    LA MONEDA VIRTUAL COMO MEDIO DE PAGO EN EL COMERCIO ELECTR 3NICO. CASO BITCOIN

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    La investigaci\uf3n diagnostica la operatividad de la moneda virtual Bitcoin como medio de pago en el comercio electr\uf3nico. Analiza tambi\ue9n la relaci\uf3n entre la moneda virtual y el comercio electr\uf3nico, describe el funcionamiento de esta moneda virtual en la modalidad comercial y determina las fortalezas y debilidades del uso de esta moneda como medio de pago en el comercio electr\uf3nico. El estudio es de car\ue1cter descriptivo y documental. La recolecci\uf3n de datos se efectu\uf3 a trav\ue9s de una gu\ueda de observaci\uf3n, cuyas fuentes documentales son: el monedero virtual Blockchain, la Organizaci\uf3n Mundial del Comercio y la p\ue1gina web MarketerDaily. Concluye que se estrecha la relaci\uf3n entre el uso de Bitcoin y el comercio electr\uf3nico, debido al acelerado avance tecnol\uf3gico de internet; cuya consecuencia m\ue1s visible es digitalizaci\uf3n de los procesos para la obtenci\uf3n de bienes y servicios, reduciendo los costos de las transacciones comerciales. El Bitcoin agiliza y facilita las transacciones entre los clientes y las empresas, minimiza el tiempo en hacer efectivo las transacciones, con menores tasas y sin ning\ufan ente interventor. Es un atractivo para los que comercializan en dicha actividad electr\uf3nica, pero por su gran volatilidad genera incertidumbre. Palabras Clave: Bitcoin, Comercio Electr\uf3nico, Criptomoneda, Moneda Virtual. ABSTRACT The research diagnoses the operation of the virtual currency Bitcoin as a means of payment in electronic commerce. It also analyzes the relationship between virtual currency and electronic commerce, describes the operation of this virtual currency in the commercial modality and determines the strengths and weaknesses of the use of this currency as a means of payment in electronic commerce. The study is descriptive and documentary. The data collection was carried out through an observation guide, whose documentary sources are: the virtual wallet Blockchain, the World Trade Organization and the MarketerDaily website. Concludes that the relationship between the use of Bitcoin and electronic commerce is narrowing, due to the accelerated technological advance of the Internet; which most visible consequence is the digitalization of processes for obtaining goods and services, reducing the costs of commercial transactions. The Bitcoin streamlines and facilitates transactions between customers and companies, minimizes the time to make transactions effective, with lower rates and without any intervening entity. It is an attraction for those who market in such electronic activity, but due to its high volatility, it generates uncertainty. Key words: Bitcoin, Electronic Commerce, Cryptocurrency, Virtual Currency. RESUMO A pesquisa diagnostica a operatividade da moeda virtual Bitcoin como meio de pago no comercio eletr\uf4nico. Analisa tamb\ue9m a rela\ue7\ue3o entre a moeda virtual e o comercio eletr\uf4nico, descreve o funcionamento desta moeda virtual na modalidade comercial e determina as fortalezas e fraquezas do uso desta moeda como meio de pago no comercio eletr\uf4nico. O estudo \ue9 de car\ue1cter descritivo e documental. A coleta de dados se efetuo atrav\ue9s de uma guia de observa\ue7\ue3o, cujas fontes documentais s\ue3o: o moedeiro virtual Blockchain, a Organiza\ue7\ue3o Mundial do Comercio e a p\ue1gina web MarketerDaily. Concluiu-se que se estreita a rela\ue7\ue3o entre o uso do Bitcoin e o comercio eletr\uf4nico, devido ao acelerado avan\ue7o tecnol\uf3gico da internet; cuja consequ\ueancia mais vis\uedvel \ue9 a digitaliza\ue7\ue3o dos processos para a obten\ue7\ue3o de bens e servi\ue7os, reduzindo os custos das transa\ue7\uf5es comerciais. O Bitcoin agiliza e facilita as transa\ue7\uf5es entre os clientes e as empresas, minimiza o tempo em se fazer efetiva as transa\ue7\uf5es, com menores taxas e sem nenhum ente interventor. \uc9 um atrativo para os que comercializam com esta atividade eletr\uf4nica, mas pela sua grande volatilidade gera incerteza. Palavras Chave: Bitcoin, Comercio Eletr\uf4nico, Criptomoeda, Moeda Virtual. <br

