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Importance, Assessment and Protection of Biodiversity
No full textBiodiversity represents the diversity of all living organisms on planet Earth and includes three
levels: the level of genes, biological species and ecosystems. Genetic diversity is the set of
genes of all existing living beings on Earth, while all biological species, from the beginning of
life until today, represent species diversity. Ecosystem diversity represents the diversity of
biotopes, biocenosis, as well as all biogeochemical cycles carried out by organisms within the
ecosystem. The aim of the manuscript is to show the importance, assessment and protection of
biodiversity. In the manuscript, the method of data analysis was applied, which were collected
from scientific studies, published in scientific journals and at scientific conferences. The results
of scientific research indicate that biodiversity enables biogeochemical cycles to occur in
ecosystems on the entire planet, which form the basis of life. Also, it affects all the components
of the environment. From the aspect of providing food for the growing human population, the
preservation of the diversity of Magnoliophyta (angiosperms) is particularly important.
Angiosperms are the main source of food for humans and animals. Balkan Peninsula is very
rich in terms of species biodiversity, which is especially contributed by the diversity of
angiosperms. The results of the research, which were published by the authors of this
manuscript, indicate a significant diversity of plant species within the taxon Magnoliophyta. It
was also found that numerous identified species exhibit pharmacological activity. Numerous
scientific studies also indicate that, based on the state and assessment of biodiversity,
bioindication of the environment can be carried out. In addition, biodiversity affects the
composition of the atmosphere and the global climate. Based on the analysis of the results of
published scientific research, it can be concluded that the protection of biodiversity is a key
factor that enables the survival of life
Značaj azotofiksacije u organskoj proizvodnji pasulja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
No full textОрганска пољопривреда подразумева одржив систем производње који се заснива на очувању природних ресурса, без употребе синтетичких ђубрива и пестицида. У том контексту, пасуљ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), као легуминозна култура, има изузетан значај захваљујући способности да преко симбиотске везе са бактеријама рода Rhizobium фиксира атмосферски азот и обезбеди сопствене потребе за овим елементом. Азотфиксација не само да утиче на смањење зависности од спољашњих извора азота, већ побољшава структуру и плодност земљишта, чиме доприноси дугорочној одрживости органских система производње. Циљ овог рада био је да се истражи улога и ефикасност биолошке фиксације азота у органској производњи пасуља, уз осврт на избор адекватних бактеријских инокуланата, услове животне средине и агротехничке мере које утичу на успешност симбиозе. У раду су анализирани резултати досадашњих истраживања, као и подаци из огледа у којима је праћен принос, биомаса, број и маса нодула, као и укупна количина фиксираног азота. Показано је да инокулација ефикасним сојевима Rhizobium бактерија значајно повећава принос пасуља у органским условима, посебно на сиромашним или деградираним земљиштима. Азотфиксација има кључну улогу у унапређењу органске производње пасуља, јер омогућава природно снабдевање азотом, смањује трошкове производње и доприноси очувању животне средине. Даље истраживање усмерено на адаптацију инокуланата локалним условима и оптимизацију агротехнике може значајно унапредити примену ове праксе у органској пољопривреди
Botryosphaeriaceae Species Causing Stem Blight and Dieback of Blueberries in Serbia
No full textIn the main growing areas in Serbia, plants with symptoms of stem blight were sampled in
nine orchards with American highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), cultivar ‘Duke’,
with high disease incidence, and 153 samples were taken. A total of 128 Botryosphaeriaceae
isolates were characterized on the basis of morphology, sequence analysis, multilocus
