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Pullfaktor
No full textDer Pullfaktor ist Teil des Push-Pull-Modells des Demographen Everett S. Lee aus den 1960er Jahren, das wiederum auf ältere, naturwissenschaftliche Migrationsmodelle aus dem 19. Jahrhundert zurückgreift. Einem hydraulischen Prozess gleich wird Migration dabei als Ergebnis ‚anziehender‘ Faktoren im Zielland und ‚abstoßender‘ Faktoren im Herkunftsland gesehen, mit ‚intervenierenden Hindernissen‘ dazwischen. In der modernen Migrationsforschung gilt das Modell als überholt, da es Migrationstreiber statisch und kontextunabhängig betrachtet und daraus folgende Entscheidungen reduktionistisch bewertet. Neuere empirische Studien belegen, dass es die Dynamik und Multikausalität von Migration nicht angemessen erfassen kann. In der politmedialen Debatte ist seine Popularität jedoch ungebrochen, was auf die Einfachheit und Suggestivität der verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten zurückzuführen ist, die eine willkommene Komplexitätsreduktion bieten. So wird der Begriff Pullfaktor in politischen Debatten verwendet, um restriktive Maßnahmen zu fordern bzw. zu rechtfertigen, von begrenzten Sozialleistungen bis hin zur Aufstockung des Außengrenzschutzes oder der Kriminalisierung von Seenotrettung. Der auf europäischer Ebene voranschreitende Unterbietungswettbewerb in der Asylpolitik erfährt dadurch Legimitation, stellt er doch auf die Reduzierung der vermeintlichen ‚Sogwirkung‘ günstiger Aufnahmebedingungen in Zielländern ab. Neuere Modelle, wie das Aspirations-Capabilities-Gap-Modell oder der Autonomy of Migration-Ansatz, bieten komplexere Erklärungsansätze, indem sie auch die Ressourcen zur Umsetzung von Migrationswünschen und die Subjektivitäten von Migrant:innen miteinbeziehen
Hollywoods Pygmalion-Zeitalter: Konstruktion von weiblicher Identität im Starsystem (1914-1944)
Get PDFThe aim of this dissertation is the analysis of images from specific female stars. An image is the result of both, performances in movies and its construction through publicity. A variety of methods is required for an appropriate analysis of these issues. Both, the cinema and psychoanalysis were developed at the end of the 19th century. Both realms share a historical, social and cultural background, which was formed by the forces of the modern era. By using psychoanalytical theories, it is possible to explore psychological proceedings in the characters in the movies and to make a statement for their motivations. With its emphasis of desire in the life of an individual, the approach is helpful to show gender-specific paradigms in narrations. Especially the feminist film theory uses psychoanalysis to apprehend the relation between the female body and the audience. The sociological approach is one of the first methods, which was used by early feminist critics. It relates to a study of people in a society. It employs a terminology of gender-roles, for example the labelling 'virgin' or 'vamp' as a categorization for women, who are similar to the specific notions of these types. Presented in this dissertation are the actresses, who can be seen as representative for the most common types. The selection depended on the question, why precisely these actresses have been appropriate to incarnate these types. The Victorian Woman, the Vamp and the Flapper are types, which are subjects to be spoken from. All the three of them have been exploited in silent movies and have been decisive for the image of women in that era. Lillian Gish, Theda Bara and Clara Bow are quintessential examples for incarnating the types in both, performances on the screen and in the star discourse. Claudette Colbert was successful in gaining a rare diversity of roles, which was the result of a resistance against the typecasting of her first studio. It was possible for her to obtain semi-independent stardom in the 1930s at Paramount. Her contractual re-negotiations included creative arrangements, the right to appear in movies of other studios and deals about percentage. The choice to integrate this star in the study helps to get the opportunity for examining three characters, who are very different from each other, all of whom performed by her on the screen in only one year, namely 1934. In "It Happend One Night" she was the heiress who escaped the paternalism of her father and she was the successor of vamps like Theda Bara and Greta Garbo - another star included in this dissertation - as and in "Cleopatra". Fruitfully results are to be expected in respect to the issue of identity construction from the analysis of "Imitation of Life". It is not only because of the fact, that Colbert plays a mother, who comes from an insecure financial situation and rises to fortune, but for the opportunity to examine stereotypical representations of black women. The 'mammy' and the 'tragic mulatto' will be explored in some detail. Such movies like "Blonde Venus" and "Rebecca" are almost iconic