    IMPACTO DE LA INTERVENCI 3N DEL ESTADO EN EL MERCADO DE LA EMPRESA APN, C.A EN EL ESTADO LARA PERIODO 2014-2015

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    Se estudia el impacto de la intervenci\uf3n del Estado en el mercado individual de una empresa procesadora de arena lavada y piedra picada, durante el periodo 2014-2015. La modalidad de investigaci\uf3n es descriptiva, con dise\uf1o de campo y documental, con data tomada directamente del personal administrativo de la empresa APN, C.A. y de los reportes financieros mensuales, as\ued como de la estructura de costos y precios del producto. Se describe el mercado de la empresa y se analizan sus elementos fundamentales: costos operativos (fijos y variables), demanda total (p\ufablica y privada) precios del material agregado (sector p\ufablico y sector privado) y la utilidad de vender una unidad producida a cada sector. Se observa: - Que la distribuci\uf3n del material agregado es impuesta por el Estado; - y el precio de venta para \ue9ste es inferior al precio de venta para clientes privados, situaci\uf3n que afecta desfavorablemente las utilidades de la empresa pues no cubre los costos operativos de la producci\uf3n; la empresa debe acatar tales condiciones por tratarse de decisiones administrativas; el mercado califica como duopolio. Se estiman p\ue9rdidas promedio de 25.59% por metro c\ufabico vendido. Palabras clave: Costos, Demanda, Mercado, Precio, Utilidad. ABSTRACT This paper studies the State intervention impact on the individual market of a processing company of washed sand and chopped stone, during the period 2014-2015. The research is descriptive, with field and documentary design, with data taken directly from the administrative staff of the company APN, C.A. and the monthly financial reports, as well as from the costs structure and product prices. The company's market is described and its fundamental elements are analyzed: operating costs (fixed and variable), total demand (public and private), and prices of aggregate material (public sector and private sector) and the utility of selling a unit produced to each sector. It is observed: - That the distribution of the aggregate material is imposed by the State; - and the sales price for this is lower than the sales price for private clients, a situation that adversely affects the profits of the company because they does not cover the operating costs of production; the company must comply with such conditions because they are administrative decisions; the market qualifies as a duopoly. Average losses estimated in 25.59% per cubic meter sold. Keywords: Costs, Demand, Market, Price, Benefits. RESUMO Estudou-se o impacto da interven\ue7\ue3o do Estado no mercado individual de uma empresa processadora de areia lavada e brita, durante o per\uedodo 2014-2015. a modalidade de pesquisa foi descritiva, com delineamento de campo e documental, com dados tomados diretamente do pessoal administrativo da empresa APN, C.A. e dos reportes financeiros mensais, assim como a estrutura de custos e pre\ue7os do produto. Descreveu-se o mercado da empresa e se analisaram seus elementos fundamentais: custos operativos (fixos e vari\ue1veis), demanda total (p\ufablica e privada) pre\ue7os do material agregado (setor p\ufablico e setor privado) e a utilidade de vender uma unidade produzida a cada setor. Observou-se: - Que a distribui\ue7\ue3o do material agregado \ue9 imposta pelo Estado; - e o pre\ue7o de venda deste \ue9 inferior ao pre\ue7o de venta para clientes privados, situa\ue7\ue3o que afeta desfavoravelmente as utilidades da empresa pois n\ue3o cobre os custos operativos da produ\ue7\ue3o; a empresa deve acatar tais condi\ue7\uf5es por tratar-se de decis\uf5es administrativas; o mercado qualifica como duop\uf3lio. Estimam-se perdas m\ue9dias de 25.59% por metro c\ufabico vendido. Palavras chaves: Custos, Demanda, Mercado, Pre\ue7o, Utilidade. <br

    EDITORIAL

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    S\ucdNDROME DE DELLEMAN OORTHUYS, TRIADA DE MALFORMACIONES OCULO-CEREBRO-CUT\uc1NEA.

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    El s\uedndrome de Delleman-Oorthuys, tambi\ue9n llamado s\uedndrome \uf3culo-cerebro-cut\ue1neo, es un raro trastorno cong\ue9nito, espor\ue1dico, con baja prevalencia de etiolog\ueda desconocida, caracterizado por malformaciones cut\ue1neas, oculares y cerebrales. Las lesiones se relacionan a un cierre incompleto de la fisura embrionaria. Se reporta, un nuevo caso de paciente reci\ue9n nacido, masculino, con s\uedndrome de Delleman-Oorthuys; quien es referido a la consulta de Gen\ue9tica M\ue9dica por presentar retraso psicomotor leve, quiste orbitario en ojo derecho, lesiones papulonodulares en canto lateral derecho, en ambos dedos me\uf1iques y cuello. Se discuten hallazgos, se hace revisi\uf3n bibliogr\ue1fica, m\ue1s la cl\uednica del paciente, se compara con las encontradas en otros reportes. El objetivo de este caso, el precisar un diagn\uf3stico certero para el posterior asesoramiento gen\ue9tico a los progenitores sobre calidad y expectativa de vida del paciente, as\ued como, aportar informaci\uf3n a la literatura nacional e internacional, ya que en Venezuela no se ha reportado otro caso. Palabras clave: s\uedndrome de delleman, s\uedndrome \uf3culo-cerebro-cut\ue1neo, quiste orbitario. ABSTRACT Delleman-Oorthuys syndrome, also called oculo-brain-cutaneous syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder, sporadic, with low prevalence of unknown etiology, characterized by cutaneous, ocular and cerebral malformations. The lesions are related to an incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure. It is reported, a new case of newborn, male patient, with Delleman-Oorthuys syndrome; who is referred to the Consultation of Medical Genetics for presenting mild psychomotor retardation, orbital cyst in the right eye, papulonodular lesions in the right lateral canthus, in both little fingers and neck. Findings are discussed, a bibliographic review is made, plus the patient's clinic, compared with those found in other reports. The objective of this case is to specify an accurate diagnosis for the subsequent genetic counseling of the parents on the quality and life expectancy of the patient, as well as to contribute information to the national and international literature, since in Venezuela no other case has been reported. Keywords: Delleman syndrome, oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome, orbital cyst. <br

