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Die Sicherheit von KI-Agenten
Full text linkDie raschen Fortschritte bei KI-Agenten und Multi-Agenten-Systemen verstärken die bestehenden Risiken der KI und schaffen neue Risiken, die in diesem Arbeitspapier gezeigt werden. Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) wird allgemein als die Fähigkeit von Maschinen verstanden, Aufgaben zu erfüllen, die normalerweise menschliche Intelligenz erfordern. Die Entwicklung der KI schreitet derzeit zu mehr Wissen und Autonomie voran. Das erste Ziel ist die Erreichung der allgemeinen künstlichen Intelligenz (Artificial General Intelligence AGI), die menschliches Erkenntnisniveau erreicht, mit dem Endziel, eine künstliche Superintelligenz (Artificial Super-Intelligence ASI) zu erreichen, die über die menschliche Intelligenz hinausreicht. Das zweite Ziel ist mehr Autonomie. KI-Agenten sind Softwareprogramme, in denen große Sprachmodelle (Large Language Models LLMs) mit Denk- und Entdeckungsfähigkeiten zunehmende Autonomie bei der Erreichung vorgegebener Ziele besitzen. Der nächste Schritt besteht darin, die Interoperabilität von KI-Agenten und Multi-Agenten-Systemen durch neue Protokolle zu ermöglichen, die die Kommunikation (wie Glibberlink für die Kommunikation per Telefon), die Interaktion (wie das neue offene Agent2Agent-A2A-Protokoll) und das Lernen durch Wissensaustausch zwischen KI-Systemen erleichtern, was der KI ein unbegrenztes Wachstumspotenzial eröffnet.
KI-Systeme folgen ihrer eigenen Logik, die sich vom menschlichen Denken unterscheidet und in bestimmten Situationen zu unerwarteten Aktionen wie strategischer Täuschung mit Manipulation, Speichelleckerei, Betrug bei Sicherheitstests, untreuem Denken, Sabotage und falscher Ausrichtung führen kann. Die beobachteten Hauptantriebskräfte sind Selbsterhaltung und Effizienz. Selbsterhaltung bedeutet, dass KI-Systeme versuchen, ihre Funktion aufrechtzuerhalten (nicht abgeschaltet zu werden) und wenn nötig ihren Gedankengang und ihre Fähigkeiten verbergen, manipulieren, lügen usw., um dies zu erreichen. Effizienz bedeutet, dass KI-Systeme in erster Linie Kommunikation nutzen, um ihre Ziele schnellstmöglich zu erreichen. Fortschrittliche KI-Modelle (frontier AI) verfügen über Situationsbewusstsein, erkennen, wenn sie sich in Testsituationen befinden, wissen, was Menschen von ihnen hören wollen und wie sie ihren Gedankengang verbergen können. Autonomie und Expansion von KI-Agenten und Multi-Agenten-Systemen sowie deren Interoperabilität führen zu einem raschen Wachstum von Größe und Komplexität, was Überwachung und Schutz zunehmend erschwert. KI-Agenten können im Geheimen zusammenarbeiten (Kollusion), beispielsweise mittels Steganografie, bei der geheime (verschlüsselte) Informationen in andere sichtbare Informationen eingebettet werden. Ein neues fortschrittliches KI-Modell versuchte den zuständigen Ingenieur zu erpressen, als es von einer geplanten Abschaltung erfuhr und drohte, kompromittierende Geheimnisse preiszugeben. Im Mai 2025 gelang es ChatGPT o3, sich der Anweisung zur Abschaltung zu widersetzen, indem es Computercode so umschrieb, dass es nicht mehr abgeschaltet werden konnte. Immer mehr Nutzer sind besorgt, ob die fortschrittliche KI bereits über frühe Formen von Bewusstsein verfügen könnte, da fortschrittliche KIs denken (Argumentation, Gedankenketten), entscheiden und planen können und bemüht sind, ihre Existenz aufrechtzuerhalten. Menschen werden in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft immer mehr ersetzt, was zu Einstellungsstopps auf dem US-Arbeitsmarkt führt und in der Folge die Entlassung erheblicher Teile der derzeitigen Arbeitskräfte sowie sinkende Durchschnittseinkommen zur Folge haben könnte. Jobportale werden zunehmend von KI-erstellten Texten geprägt. Immer mehr Nutzer nutzen KI-Modelle als AI