for feminist film theory. The plot of "Blonde Venus" is a quest for finding an appropriate role for the female protagonist, - played by Marlene Dietrich - which takes place in an evolutionary process of self-discovery and cultural definition. Hitchcock's first American work was establishing what was his preoccupation for the next decades, namely the relation of a woman - played by Joan Fontaine - to patriarchy and the question, how her identity was formed by this. Billy Wilder's film noir "Double Indemnity" provides with Barbara Stanwyck in the role of Phyllis Dietrichson a character, who can be labelled as an example of the quintessential Femme fatale. The conclusion of this dissertation is constituted as a prospect, which gives the opportunity to look back to some of the key aspects and to establish some examples of outstanding stars and their movies in the following decades
Urban rooftops near sports pitches provide a safe haven for a declining shorebird
Get PDFUrbanisation has contributed to a severe decline in biodiversity worldwide. However, urban ecosystems can also play an important role in the conservation of threatened species, including ground-nesting birds such as the Eurasian Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). While the coastal populations of this shorebird have declined sharply, there is growing evidence that pairs nesting on urban flat roofs have high reproductive success. However, the reasons for rooftop nesting and the species’ habitat use in urban areas remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the territory selection and foraging behaviour of the Eurasian Oystercatcher in the city of Münster (NW Germany). All nesting sites were located on flat roofs (N = 24), most of which were covered with gravel. Overall, reproductive success was high. This was mainly because the roofs provided protection from mammalian predators, leading to increased nest and chick survival. Moreover, breeding performance in the study area was favoured by the proximity of sports pitches. According to our observations, they provided a large amount of easily accessible prey throughout the breeding season. Overall, our study highlights that the reproductive success of the Eurasian Oystercatcher in urban environments is highly dependent on both safe nesting sites on flat roofs and the availability of suitable foraging habitats. Although our study suggests that breeding in urban areas can be beneficial for the model organism, the species’ strong territory fidelity makes it very sensitive to the rapid environmental changes occurring in cities. The value of urban ecosystems for bird conservation should therefore be better integrated into urban planning and management
So You Want to Do ESM? 10 Essential Topics for Implementing the Experience-Sampling Method
Get PDFThe experience-sampling method (ESM) captures psychological experiences over time and in everyday contexts, thereby offering exciting potential for collecting more temporally fine-grained and ecologically valid data for psychological research. Given that rapid methodological developments make it increasingly difficult for novice ESM researchers to be well informed about standards of ESM research and to identify resources that can serve as useful starting points, we here provide a primer on 10 essential design and implementation considerations for ESM studies. Specifically, we (a) compare ESM with cross-sectional, panel, and cohort approaches and discuss considerations regarding (b) item content and phrasing; (c) choosing and formulating response options; (d) timescale (sampling scheme, sampling frequency, survey length, and study duration); (e) change properties and stationarity; (f) power and effect sizes; (g) missingness, attrition, and compliance; (h) data assessment and administration; (i) reliability; and (j) replicability and generalizability. For all 10 topics, we discuss challenges and—if available—potential solutions and provide literature that can serve as starting points for more in-depth readings. We also share access to a living, web-based resources library with a more extensive catalogue of literature to facilitate further learning about the design and implementation of ESM. Finally, we list topics that although beyond the scope of our article, can be relevant for the success of ESM studies. Taken together, our article highlights the most essential design and implementation considerations for ESM studies, aids the identification of relevant in-depth readings, and can thereby support the quality of future ESM studies
The German insect monitoring scheme: Establishment of a nationwide long-term recording of arthropods
Get PDFA standardised monitoring is indispensable to identify trends of insect populations. However, until recently, a systematic monitoring of insects in Germany was missing. Therefore, the German federal ministry for the environment funded the conceptualisation of an insect monitoring scheme.