phylogeny based on ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 sequences and pathogenicity, and belonged
to one of the four species Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata
and Lasiodiplodia iraniensis. Both D. seriata and L. iraniensis were detected for the first time
on blueberries in Serbia, and L. iraniensis was detected for the first time on blueberries
worldwide. Comparative morphological and TEF1-α sequence analyses allowed a clear sep-
aration of L. iraniensis from the phylogenetically closely related L. fujianensis, L. thailandica
and L. endophytica. Of the nine blueberry cultivars ‘Aurora’, ‘Barbara Ann’, ‘Bluecrop’,
‘Bluejay’, ‘Draper’, ‘Duke’, ‘Huron’, ‘Patriot’ and ‘Spartan’ inoculated with L. iraniensis
(isolate 421-19), the cultivar ‘Duke’ was the most susceptible. In our study, the majority
of orchards were in their second or third year of production, implying that the planting
material is likely to be the source of infection, emphasizing the importance of pathogen-free
planting material
Genetic resources and agrobiodiversity: Foundations of sustainable agriculture in Serbia
No full textIn addition to wild biological species, domesticated species also represent an important
component of species diversity, forming agrobiodiversity as an integral part of overall
biodiversity. Agrobiodiversity encompasses all microorganisms, plants, and animals essential
for maintaining the structure and function of agroecosystems, as well as for ensuring the
sustainable production of safe and healthy food. Also, agrobiodiversity, is the central object of
studying agroecology. The aim of this paper is to point out, based on the available scientific
literature, the importance of agrobiodiversity in preserving ecosystem sustainability and food
production. The research presented in this manuscript is theoretical and of an overview nature,
based on data analysis of information collected from relevant scientific journals. A review of
the literature, including the scientific works of the author of this paper, indicates that a
significant part of the total species diversity of Serbia is represented by cultivated plant and
animal species that constitute a significant genetic resource. Most varieties are the product of
the selection of suitable species and artificial selection. 193 plant species are grown in Serbia,
which include cereals, industrial and fodder plants, vegetable plants, fruits, and vines, and
constitute a significant genetic diversity. It is estimated that around 25. 000 seed accessions of
old varieties and local populations are stored in agricultural institutions in Serbia today. Most
of the plant species grown in Serbia have their wild relatives that grow wild in natural
ecosystems. Based on the review of conducted scientific research, it can be concluded that the
preservation of agrobiodiversity is a key factor that enables the sustainability of the
ecosystem, the survival of living organisms on Earth, as well as the production of safe food
Procjena antimikrobne, antioksidativne i ACE-inhibitorne aktivnosti kačkavalj sira reduciranog natrij klorida
No full textExcessive consumption of sodium chloride has negative effects on the consumers’ health. Considering the World Health Organisation’s recommendation to reduce salt intake in nutrition, the microbiota, proteolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of following Kačkavalj cheeses were analysed during six months: control cheese produced according to the usual technological production process; cheese with 30 % reduced sodium chloride content; cheese with 30 % sodium chloride replaced by potassium chloride. The lactic acid bacteria number increased in all cheeses on the 30th day of ripening and until the 90th day remained at a level of 7-8 log units. On the 180th day of ripening significant differences were found in the number of thermophilic species. The reduction and substitution of sodium chloride in Kačkavalj cheese showed no significant effect on the tested parameters of proteolysis. The best antimicrobial activity was observed in the sodium chloride reduced cheese on day 30 and increased until day 180. The reduction of sodium chloride achieved significantly better antioxidant activity in the sixth month ripened Kačkavalj cheese by methods for determination of antioxidant capacity