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Примена диференцијалне геометрије у информационим наукама
No full textДиференцијална геометрија има широк спектар практичних примена како у природним, тако и у друштвеним наукама. Диференцијална геометрија анализира геометрију објеката користећи тензорска поља на диференцијалној многострукости. Ово оруђе се аналогно може применити на статистичким многострукостима. Рао је 1945. увео Риманову метрику на статистичку многострукост коришћењем Фишерове информационе матрице и рачунао геометријска растојања између две дистрибуције за различите статистичке моделе, док је Амари увео једнопараметарску фамилију афиних конексија, тзв. α-конксије. Наиме, како подацима може бити придружена фамилија расподела вероватноће, у оквиру диференцијалне геометрије се развија информациона геометрија, као њена грана која истражује информационе науке. Она заправо проучава геометрију одлучивања. За информациону геометрију најбитнији аспекти диференцијалне геометрије они они који нам омогућавају да узмемо проблем из различитих области, као што су статистика, информациона теорија, теорија контроле... визуелизујемо их геометријски и развијемо нови алат којим можемо проширити и развити ове области. Из тог разлога се непрекидно врше даља истраживања у области диференцијалне геометрије како би се ова теорија унапредила и била што прецизнија. У машинском учењу различити високодимензиони простори, као што су простори подака или параметарски простори, могу бити третирани као многострукости, па се у зависности од проблема који треба решити и врсте генеративног модела уводе и испитују различите метрике, док у концепту кривине лежи основа за истаживање добре генерализације модела. Заправо, доказано је да мање скаларне кривине на слици loss функције узрокују већу робустност. Зато, ако желимо да управљамо латентним простором, а да истовремено сачувамо геометријску структуру датих података, не треба претпостављати да је овај простор еуклидски, уместо тога треба користити алат диференцијалне геометрије
Potential of fruit and vegetables residues in functionalization of confectionery products and minimization of glycemic response
No full textPomace from fruit and vegetable juice production is a rich source of dietary fiber (DF) and
polyphenolics. Apple and beetroot pomace flour (APF and BPF), obtained from minimally processed
pomace using recently disclosed technological procedure, were evaluated as a source of biomolecules
with antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiobesity effects. Here, APF and BPF were employed to obtain
healthy alternative to jelly candies burdened with energy -aiming to meet the recommendations for
DF intake and glucose spike minimization.
An experimental setup was conducted utilizing a gelling agent (pectin) x 2 sweeteners (sucrose or
combination of erithritol, stevia, fructose and inulin) x 3 levels of enrichment (APF, BPF and no
flour). Jelly candies sweetened with sucrose (P-APF, P-PBF and control P) and sucrose alternatives
(P*-APF, P*-PBF and control P*) were subjected to proximate composition -analysis, determination
of insoluble and soluble DF, total polyphenolic content (TPC) and AO activity (DPPH and FRAP),
as well as in vivo determination of postprandial glucose response (upon consumption of the same
amount of jelly candies). For each sample, the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for capillary
blood glucose concentration over 120 min was calculated.
In P-APF and P-PBF fiber content was above 3 g per 100 g of product enabling claim “fiber source”
to be reached, while in P*-APF and P*-PBF exceeded by far requirement for claim “high in fiber”
(at least 6 g per 100 g). Jelly candies with such high fiber content can significantly contribute
recommended intake of 14 g DF per each 1,000 kilocalories (4,184 kJ). Content of TPC and AO
activity in all jelly candies was prominent. The difference in IAUC for P and P* (137 and 55
mM×min) showed that sucrose substitution resulted in 60% reduction. The reduction related to
sucrose substitution was found similar to the reduction caused by flour incorporation. The
incorporation of APF and BPF resulted in IAUC decrease to 61 and 55 (P-APF and P-BPF) and 24
and 22 mM×min (P*-APF and P*-BPF). In comparison to P and P*, the reduction was 55-60%.
Samples P*-APF and P*-BPF had 82 and 84 % lower IAUC than P.