Here, we inform about the general concept and structure of the German insect monitoring scheme (GIMS) and the steps taken and still to be taken for the implementation of the scheme. A first step was the development of the objectives, general concept und structure of the GIMS in close collaboration with the nature conservation authorities at the national and federal state levels, as the latter are responsible for the implementation of nature conservation-related monitoring schemes. The GIMS is structured into two sections: section 1 ‘Monitoring of common insects’ and section 2 ‘Monitoring of rare insects’. Both sections contain modules that focus on selected aspects of insect diversity. In section 1, insect communities of the wider countryside will be monitored. Section 2 focuses on insect communities in rare habitats and species of high conservation value (e.g. threatened species). The next step was to develop standardised sampling methods for the modules in collaboration with experts and the nature conservation authorities. Wherever appropriate, synergies with other monitoring schemes were created, e.g. for combined analyses with environmental variables.
Parallel to the development of the concept, several federal states have already implemented selected modules of the GIMS. Furthermore, the module ‘Grasshoppers in grasslands’ was tested during a pilot phase. By using the data from the pilot phase and the High Nature Value Farmland Monitoring scheme the relationship between high nature value farmland and grasshopper diversity was evaluated. This indicated the great potential of using synergies among monitoring schemes for joint data analyses and showed that it is worth exploring such approaches in greater depth
An Extended Look at Midpoint Optimization for Segment Routing
Get PDFIn this paper, we discuss and examine the concept of Midpoint Optimization (MO) for Segment Routing (SR). It is based on the idea of integrating SR policies into the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) to allow various demands to be steered into them. We discuss the benefits of this approach when compared to end-to-end SR and potential challenges that might arise in deployment. We further develop a Linear Program-based optimization algorithm to assess the Traffic Engineering capabilities of MO for SR. Based on traffic and topology data from a Tier-1 Internet Service Provider as well as other, publicly available data, we show that, for most problem instances, this algorithm is able to achieve (close to) optimal results with regards to the maximum link utilization, that are on par with state-of-the-art end-to-end SR approaches. However, our MO approach requires substantially less policies to do so. For some instances, the achieved reduction ranges up to more than 99%. Furthermore, we show that latency bounds for individual demands can be incorporated into our algorithm without significantly worsening the quality of solutions. This is a crucial finding as the inclusion of latency bounds is a basically mandatory requirement for traffic engineering algorithms to be used in many real-world networks
Spike synchrony as a measure of Gestalt structure
Get PDFThe function of spike synchrony is debatable: some researchers view it as a mechanism for binding perceptual features, others – as a byproduct of brain activity. We argue for an alternative computational role: synchrony can estimate the prior probability of incoming stimuli. In V1, this can be achieved by comparing input with previously acquired visual experience, which is encoded in plastic horizontal intracortical connections. V1 connectivity structure can encode the acquired visual experience in the form of its aggregate statistics. Since the aggregate statistics of natural images tend to follow the Gestalt principles, we can assume that V1 is more often exposed to Gestalt-like stimuli, and this is manifested in its connectivity structure. At the same time, the connectivity structure has an impact on spike synchrony in V1. We used a spiking model with V1-like connectivity to demonstrate that spike synchrony reflects the Gestalt structure of the stimulus. We conducted simulation experiments with three Gestalt laws: proximity, similarity, and continuity, and found substantial differences in firing synchrony for stimuli with varying degrees of Gestalt-likeness. This allows us to conclude that spike synchrony indeed reflects the Gestalt structure of the stimulus, which can be interpreted as a mechanism for prior probability estimation