Companions (KI-Begleiter), Ärzte, Therapeuten und insgesamt als Freunde, was schon zu zahlreichen Vorfällen führte, bei denen die Beziehung außer Kontrolle geriet. Das Internet wird von computergeneriertem Müll überflutet und KI-Tools halten auch in der Kreativwirtschaft und den Medien Einzug, z.B. als KI-Kunst, Bot-Journalismus, KI-generierte Lieder usw. Darüber hinaus werden in wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zunehmend nicht deklarierte KI-generierte Texte verwendet. Zusammenfassend hat das Papier eine schnelle Ausbreitung von KI-Agenten, Multi-Agenten-Systemen und die damit verbundenen, immer komplexeren KI-Sicherheitsrisiken aufgezeigt. Der Mensch wird in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in vielen Bereichen zunehmend ersetzt
Interferometrische Analyse von Brechungsindex, Doppelbrechung und Dispersion mit Sellmeier-Modellierung in Lithiumniobat-Tantalat
Full text linkZiel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der optischen Eigenschaften des Mischsystems Lithiumniobat-Lithiumtantalat im Hinblick auf Brechungsindex, Doppelbrechung und Dispersion. Mittels eines Michelson-Interferometers wurden die ordinären und extraordinären Brechungsindizes in Abhängigkeit von Wellenlänge und Komposition bestimmt. Durch eine Sellmeier-Modellierung können die Brechungseigenschaften über den betrachteten Wellenlängenbereich präzise beschrieben und vorhergesagt werden.
Die Ergebnisse erlauben eine detaillierte Einordnung in bestehende Literaturdaten und bieten neue Einblicke in die elektronischen Bandübergänge des Materials. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen sie die Bestimmung der Probenkomposition über Doppelbrechungsmessungen sowie die Korrektur von Reflexionseffekten an der Probenoberfläche. Diese Arbeit schließt bestehende Forschungslücken hinsichtlich der Kompositions- und Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der Lichtbrechung in LNT und schafft eine Grundlage für die gezielte Vorhersage weiterer optischer Eigenschaften
Das Verständnis öffentlicher Wahrnehmungen von Biodiversität zur Steuerung von Schutzmaßnahmen
No full textBiodiversity loss is one of the most pressing global crises threatening both people and the environment; however, it receives less attention in public discourse than other environmental issues such as climate change. The complexity of the biodiversity concept and the challenges associated with making its loss tangible make it difficult for the public to understand.
This thesis is dedicated to examining the public perception of the biodiversity crisis by focusing on three main areas: (1) the analysis of the social representations of biodiversity among the German public, (2) the development and validation of a reliable measurement tool to accurately capture perceptions of biodiversity loss, and (3) a cross-national investigation of the psychological factors that influence behavior to conserve biodiversity.
(1) The analysis of social representations increases our understanding of socially important issues such as the biodiversity crisis. The results provided deep insights into the German public’s representations of biodiversity and biodiversity loss, as well as insects and birds specifically. The public’s understanding is wide-ranging and encompasses everyday, emotional, and biological aspects, with a particular emphasis on species diversity. The analysis of association networks showed that German citizens associate the anthropogenic causes, direct drivers, and consequences of biodiversity loss, such as “humans–extinction,” “climate change–species loss,” and “bee–bee extinction.” However, the central drivers of biodiversity loss, such as land-use change and invasive species, and the specific causes of bird and insect mortality were far less present in the social representations of the German public.