by inhibiting 2,2-azino-bis/3-ethyl-benothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and the determination of free-radical capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. ACE inhibitory activity increased during ripening, but there were no significant differences between produced cheese variants. The present study highlights the great potential for the development of a product that contributes to consumer health and corresponds to modern trends in human nutrition.Prekomjerna konzumacija natrij klorida negativno utječe na zdravlje potrošača. Uzimajući u obzir preporuku Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije da se smanji unos soli u prehrani, mikrobiota,proteolitička, antimikrobna, antioksidativna i angiotenzin konvertujući enzim (ACE) inhibitorna aktivnost sljedećih kačkavalj sireva analizirane su tijekom šest mjeseci:
kontrolni sir proizveden prema uobičajenom tehnološkom procesu proizvodnje; sir sa 30 % smanjenim sadržajem natrij klorida; sir sa 30 % natrij klorida zamijenjenim kalij kloridom. Broj bakterija mliječne kiseline kod svih se sireva povećao 30. dana zrenja i do 90. dana ostao je na razini od 7-8 log jedinica. Tijekom 180. dana zrenja utvrđene su značajne razlike u broju termofilnih vrsta. Redukcija i supstitucija natrij klorida u kačkavalj siru nije pokazala značajan utjecaj na ispitivane parametre proteolize. Najbolja antimikrobna aktivnost uočena je kod sira reduciranog natrij klorida 30. dana i povećavala se do 180. dana. Redukcija natrij klorida postigla je značajno bolju antioksidativnu aktivnost u šestom mjesecu zrenja kačkavalj sira metodama za određivanje antioksidativnog kapaciteta pomoću inhibicije 2,2’-azinobis/3-etilbenzotiazolin6-sulfonska kiselina (ABTS) radikala i određivanje slobodno-radikalskog kapaciteta pomoću 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil
(DPPH) radikala. ACE inhibitorna aktivnost povećavala se tijekom zrenja, ali nije bilo značajnih razlika između proizvedenih varijanti sira. Ova studija ističe veliki potencijal za razvoj proizvoda koji doprinosi zdravlju potrošača i koji odgovara suvremenim trendovima u prehrani ljudi
Content of phytosterols in organic and conventional soybean and buckwheat seed
No full textThe goals of breeding soybean and buckwheat are mainly to maintain and enhance the
nutritional quality and a stable and high grain yield. Big use of soybean (Glycine max) in
food production is that, it is a cheap source of protein (36-43%) that provides similar
quality of protein as meat, milk and eggs. It also contains phytosterols. Buckwheat
(Fagopyrum esculentum) grain is used in food. Grain and sprouts are rich in flavonoid
metabolites rutin and quercetin and fitosterols. The best known and most widespread
plant sterols are: beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Phytosterols are plant
sterols essential for the structure of cell membranes and are also known for their beneficial
effects on human health, particularly in lowering blood cholesterol levels and cancer. In
many studies the highest level of phytosterols in buckwheat products is found in lipids
extracted from roasted buckwheat hulls and raw buckwheat hulls. The aim of this study
was to examine the differences in phytosterol content in soybean (v. NS Kaća) and
buckwheat (v. Novosadska) seeds grown under organic and conventional production
systems. Samples were collected during the 2016 growing season from the experimental
field of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje” (Serbia). Phytosterols were extracted
using chloroform, and their presence was determined through the Lieberman-Burchard
reaction, which forms a green-colored complex. Measurements were conducted
spectrophoto-metrically at 640 nm, and the results were expressed in mgkg-1 of dry
sample weight (DW). Organic buckwheat contained 130.07 mgkg-1 DW of phytosterols,
while the conventional sample had 185.15 mgkg-1 DW. In soybean, the organic sample
contained 161.85 mgkg-1 DW, whereas the conventional sample showed significantly
lower levels-only 9.32 mgkg-1 DW. The results indicate substantial differences between
the production systems, with organic soybean showing higher phytosterol content, while
conventional buckwheat exhibited greater values compared to its organic counterpart.