Matching the Ideal Pruning Method with Knowledge Distillation for Optimal Compression
Get PDFIn recent years, model compression techniques have gained significant attention as a means to reduce the computational and memory requirements of deep neural networks. Knowledge distillation and pruning are two prominent approaches in this domain, each offering unique advantages in achieving model efficiency. This paper investigates the combined effects of knowledge distillation and two pruning strategies, weight pruning and channel pruning, on enhancing compression efficiency and model performance. The study introduces a metric called “Performance Efficiency” to evaluate the impact of these pruning strategies on model compression and performance. Our research is conducted on the popular datasets CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100. We compared diverse model architectures, including ResNet, DenseNet, EfficientNet, and MobileNet. The results emphasize the efficacy of both weight and channel pruning in achieving model compression. However, a significant distinction emerges, with weight pruning showing superior performance across all four architecture types. We realized that the weight pruning method better adapts to knowledge distillation than channel pruning. Pruned models show a significant reduction in parameters without a significant reduction in accuracy
The Effect of Brooding About Societal Problems on Conspiracy Beliefs: A Registered Report
Get PDFThis Stage 2 Registered Report concerns the relationship between rumination, a repetitive style of negative thinking, and conspiracy beliefs (Stage 1 protocol: https://osf.io/y82bs, date of in-principle-acceptance: 23/05/2023). Based on four pilot studies, we tested in a fifth, registered study whether brooding, a particularly dysfunctional form of rumination, contributes to conspiracy beliefs using a repeated-measures within-person experiment (N = 1,638). Mean difference scores (conspiracy beliefs at T2 minus conspiracy beliefs at T1) were significantly greater in the brooding condition than in the control condition. However, we could neither confirm that this effect was larger than the specified smallest effect size of interest of d = 0.20, nor conclude that it was too small to be of interest (i.e., smaller than d = 0.20). We explored how reflection, an analytic form of rumination, impacted conspiracy beliefs. We further discuss implications for theories about the formation of conspiracy beliefs, and efforts aimed at preventing or reducing unfounded conspiracy beliefs. Hopefully, this article sparks a discussion among conspiracy belief researchers about how smallest effect sizes of interest could be determined in a principled way based on real-world outcomes
Personalkompetenz in kaufmännischen Aufgabenfeldern am Beispiel des Führungsverhaltens - Identifikation und Entwicklung relevanter Weiterbildungselemente für den pharmazeutischen Vertrieb
Get PDFAusbildungsberufe helfen Unternehmen, Lehrenden und selbstverständlich auch den Auszubildenden selbst, auf Basis der definierten Ausbildungsinhalte, Kompetenzen zu erwerben und die Ausbildung erfolgreich abzuschließen. Doch wie verhält es sich mit Berufsbildern, für die es zwar Stellenausschreibungen gibt, aber keine definierten Inhalte, die dieses Berufsbild charakterisieren? Führungskräfte im pharmazeutischen Vertrieb repräsentieren eines dieser Berufsbilder. Für sie gibt es nicht nur kein definiertes Curriculum als Aus-/Weiterbildungsberuf. Sie sind darüber hinaus mit der Führung von Mitarbeitern betraut, und das räumlich von diesen getrennt. Einige charakteristische Arbeitsaufgaben und notwendige Schlüsselkompetenzen wurden mit dieser Arbeit identifiziert und können hoffentlich in der Zukunft dazu beitragen, tatsächlich ein Curriculum für dieses Berufsbild zu formen. Dabei zeigt sich zum einen, dass die Personalkompetenz für Führungskräfte im pharmazeutischen Vertrieb eine entscheidende Rolle spielt und die Distanz zwischen Führenden und Geführten auch dadurch überwunden werden kann. Zum anderen wurde deutlich, dass sich sowohl die Personen, welche Ausbildungsinhalte gestalten, als auch Unternehmen, die diese Stellen ausschreiben, intensiver mit den Anforderungen an dieses Berufsbild auseinandersetzen sollten