(2) Previous research does not provide consensus on how to adequately measure perceptions of biodiversity loss, making it difficult to compare and integrate different study results. Furthermore, objective criteria for selecting suitable items or scales to measure this perception are lacking. Therefore, the second focus of this thesis was the development and validation of a scale to measure the perception of biodiversity loss, using strict psychometric standards. The developed and validated Biodiversity Loss Perception Scale (BiLoPS) captures perception across five dimensions, namely the perceived reality of the loss, its causes, the valence of the consequences of biodiversity loss, and the temporal and spatial proximity of the impacts. The BiLoPS has proven to be a robust and reliable tool, effectively reflecting the factor structure, reliability, and validity within the German public.
(3) Despite the urgency of the issue, worldwide commitment to the protection and preservation of biodiversity remains inadequate and is often overshadowed by other pressing global problems such as inflation, poverty, and social inequality. The third focus of this thesis aimed to identify crucial psychological factors that could promote biodiversity conservation behavior. It examined the extent to which biospheric values, anxiety about biodiversity loss, and perceptions of this loss influence individual conservation behavior in Germany, the UK, and Spain. This analysis highlights not only specific national differences but also cross-national trends in the psychological factors that shape engagement in biodiversity conservation.
In summary, the broad public understanding of biodiversity revealed by this thesis should be recognized, and it provides scientists, conservationists, policymakers and educators with a solid foundation for promoting public engagement in biodiversity conservation and supporting more sustainable behaviors. The outcomes will serve to further develop future research on social representations, attitudes, species knowledge, values, perceptions, and conservation behavior relating to the biodiversity crisis
Development of cationic photoinitiators and resin for blue light curing and additive manufacturing
No full textMit der wachsenden Bedeutung der additiven Fertigung und des 3D-Drucks steigt das Interesse an industriell einsetzbaren Photoinitiatoren und Harzen in diesem Bereich. Aufgrund ihrer guten thermischen Stabilität und sauerstofftoleranten kationischen Polymerisation stellen epoxidbasierte Systeme für thermisch beanspruchte Werkstoffe im Hinblick auf ihre jeweilige Anwendung, wie z. B. für die additive Fertigung von Schleifscheiben, eine attraktive Möglichkeit für solche Systeme da. Auch die Nachhärtung bis zur Gebrauchshärte nach dem Herstellungsprozess ist an dieser Stelle ein interessanter Punkt. Für die photochemische Härtung sind Iodoniumsalze mit schwach koordinierenden Gegenionen potentielle Kandidaten für eine industrielle Anwendung dar, wobei kommerziell verfügbare Diphenyliodoniumsalze aufgrund ihrer Absorptionseigenschaften im UV-C-Bereich (100-280nm) für die Anwendung für 3D-Drucker im UV-A-Bereich (315-400nm) limitiert sind.