    LA MUJER VENEZOLANA SEG aN RADIO RUMBOS, ANOS 70 DEL SIGLO XX

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    La radio ha venido a ser el formato moderno de la oralidad. Y de los cuentos orales relatados de padres a hijos, de juglares, de actores de teatro, pasamos a las m\ue1s formidables historias narradas desde una cabina, detr\ue1s de un micr\uf3fono y con m\ufasica incidental. De esas experiencias orales, en las cuales era menester ver el rostro de quien hablaba, pasamos a imaginarnos el rostro de la voz y a simbolizar el sonido que transportan las ondas hertzianas. As\ued, la descripci\uf3n detallada de un personaje, de un paisaje, de una acci\uf3n, de un hecho llega a nuestro subconsciente, inculca nuevos esquemas de pensamiento, y cuando menos percatamos, estamos poniendo en pr\ue1ctica nuevas acciones, que refuerzan habitus y culturas. Presentamos un ensayo hist\uf3rico cuya finalidad es acercarnos a la construcci\uf3n del rol de la mujer partiendo de la programaci\uf3n de Radio Rumbos en la d\ue9cada de los a\uf1os 70 del siglo pasado. Programas como Martin Valiente, El Derecho de Nacer, o La Vida de Las Canciones difundieron discursos de g\ue9nero que pudieron cimentar la imagen de la mujer venezolana como ama de casa, como objeto sexual y enfrentarla a las normas morales de la sociedad de aquellos a\uf1os para luego erigir a la mujer venezolana con una nueva manera de pensar sobre conceptos moralistas como la virginidad, el matrimonio y el sexo. Radio Rumbos presento a la sociedad venezolana los modelos ideales de mujer y con estos propuso su concepto de feminidad en dicha d\ue9cada. Palabras claves: cultura, Radio Rumbos, feminidad, genero. ABSTRACT Radio has become the modern format of orality. And from the oral tales told from parents to children, from minstrels, from theater actors, we pass to the most formidable stories narrated from a booth, behind a microphone and with incidental music. From those oral experiences, in which it was necessary to see the face of the speaker, we began to imagine the face of the voice and symbolize the sound carried by the hertzian waves. Thus, the detailed description of a character, a landscape, an action, a fact reaches our subconscious, inculcates new thought patterns, and when we least realize, we are putting into practice new actions, which reinforce habitus and cultures. We present a historical essay whose purpose is to approach the construction of the role of women based on Radio Rumbos programming in the decade of the 70s of the last century. Programs like Martin Valiente, El Derecho de Nacer, or La Vida de Las Canciones disseminated gender discourses that could cement the image of the Venezuelan woman as a housewife, as a sexual object and face the moral standards of the society of those years to then erect the Venezuelan woman with a new way of thinking about moralistic concepts such as virginity, marriage and sex. Radio Rumbos presented the Venezuelan society with the ideal models of women and with these they proposed their concept of femininity in that decade. Key words: culture, Radio Rumbos, femininity, Gender. <br

    BIOAGRO

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    CONFIABILIDAD DE LA EVALUACI 3N VISUAL DE GRANOS DE MA\ucdCES BLANCOS Y AMARILLOS EN VENEZUELA EMPLEANDO IM\uc1GENES DIGITALES

