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Beyond the promise: Exploring the complex interactions of nanoparticles within biological systems
No full textThe exploration of nanoparticle applications is filled with promise, but their impact on the environment and human health raises growing concerns. These tiny environmental particles can enter the human body through various routes, such as the respiratory system, digestive tract, skin absorption, intravenous injection, and implantation. Once inside, they can travel to distant organs via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. This journey often results in nanoparticles adhering to cell surfaces and being internalized. Upon entering cells, nanoparticles can provoke significant structural and functional changes. They can potentially disrupt critical cellular processes, including damaging cell membranes and cytoskeletons, impairing mitochondrial function, altering nuclear structures, and inhibiting ion channels. These disruptions can lead to widespread alterations by interfering with complex cellular signaling pathways, potentially causing cellular, organ, and systemic impairments. This article delves into the factors influencing how nanoparticles behave in biological systems. These factors include the nanoparticles' size, shape, charge, and chemical composition, as well as the characteristics of the cells and their surrounding environment. It also provides an overview of the impact of nanoparticles on cells, organs, and physiological systems and discusses possible mechanisms behind these adverse effects. Understanding the toxic effects of nanoparticles on physiological systems is crucial for developing safer, more effective nanoparticlebased technologies
Plasmonic nanomaterial-enhanced fluorescence and Raman sensors: Multifunctional platforms and applications
No full textPlasmonic nanomaterials could improve various optical performance including fluorescence emission, Raman scattering, infrared absorption, etc. Among them, plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) can realize highsensitivity sensing and super -resolution imaging quickly, but with inferior multiplexed detection capability. Surface -enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can offer fingerprint -like spectra for multiplexing, but its imaging speed and resolution are limited. The PEF-SERS integrated sensors could congregate their individual strengths while overcoming inherent weaknesses. Specifically, they can use fluorescence signals to rapidly screen out "suspicious" locations within numerous samples or a broad area, and then conduct multi -peak SERS measurements there to gather more detailed information. Besides, cross -verification of PEF and SERS results is possible to realize self -correction. Hence, many existing issues could be addressed including sensitivity, accuracy, speed, and multiplexing. Attracted by these superior advantages, we review here the interaction between plasmonic nanomaterials and fluorescence/Raman probes to explain enhancement mechanisms, the construction strategies for plasmonic substrates with better PEF-SERS performance, different modes for transforming analyte's information into measurable optical signals, as well as the main application in substance research, disease diagnosis, cell imaging, drug delivery. We believe, a deeper understanding of the state -of -arts of multifunctional plasmonic platforms could provide a generic guideline for their future development and practical application
Characteristics and models of anthropogenic disturbances on islands from perspective of coastline: Extensive cases from Indian Ocean and mediterranean sea
No full textThe negative impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on the ecology of small island states or regions are important topics mentioned by United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. This study used the coastline as an indicator to analyze four parameters (the annual variation rate of the artificial coastline length, the index of coastline utilization degree, the index of coastline type diversity, and the standard deviation ellipse of the latter two indicators) to study the changing characteristics of coastal development and utilization of over 13,000 islands, revealing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and patterns of human disturbance in island coastal zones. The results indicated that:(1) The spatial-temporal patterns of coastline length and structure undergone significant changes. The length of artificial coastline increased, while natural coastline decreased. The most pronounced change in the artificial coastline was the proliferation of aquaculture embankments, and the most drastic changes occurred in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia.(2) The intensity of coastal development and utilization, as well as the diversity of coastline types, showed an upward trend on the islands. (3) The centroid of coastline utilization degree and type diversity both shifted southeastward by 59.53 km and 931.05 km, respectively. (4) The anthropogenic disturbance patterns on the islands primarily included land reclamation and occupation of original wetland systems. Our study revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics and multiple scenario patterns of anthropogenic disturbance on islands at a large spatial scale from 1990 to 2020, and we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between anthropogenic disturbance factors and changes in the coastline of islands. Islands are currently facing significant pressures from development and conservation. This work is of great significance for the study of sustainable development and management of islands experiencing highintensity human activities