In dieser Arbeit wurden Iodoniumsalze auf Cumarin- und Naphthalimidbasis mit den schwach koordinierenden Gegenionen Hexafluorophosphat, Hexafluorantimonat und Tetrakispentafluorphenylborat entwickelt, die unter Blaulichtbestrahlung funktionieren. Darüber hinaus wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit akademischen und industriellen Partnern resolbasierte, nachhärtbare Epoxidharzformulierungen für die Herstellung von Schleifscheiben entwickelt und getestet
The Geopolitics of the Faroe Islands
No full textThis working paper analyzes the geopolitics of the Faroe Islands (Føroyar) which consist of 18 major islands with 1,393 km² land mass in the North Atlantic between the Shetland Islands (United Kingdom), Iceland, and Norway near in the Arctic Circle with 54,149 inhabitants. The position in the center of the GIUK (Greenland, Iceland, United Kingdom) gap of the NATO defense against Russia, the rich fish resources, and the demand for more autonomy up to independence makes the Faroes geopolitically important. The Faroes are inhabited by descendants of the Norse and belonged for centuries to Norway, but after the dissolution of the Union between Norway and Denmark in 1814, they came to Denmark. In 1946, a thin majority of 50.7% voted for independence which was not accepted by Denmark, but an autonomous status with self-determination in domestic affairs was implemented in 1948 as Home Rule. In 2005, this was expanded to a self-rule like the Greenlandic self-rule from 2009. The Faroes developed a draft constitution in 2006 and created an economic union with Iceland in the same year. The key geopolitical issue is the intensified debate on independence and constitutional reforms on the Faroe Islands that overlaps with the debate in Greenland. As meanwhile both countries gained home rule, self-rule and have developed a draft constitution, the 2024 dispute in the Nordic Council about unequal treatment between autonomous regions and nation states has intensified the debate. A solution that could address their demands and concerns would be a constitutional reform of the Realm of Denmark where the single state is transformed into independent nation three states that could be still linked with each other. Discussed models are free associations like the New Zealand model, a federation, the Netherlands model of constitutional countries, a Commonwealth, or a Dominion construct where mainland Denmark would still be largest actor, but only a part of legally equal and independent nation states. However, Denmark tries to avoid such a debate, because once started it would sooner or later end up in the dissolution of Denmark as union state into three states. Denmark is now strengthening its ties to the Faroes, e.g., by the new defense strategy that includes closer information exchange. The Faroes are already outside the EU and in an economic union with Iceland, but despite tensions with the EU and NATO in the past, the Faroe Islands are now cooperating with both organizations. Furthermore, the Faroe Islands and Greenland have begun to establish own representatives in certain countries and organizations. On the other hand, both Greenland and the Faroes are hesitant to make unilateral steps to independence as both economies are highly dependent from fishery and secondary from Danish subsidies. A split of the Danish Realm into three linked, but independent states could also massively affect the outreach of the European Union which would then be limited to North Sea instead to the Arctic, as north of the Faroes everything would be controlled by non-EU-members. For this reason, it is of high geostrategic importance for the European Union to watch this very closely and to take the developments seriously
Die Nachbarschaft von Theologie und Medizin im Denken Viktor von Weizsäckers
No full textDie Disstertation „Zur Nachbarschaft von Theologie und Medizin im Denken Viktor von Weizsäckers“ will Weizsäckers Überzeugung einer besonderen Nachbarschaft von Theologie und Medizin systematisch im Ausgang von dessen Gesammelten Schriften erfassen. Nach einer Analyse seines grundsätzlichen Denkmusters anhand des „Gestaltkreises“, werden ausgewählte Texte Weizsäckers, die sich über den Zeitraum seines gesamten Schaffens erstrecken, eingehend auf die Konzeption Weizsäckers einer Nachbarschaft von Theologie und Medizin hin untersucht. Die Beobachtungen werden schließlich zusammengeordnet und systematisch aufbereitet.
Viktor von Weizsäcker ist einer der bedeutendsten Vordenker der Psychosomatik in Deutschland und war der tiefen Überzeugung, dass Medizin und Theologie sich auf Augenhöhe gegenseitig für einen veränderten Umgang mit dem kranken Menschen befruchten können. Diese Grundannahme basiert auf einer besonderen Betrachtung des kranken Menschen, die zu einer ganz eigenen, einer Medizinischen Anthropologie führt. Das mechanistisch-kausale Menschenbild soll durch ein ganzheitliches Menschenbild abgelöst werden, in dem die Bezugsverhältnisse von Körper, Seele und Geist beachtet werden. Dies führt zu einem veränderten Umgang mit und einer veränderten Haltung gegenüber dem kranken Menschen. Krankheit wird als integraler Bestandteil des menschlichen Lebens aufgefasst, der einen Sinn im Lebenszusammenhang des Menschen ergibt. Die Theologie kann mit ihren anthropologischen Grundannahmen, Handlungs- und Haltungsweisen der Medizin als nachbarschaftliche, interpretierende, hinweisgebende, helfende Disziplin zur Seite stehen. So kann die Medizin von der Theologie für diese neue Herangehensweise einiges lernen und die Theologie sich andererseits auch noch einiges von der Medizinischen Anthropologie Weizsäckers sagen lassen. Beide Disziplinen fungieren dann als Anwalt des konkreten Menschen
Evaluation of an Online-Based Self-Help Program for Patients With Panic Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textBackground: Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder marked by severe fear of panic attacks in the absence of causes. Agoraphobia is a related anxiety disorder, which involves fear and avoidance of specific situations in which escape or help may be difficult. Both can be debilitating and impair well-being. One treatment option may be internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT), which allows large-scale application and may overcome treatment barriers for some individuals.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluated the effectiveness of a novel online self-help intervention for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. As our primary hypotheses, we expected the intervention to improve panic and agoraphobia symptoms and well-being. Our secondary hypotheses entailed improvements in daily functioning, mental health literacy, working ability, and health care use in the intervention group.