Efficiency of applied approach in functionalization of confectionery burden with calories and
minimization of glucose spike represent an example of agro-residues re-introduction into a diet with
the highest potential contribution to anti-obesity strategy. Results obtained show that health
promoting properties of agro-residues can be available to all consumers, including those who avoid
sucrose
Organic agriculture in Serbia-share of barley in it
No full textBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Poaceae family) is the most important type
of cereal grown in temperate climate zones worldwide. It was one of the first
cultivated grains. The areas under organic plant production are constantly
increasing. Organic crop production in Serbia was performed on the area of 23,527
ha. In Serbia, in 2021, compared to other organic crops, organic fruit was produced
the most, on 5,615 ha. In organic cereal production, the dominant role belonged to
wheat, which was grown on the area of 1,581 ha in 2021. Organic wheat was
followed by rye (879 ha) and spelt wheat (492 ha). Barley, with the area of 399 ha,
ranked fourth. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
Management of the Republic of Serbia, the paper analyzed and presented
graphically the ten-year barley production in Serbia. Base and chain indices were
used. In the 2011-2021 period, areas cultivated with organic barley varied, but not
to the extent that could have been expected. The smallest area was recorded in 2014
with only 23 ha, and the largest in 2018 with an area of 445 ha. According to the
regional distribution of areas under organic barley production in Serbia in the
observed period (2011-2021) the largest areas were located in the Vojvodina region
(on average about 260 ha)
Application of pumpkin-leaf protein concentrate as a matrix component for the encapsulation of folic acid
No full textThis study investigates the valorization of pumpkin leaves, an underutilized agricultural byproduct, to produce plant-based protein concentrate and apply this concentrate as a novel component for developing encapsulation matrices. Composite zein/pumpkin-leaf protein concentrate/alginate matrices were structured using a pH-driven method for folic acid (FA) encapsulation. This approach afforded spherical, compact, and uniform nanoparticles, which were formed via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These nanoparticles successfully encapsulated FA with an encapsulation efficiency of 79.09 % and a loading content of 15.82 %. The thermal analysis of all nanoparticle formulations showed compatibility among their components. The antioxidant activity and storage stability of control nanoparticles were improved by encapsulating FA and increasing its content. Notably, the nanoparticles could release FA during simulated digestion. These results emphasize the potential of the developed nanoparticles as novel nutraceuticals or ingredients for use in functional food formulations
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Production and Its Importance for Health
No full textBuckwheat belongs to the genus Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae), it is native to Asia (China). It is a
promising pseudo cereal, that is a a symbol of healthy life because of its rich nutritional and
pharmacological properties. Seed has 9.1% protein, 70.98% BEM, 3.7% cellulose, 1.73%, oil
1.72%, mineral salts, 12.8% water, and vitamins group B - B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3
(pantothenic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol) and ferments. It has a balanced amino acid content, is
rich in lysine and arginine. Buckwheat plants and groats are rich in flavonoids: rutin, orientin,
vitexin, quercetin, isovitexin, and isoorientin. Due to its favorable chemical composition, and the
absence of gluten, buckwheat is suitable for the diet of people suffering from Celiac disease and
diabetes. Buckwheat food products affect the reduction of sugar and fat concentration in the
blood, which contributes to the regulation of cholesterol levels and used as an auxiliary remedy
in folk medicine. In this study, the buckwheat production in the world, were analyzed. Due to all
of the above, there is a need to increase buckwheat production in world due to increased demand.