These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the nutritional quality of
cereals and legumes under different cultivation systems
Variability of mass of spike among wheat varieties
No full textThe mass of the spike is an indicator of the yield of wheat seed. The aim of this study was to
estimate the variability of the mass of the spike in 50 genetically divergent wheat varieties. The
experiment was set up as a randomized block design with three replications in the 2015/16
vegetation season. The seeds were sown at a 0.10 m distance in 1.0 m long rows spaced apart
by 0.2 m. Sixty plants at the full maturity stage (20 plants per replication) were harvested and
used for analyzing the mass of the spike. The analysis of variance was performed using MSTAT
C (version 5.0). Similarities among wheat varieties were analyzed using the hierarchical method
of Euclidean distance. The obtained results indicated significant differences in average values
of the mass of the spike among the tested wheat varieties in the year of the experiment. In the
study, the least mass of the spike was found in the Tera variety (2.74 g), while the highest mass
of the spike was found in the Milica variety (4.51 g). On average, for all 50 wheat varieties, the
mass of the spike was 3.86 g. The value of the coefficient of variation ranged from 11.0% for
Orašanka to 24.6% for the Lepenica variety. The similarity was illustrated in a dendrogram
containing five clusters. The similarity was illustrated in a dendrogram containing five clusters
of mutually similar varieties. The prominent cluster contained different numbers and
compositions of varieties with the highest degree of similarity. The variability of the mass of
the spike relates to genotype and environmental conditions that affect the physiological
processes of absorption, translocation, and assimilation of mineral matter in developing
vegetative and productive organs
Sveobuhvatna analiza učinaka toplinskog stresa na mliječna goveda u kontekstu klimatskih promjena: utjecaj na proizvodnju, reprodukciju i prilagodbu
No full textHeat stress poses a significant threat to dairy cattle, impacting their physiological, reproductive, and production performance. This review aims to provide an in-depth examination of the effects of heat stress on dairy cattle, focusing on how elevated ambient temperatures influence milk production, reproductive efficiency, and overall animal health. The physiological responses to heat stress, including increased respiration rate, elevated body temperature, and changes in feeding and drinking behaviors were analysed and discussed. Heat stress leads to a decrease in feed
intake, an increase in water consumption, reduced growth rates, and diminished milk yield and quality. Reproductive performance is also adversely affected, with reduced fertility and increased risk of embryonic loss. Dairy breeds, particularly those with higher production levels, are more susceptible to heat stress due to their higher metabolic heat production. The review highlights the impact of heat stress on the immune and endocrine systems, increasing vulnerability to diseases and inflammatory conditions. Given the limited capacity of animals to adapt to the rapid pace
of climate change, the review underscores the need for effective management strategies, including environmental modifications and genetic selection, to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress. Finally, sustainable dairy farming remains a significant challenge in the context of global climate change and rising temperatures.Toplinski stres znatna je prijetnja za mliječna goveda jer utječe na njihovu fiziološka, reproduktivna i proizvodna svojstva. Ovaj pregledni rad ima za cilj pružiti detaljnu analizu učinaka toplinskog stresa na mliječna goveda, s naglaskom na to kako povišene temperature okoliša utječu na proizvodnju mlijeka, reproduktivnu učinkovitost i opće zdravlje životinja. Raspravlja se o fiziološkim odgovorima na toplinski stres, uključujući povećanu brzinu disanja, povišenu tjelesnu temperaturu i promjene u ponašanju pri hranjenju i pijenju. Toplinski stres dovodi do smanjenja unosa hrane, povećanja konzumacije vode, smanjenja brzine rasta te smanjenja prinosa i kvalitete mlijeka. Reproduktivne odlike također su promijenjene, što je praćeno sa smanjenom plodnošću i povećanim rizikom od gubitka embrija. Mliječne pasmine krava, osobito one s vrlo visokim prinosom, osjetljivije su na toplinski stres zbog veće proizvodnje metaboličke topline. Nadalje, ovaj rad ističe utjecaj toplinskog stresa na imunosni i endokrini sustav, povećavajući
ranjivost životinja na bolesti i upalna stanja. S obzirom na ograničenu sposobnost životinja da se prilagode brzom tempu klimatskih promjena, ovaj pregledni rad naglašava potrebu za učinkovitim strategijama upravljanja, uključujući promjene u okolišu i genetsku selekciju, kako bi se ublažili nepovoljni učinci toplinskog stresa. U konačnici, održiva proizvodnja mlijeka ostaje znatan izazov u kontekstu globalnih klimatskih promjena i rastućih temperatur
Životna sposobnost semena kukuruza proizvedenog u institutu za kukuruz „Zemun Polje”
No full textMaize is one of the economically most important crops. Its immense significance arises from its various uses, high yielding and the production scope. In order to establish a lucrative production, first-rate seeds are required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the vigour of maize seeds
conventionally and organically produced. The seeds of the maize variety Rumenka were used and tested at the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje” in its Seed Testing Laboratory. According to the results, it can be concluded that although there was a minimal difference in the percentages of the first count of germinated seeds between the two types of seeds, the total germination was equal (98%). The results of the germination test performed after accelerated seed ageing indicate that total seed germination was higher in organic than in conventional seeds (39% vs.