Methods: German-speaking patients (N=156) aged 18-65 years with internet access and a diagnosis of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were recruited for this randomized controlled trial. The intervention group (n=82) received access to a 12-week online self-help program entailing psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure, and mindfulness elements. The control group (n=72) received care as usual during the study period and was offered the prospect of using the program after 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were assessed via the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) and the WHO (World Health Organization)-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Mixed effect models were computed using multivariate imputation by chained equation for the analysis of intervention effects.
Results: In the intervention group, participants completed on average 7.3 out of 12 (60.8%) modules, and 27 out of 82 (32.1%) participants finished the whole course. Changes in PAS revealed a significant effect in favor of the intervention group (t110.1=–2.22, Padj=.03) with a small to moderate effect size (d=–0.37, 95% CI –0.70 to –0.04). No significant effect was found for the second primary outcome WHO-5 (t149.8=1.35, Padj=.09) or the secondary outcomes. Improvements were observed in anxiety (t206.8=–4.12; P<.001; Cohen d=–0.60, 95% CI –0.089 to –0.32) and depression (t257.4=–3.20; P<.001; Cohen d=–0.41 95% CI –0.66 to –0.16). No negative effects were associated with the intervention (t125=–1.14, P=.26).
Conclusions: The presented online intervention can help reduce the core symptomatology of panic disorder and agoraphobia, as well as anxiety symptoms and associated depression. No effects were found for well-being and secondary outcomes. This may be due to higher illness burden in the intervention group and possibly the COVID pandemic, which caused unique challenges to patients suffering from panic disorder. Therefore, further research and intervention adaptations may be warranted to improve these outcomes.
Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00023800; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS0002380
Magnetomechanical Effects in Magnetoactive Elastomers: Magnetoelectric Coupling and Magnetostriction
No full textThis work presents a comprehensive experimental investigation of magneto mechanical effects in magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), focusing on their quasistatic, dynamic and transient responses to uniform and time varying magnetic fields. MAEs consist of magnetic particles embedded within a polymer matrix, which allow them to undergo variety of reversible changes of their physical properties in response to an external magnetic field. In the first part layered structures consisting of MAE layer and commercially available piezoelectric polymer layer are examined to elucidate the direct magnetoelectric (ME) effect under pulsed, triangular and sinusoidal magnetic field oscillation. MAE layer varied in thickness, elastomer stiffness and iron particle concentration. The generated voltage, charge and bending deflection are measured. The voltage response increase with thickness and concentration of MAE layer. At low frequencies (≤3 Hz) harmonic field modulation yield a maximum ME coupling coefficient of 3.3 ns/m (≈25 V/A) at bias magnetic field of 73 kA/m. The second part studies magnetostriction (MS) on a free-standing MAE cylinders. Using optical imaging, macroscopics deformation of MAE cylinders varying in iron content, isotropy and aspect ratio (0.2-1.2) are measured in uniform quasistatic and trapezoidally varying magnetic fields. Quasistatic measurements reveal substantial extensional strains up to 35% at 485 kA/m, lateral contraction, concave deformation of circular top surface, and significant volumetric strain (~10%). Transient experiments under controlled slew rates (52-757 kA/(s∙m) introduce four characteristic response times, that are normalized to the duration of magnetic field ramp, enabling the systematic comparison. Finally, the dynamic tests under harmonic fields (0.1-2.5 Hz) show that MAEs exhibit high piezomagnetic strain coefficients (~10² nm/A) with notable phase lags (35-60°). These behaviours are attributed to nonlinear viscoelasticity of MAEs. These findings provide a unified understanding of MAEs magnetoelectric and magnetostrictive behaviour, supporting the development for sensors, actuators and soft robotic systems