According to FAO data, buckwheat was grown on 1,855,059 ha in 2020, and on 2,187,546 ha in
2023. Seed production in 2020 was 1,805,936 tons and 2,204,015 tons in 2023, and grain yield
was 976 kg ha-1 (2020) and 1,007 kg ha-1 (2023). Evident is an increase area, production and
yields in the period from 2020 to 2023. The analysis of production by continent shows that the
largest areas were in Europe (with Russia) 933,658 ha and Asia (760,545 ha). In the light of
climate change, the improvement of buckwheat production technology is of great importance in
order to increase yield. Promotion of buckwheat improving productivity will be an important
trade-off between food security and improving population health
Antibakterijska aktivnost etarskih ulja biljaka i mogućnosti primene kao biopesticida u biljnoj proizvodnji
No full textPathogenic microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi, cause plant diseases, which lead to a significant loss of plant yields. For a long time, efforts have been made to reduce the loss of plant yields, primarily with the use of chemical agents for plant protection, but also with the selection of strains resistant to phytopathogens and other pests. However, the intensive use of chemical agents in crop production leads to environmental pollution and threats to food safety. For the above reasons, the application of biological preparations (biopesticides) is recommended as an environmentally acceptable way of managing plant diseases and the environment. The aim of this paper is to describe the antibacterial activity of the essential oils (EOs) of plants and the possibilities of their application as natural biopesticides in crop production, by reviewing the scientific literature and research. The applicable literature was analysed in this review paper. The results of numerous in vitro and in vivo scientific studies indicate that the essential oils of plants exhibit strong antibacterial effects on phytopathogenic bacteria, the causative agents of plant diseases, as well as that they can be successfully used in plant production.Patogeni mikroorganizmi, prvenstveno bakterije i gljive, uzrokuju biljne bolesti, koje dovode do značajanog gubitka biljnih prinosa. Već dugo se čine napori da se smanje gubici biljnih prinosa, najčešće primenom hemijskih sredstava za zaštitu bilja, ali i selekcijom sojeva otpornih prema fitopatogenima i ostalim štetočinama. Međutim, intenzivna primena hemijskih sredstava u biljnoj proizvodnji dovodi do zagađenja životne sredine i ugrožavanja zdravstvene bezbednosti hrane. Iz navedenih razloga, preporučuje se primena bioloških preparata (biopesticida), kao ekološki prihvatljivog načina upravljanja biljnim bolestima i životnom sredinom. Cilj ovog rada je da se, uvidom u naučnu literaturu i istraživanja, opiše antibakterijska aktivnost etarskih ulja biljaka i mogućnosti njihove primene kao biopesticida u biljnoj proizvodnji. U ovom preglednom radu, analizirana je dostupna literatura. Rezultati brojnih sprovedenih in vitro i in vivo naučnih istraživanja ukazuju da etarska ulja biljaka ispoljavaju snažne antibakterijske efekte na fitopatogene bakterije, uzročnike biljnih bolesti, kao i da se mogu uspešno koristiti u biljnoj proizvodnj
Classification of Four-Dimensional CR Submanifolds of the Homogenous Nearly Kähler S^3 × S^3 Which Almost Complex Distribution Is Almost Product Orthogonal on Itself
No full textThe product manifold S^3×S^3, which belongs to the homogenous six-dimensional nearly Kähler manifolds, admits two structures, the almost complex structure J and the almost product structure P. The investigation of embeddings of different classes of CR submanifolds of S^3×S^3 was started some time ago by investigating three-dimensional CR submanifolds. It resulted that the almost product structure P is very important for the study of CR submanifolds of S^3×S^3, since submanifolds characterized by different actions of the almost product structure on base vector fields often appear as a result of the study of some specific types of CR submanifolds. Therefore, the investigation of four-dimensional CR submanifolds of S^3×S^3 is initiated in this article. The main result is the classification of four-dimensional CR submanifolds of S^3×S^3, whose almost complex distribution D1 is almost product orthogonal on itself. First, it was proved that such submanifolds have a non-integrable almost complex distribution, and then it was proved that these submanifolds are locally product manifolds of curves and three-dimensional CR submanifolds of S^3×S^3 of the same type, and they were therefore constructed in this way
Effects of organic agricultural practices on climate change mitigation