33%). The electrical conductivity of the leachate per gram of weight of conventional maize seeds averaged 4.90 µS/cmg and 3.66 µS/cmg for organic maize seeds. According to stated values, it can be concluded that maize seeds of both production types are characterised by high viability and are suitable for earlier sowing under unfavourable environmental conditions. The results show that the radicle emergence was uniform amounting to 84% in conventional seeds and to 85% in organic seeds.Po svom privrednom značaju kukuruz je jedna od najvažnijih ratarskih biljaka.
Veliki značaj kukuruza proizilazi iz raznovrsne upotrebe, velike rodnosti i obima
proizvodnje. Kako je za uspešnu proizvodnju neophodno kvalitetno seme, cilj ovog
rada bio je da se ispita životna sposobnost semena kukuruza poreklom iz dva
različita načina proizvodnje – organskog i konvencionalnog. Korišćeno je seme
kukuruza sorte rumenka (konvencionalno i organski proizvedeno), a ispitano je u
Laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena Instituta za kukuruz „Zemun polje”. Prema
dobijenim rezultatima može se zaključiti da je nakon minimalnih razlika u procentu
energije klijanja konvencionalnog i organskog kukuruza, ukupna klijavost bila
identična (98%). Rezultati ispitivanja klijavosti nakon ubrzanog starenja semena
ukazuju da je ukupna klijavost kukuruza bila viša kod organskog semena (39%) u
odnosu na konvencionalno seme (33%). Provodljivost ekstrakta po gramu mase
semena konvencionalnog kukuruza u proseku daje 4,90 µS/cmg, dok kod semena
organskog kukuruza provodljivost iznosi 3,66 µS/cmg. Iz navedenih vrednosti
može se zaključiti da ispitivano seme konvencionalnog i organskog kukuruza
poseduje visoku životnu sposobnost i pogodno je za raniju setvu pri nepovoljnim
uslovima sredine. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, pojava primarnog korena je bila
ujednačena i iznosi 84% kod konvencionalnog semena i 85% kod organskog
semen
Fusarium oxysporum causing garlic clove rot in Serbia
No full textIn 2023, garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) with rot symptoms were collected in Gornje Košlje,
Serbia. One representative isolate, obtained from symptomatic tissue on potato dextrose agar
(PDA) was molecularly identified and morphologically characterized, and the pathogenicity was
tested. For molecular identification, translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) was amplified using
EF1/EF2 primers. BLAST analysis revealed that tef1 sequence was 99% similar to those of
Fusarium oxysporum ex-type CBS144134 (MH485044). Colonies on PDA were pale vinaceous,
floccose, with filiform margins and a cream-colored reverse (diam. 78.62 mm) after seven days at
25°C in the dark. Macroconidia which formed in pale orange sporodochia on carnation leaf agar
(CLA) (after 10 days at 25°C; 12/12 h light/dark cycle) were falcate, dorsiventrally curved with
nearly parallel sides, tapering slightly at both ends, hyaline, smooth, and thin-walled, and typically
(1–)3(–5)-septate. One-septate conidia were 17.81×4.07 μm, 3-septate were 43.19×4.51 μm, 4-
septate were 46.41×4.6 μm, and 5-septate conidia were 51.78×4.92 μm. Microconidia formed in
false heads and were smooth, thin-walled, oval or reniform, usually aseptate (8.86×3.13 μm) or 1-
septate (13.78×3.38 μm). Chlamydospores were globose, smooth-walled, and formed either
intercalarily or terminally (7.32×0.68 μm). Pathogenicity was proven on 10 garlic cloves woundinoculated with 10 µl of 10⁵/ml conidial suspension in sterile distilled water with 0.1% Tween 20 (TSDW), as rot symptoms developed after 10 days at 25°C. Ten cloves, used as control (TSDW
only) remained symptomless. Fungi reisolated from symptomatic cloves were morphologically
identical to the original isolates, thus completing Koch’s postulates