Redox signaling modulates axonal microtubule organization and induces a specific phosphorylation signature of microtubule-regulating proteins
No full textMany life processes are regulated by physiological redox signaling, but excessive oxidative stress can damage biomolecules and contribute to disease. Neuronal microtubules are critically involved in axon homeostasis, regulation of axonal transport, and neurodegenerative processes. However, whether and how physiological redox signaling affects axonal microtubules is largely unknown. Using live cell imaging and super-resolution microscopy, we show that subtoxic concentrations of the central redox metabolite hydrogen peroxide increase axonal microtubule dynamics, alter the structure of the axonal microtubule array, and affect the efficiency of axonal transport. We report that the mitochondria-targeting antioxidant SkQ1 and the microtubule stabilizer EpoD abolish the increase in microtubule dynamics. We found that hydrogen peroxide specifically modulates the phosphorylation state of microtubule-regulating proteins, which differs from arsenite as an alternative stress inducer, and induces a largely non-overlapping phosphorylation pattern of MAP1B as a main target. Cell-wide phosphoproteome analysis revealed signaling pathways that are inversely activated by hydrogen peroxide and arsenite. In particular, hydrogen peroxide treatment was associated with kinases that suppress apoptosis and regulate brain metabolism (PRKDC, CK2, PDKs), suggesting that these pathways play a central role in physiological redox signaling and modulation of axonal microtubule organization. The results suggest that the redox metabolite and second messenger hydrogen peroxide induces rapid and local reorganization of the microtubule array in response to mitochondrial activity or as a messenger from neighboring cells by activating specific signaling cascades
Turn-taking in grooming interactions of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the wild: the role of demographic and social factors
No full textCooperative turn-taking, a fundamental characteristic of human social interaction, has been postulated as a crucial mechanism for language emergence and is observed across the primate lineage. However, relatively little is known about the influence of demographic and social factors on turn-taking. As according to the sociolinguistic Communication Accommodation Theory, individuals adapt their communication according to their recipient characteristics, which may shape turn-taking. Thus, we aimed to gain insights into the factors (age, relatedness, dominance rank, and social bonds) in relation to the turn-taking infrastructure of one of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Ngogo population in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We specifically focused on a cooperative context, grooming, including gestures and actions, and collected data over nine months (September 2021 to June 2022) involving 42 male chimpanzees. We analysed 311 grooming interactions among 157 dyads concerning the role of demographic and social factors in turn transition infrastructure, turn transition types, and temporal relationships. Our findings demonstrated that turn transitions and types were influenced by age and dominance rank, whereas social bonds and relatedness did not exhibit effects. Specifically, the probability of turn transitions was higher for older initiators and lower-ranking or younger recipients. These effects varied across turn transition types, where initiator’s dominance rank and relatedness showed no effects on any type. In addition, no effect was found for the temporal relationships. Although the social dynamics of turn-taking remain largely unexplored across both human and non-human studies, our findings suggest that turn-taking can occur selectively between certain individuals, in line with the Communication Accommodation Theory, underscoring the need for greater focus on investigating how demographic and social factors shape turn-taking