No full textAgriculture faces permanent shifts in temperatures and weather variabilities, i.e. climate changes, which significantly affect soil fertility, production stability, and the onset of diseases and pests. These changes can be alleviated and overcome by organic farming, which is based on environmentally friendly practices and the biodiversity conservation. There many advantages of organic farming including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improvement of soil quality, and the increase of ecosystem resistance to drought and soil erosion. Crop rotation, the use of compost and green manure, as organic farming practices provide healthier agroecosystems. Nevertheless, organic production also tackles difficulties, such as reduced yields and susceptibility to extreme weather conditions. Strategies such as crop diversification, agroforestry, and the integrated pest management can improve the system of resistance against these difficulties. This paper presents the analyses of the organic agriculture prospects in terms of climate change, underlining its role in sustainable production and the necessity to better contemporary practices and policies
The non-parametric estimation of 1000-seed weight stability of maize inbred lines
No full textThe present study encompassed the estimation of 1000-seed weight stability of 12 maize
inbred lines with three different types of cytoplasm: cytoplasmic male sterility - type C (cms
C), type S (cms-S) and fertile cytoplasm. The trials were carried out at two locations in
Zemun (Selekciono polje and Školsko dobro) in 2020 and 2021 according to a randomised
complete block design with tree replications for each type of cytoplasm. The 1000-seed
weight ranged from 277.8 to 368.0 g, 264.5 to 349.8 g and from 259.8 to 373.3 g in inbreds
with C, S cytoplasm and fertile cytoplasm, respectively. Stability parameters (Si(1) - mean
rank difference and Si(2) - rank variance) were used to estimate the stability of genotypes,
while tests of significance Si(1) and Si(2) indicated statistically significant differences in the
1000-seed weight among genotypes. The inbreds L10 and L7 were the most and the least
stable, respectively, within the group with C cytoplasm. In relation to inbreds with S
cytoplasm, L10 was also the most sable, while L12 was the least stable. Moreover, the inbred
L10 was also the most stable among the inbreds with fertile cytoplasm, while the inbred L6
was the least stable. The graphic analysis showed different stability intervals among groups,
while the critical values of the χ² test confirmed the validity of the applied non-parametric
methods. The results emphasise the importance of using non-parametric measures of stability
for the precise assessment of adaptability and consistency of seed weight in various maize
genotypes, which is important for breeding and selection and for a further development of
stable inbred lines under changeable agro-ecological conditions
Climatic influence on the phenological development of cultivated Allium ursinum L. in the Mačva Region
No full textAllium ursinum L. (wild garlic) is a perennial herbaceous species belonging to the family
Amaryllidaceae, widely recognized for its medicinal, nutritional, and culinary value. Owing to
its rich phytochemical composition and increasing market demand, the interest in its
systematic cultivation has been rising. However, the achievement of stable and economically
viable yields remains constrained by pronounced climatic variability. This study aimed to
assess the impact of climatic fluctuations on the phenological development of cultivated A.
ursinum. The field trial was conducted in the agroecological conditions of the Šabac–Loznica
region (44°39'41.8"N, 19°20'55.2"E), on loam soil, using vegetative propagation through bulb
division in October 2020. Throughout five consecutive growing seasons (2021–2025), the
progression of key phenophases emergence, vegetative growth, flowering, and senescence
was monitored. Microclimatic parameters (air temperature and relative humidity) were
recorded daily using automated data loggers, while precipitation data were sourced from the
Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (RHMZS). The results indicated statistically
significant interannual differences in phenophase duration and reproductive output (ANOVA,
p < 0.05). Compared to the 30-year climatic baseline (1991–2020), February temperatures
exceeded the average by up to 2.8 °C, whereas in April 2025 minimum temperatures dropped
to –7 °C. Precipitation totals ranged from 15.8 to 73.6 mm, and relative humidity from 68% to
81%. Thermal and drought stress during the 2022 and 2024 seasons led to a reduction in seed
capsule formation of up to 72%, while vegetative regeneration declined by 50%. Flowering
and senescence were identified as the phenological stages most susceptible to climatic
extremes. These findings emphasize the adverse effects of climate variability on the
phenological performance and productivity of A. ursinum, underscoring the necessity for
adaptive cultivation strategies under increasingly unpredictable environmental conditions