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    La calidad del grano de ma\uedz es un aspecto fundamental durante su procesamiento y consumo por lo que su an\ue1lisis debe ser muy confiable. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad de los an\ue1lisis de laboratorio de la calidad del ma\uedz seg\ufan la apariencia del grano a trav\ue9s de im\ue1genes digitales. Para ello se capturaron 200 fracciones de granos de ma\uedces blancos y amarillos con un esc\ue1ner de alta resoluci\uf3n. Las im\ue1genes fueron evaluadas por 29 analistas con experiencias comprendidas desde menos de 1 a\uf1o hasta 25 a\uf1os. Los analistas clasificaron las im\ue1genes en diferentes categor\uedas basadas en la normativa venezolana de ma\uedz para uso industrial. Los resultados fueron analizados utilizando los par\ue1metros estad\uedsticos de moda y frecuencia, el porcentaje de aciertos de cada analista con la moda, y los coeficientes de kappa general, por a\uf1os de experiencia e intralaboratorio. Los analistas presentaron un nivel de concordancia kappa de 0,42 (moderado) en ma\uedz blanco y de 0,40 (discreto) en ma\uedz amarillo. La concordancia entre analistas vari\uf3 entre los grupos intralaboratorio y no estuvo asociada de manera consistente con sus a\uf1os de experiencia. La mayor\ueda de los analistas se enmarcaron en rango de aciertos con la moda comprendido entre 50 y 75 % para ambos tipos de ma\uedz. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de continuar armonizando los criterios de evaluaci\uf3n para mejorar en Venezuela la confiabilidad en la determinaci\uf3n de la apariencia de granos en ma\uedz blanco y amarillo. Palabras clave adicionales: An\ue1lisis de laboratorio, calidad del grano, confiabilidad de an\ue1lisis, Zea mays. ABSTRACT The quality of the corn grain is a fundamental aspect during its processing and consumption, so its analysis must be very reliable. The objective of the study was to evaluate the reliability of the laboratory analysis of the corn quality by the grain appearance through digital images. For this, two hundred fractions of white and yellow corn grains were captured with high resolution scanner. The images were evaluated by 29 analysts with experiences ranging from less than 1 year to 25 years. The analysts classified the grain images in different categories based on Venezuelan regulations for industrial corn use. The results were analyzed using statistic parameters of mode (more frequent definition), frequency, the percentage of successes with the mode value of each analyst, and the kappa coefficient (general, experience of analyst, and intralaboratory groups). The data showed general kappa value of 0.42 (moderated) and 0.40 (discrete) for white and yellow corn, respectively. These coefficients varied among the intralaboratory groups and were not consistently associated with their years of experience. The majority of analysts showed achievements with the mode value ranging from 50 to 75 % for both corn types. These results expose the need to continue standardizing the criteria of evaluation to improve the reliability in the determination of the appearance of grains in white and yellow maize in Venezuela. Additional key words: Analysis reliability, grain quality, laboratory analysis, Zea mays. <br

    PRIMER REPORTE PARA VENEZUELA DE Tibraca limbativentris STAL 1860 (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE), COMO VECTOR DE Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley 1967 (ACARI: TARSONEMIDAE)

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    El \ue1caro blanco vaneador (Steneotarsonemus spinki) es una de las principales plagas en el cultivo de arroz, pudiendo ocasionar p\ue9rdidas de hasta un 90 %. Uno de los m\ue9todos de dispersi\uf3n de este ar\ue1cnido es a trav\ue9s del vuelo de algunos insectos. Se estudi\uf3 la relaci\uf3n for\ue9tica del S. spinki con las especies de chinches Tibraca limbativentris Stal. y T. obscurata Y. en diferentes fincas arroceras en Calabozo (estado Gu\ue1rico) y en el sector Mata Oscura (municipio Anzo\ue1tegui, estado Cojedes). Se encontr\uf3 por primera vez en Venezuela que los individuos de T. limbativentris representan un importante mecanismo de transporte y dispersi\uf3n del \ue1caro blanco. No se hall\uf3 relaci\uf3n for\ue9tica entre S. spinki y T. obscurata. Este registro es b\ue1sico para ser utilizado como informaci\uf3n b\ue1sica para desarrollar estrategias claves en el manejo integrado de las poblaciones de ambas especies plaga en las fincas arroceras de los estados Gu\ue1rico y Cojedes. Palabras clave adicionales: \uc1caro blanco vaneador del arroz, Cojedes, Gu\ue1rico . ABSTRACT The rice sheath mite (Steneotarsonemus spinki) is one of the main pests in rice farmer, and can cause losses of up to 90%. One of the methods of dispersion of this arachnid is through the flight of some insects. The forectic relationship between S. spinki and the rice stem bugs (Tibraca limbativentris Stal. and T. obscurata Y.) in different rice farmers of Calabozo (Gu\ue1rico State) and a sector of Mata Oscura (Anzo\ue1tegui County, Cojedes State) was studied. It was found for the first time in Venezuela that individuals of T. limbativentris represent an important mechanism of transport and dispersal of the rice sheath mite. No forectic relationship was found between S. spinki and T. obscurata. This registry is basic to be used as information to develop key strategies in the integrated management of the populations of both pest species in the rice farms in Gu\ue1rico and Cojedes States. Additional key words: Cojedes, Gu\ue1rico, rice sheath mite. <br

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