Functional Microorganisms Drive the Formation of Black-Odorous Waters
No full textBlack-odorous waters are water bodies that are noticeably abnormal in color or emit unpleasant odors. River water pollution and ecological degradation have gradually emerged with urbanization and rapid economic development, and BOW has become frequent. The black-odorous evolution of urban water bodies is a serious environmental problem in many areas, posing a serious threat to both human health and the ecological environment. Functional microorganisms are closely related to the formation of black-odorous phenomena in water bodies, but the understanding of the mechanisms by which functional microorganisms influence the formation of BOW is very limited. In this study, water samples from the Guangdang River in Yantai, Shandong Province, China, were collected as the bacterial solution in the study, and how environmental factors and functional microorganisms affect the formation of black smelly water was investigated by artificially simulating black smelly water. The results indicated that different environmental factors have different effects on the formation of BOW. Anaerobic conditions accelerated the formation of BOW, and species diversity and species abundance were lowest under this condition. Hydraulic disturbance and nitrate effectively mitigated the BOW phenomenon, in which species diversity and species abundance were higher; controlling either of these variables was effective in mitigating the BOW phenomenon. Desulfobacterota played a key role in the formation of BOW, and reducing the proportion of Desulfobacterota in the microbial community could effectively improve the water quality. Possible directions of electron transfer in the process were hypothesized. This study contributes to identifying the biological driving factors for black-odorous evolution, presents insight for preventing BOW formation, and provides a scientific basis for subsequent BOW management
Sulfides in waters could be converted to pyrites through mineralization with Fe/MgO/Ni(II) promotion
No full textCurrent sulfide removal techniques are generally associated with secondary pollution. In this work, Fe/MgO/Ni (II) system was constructed to remove sulfide from waters thoroughly by transforming it into stable pyrite (FeS2). The transformation could be finished quickly through the promotion of Ni2+ at all pH conditions, and the optimal Ni/Fe molar ratio was 1.0. The FeS2 could be formed in 360 min and the reaction was finished at 600 min when the initial concentration of sulfide and Ni2+ was 181.95 mg/L and 164.52 mg/L, respectively. The highest content of SO42- was merely 2.06 %, while the content of S2O32- /SO32- increased with reaction (56.99 %-67.21 %) in the whole process. The content of sulfide and Ni2+ in the solution were not detected after reaction. The mineralization process was not affected by sodium salt addition, however, it was greatly affected by calcium salt, where the ascensional range of S2O32-/SO32- and SO42- was 50.03 %-70.06 % and 9.84 %-14.76 %, respectively, and the content of sulfide on Fe/MgO was only 14.66 %. Higher temperature would produce more SO42- and H+. The rapid formation mechanism of FeS2 was mainly through Ni2+ substituting Fe in FeS to form Ni-doped FeS precursors that reacted with polysulfide and then promoted the nucleation of FeS2, in the meantime, the reaction to form S2O32-/SO32-, SO42-, Ni(OH)2 and H+ also were generated in this process. This study provides a new insight for the efficient treatment of sulfide containing wastewater
Fuzzy graph convolutional network for hyperspectral image classification
No full text-Graph convolutional network (GCN) has attracted much attention in the field of hyperspectral image classification for its excellent feature representation and convolution on arbitrarily structured non-Euclidean data. However, most state-of-the-art methods build a graph utilize the distance measure, which makes it challenging to fully characterize the complex relationship of hyperspectral remote sensing data. Moreover, the hyperspectral image usually has uncertainty introduced by the problems of the spectral variability and noise interference. This article uses fuzzy theory to optimize the GCN and thus solve the uncertainty problem in hyperspectral images, and presents a novel fuzzy graph convolutional network (F-GCN) for hyperspectral image classification. By calculating the fuzzy similarity of samples, a robust graph is first built rather than using the traditional Euclidean distance method, which allows a better representation of the complex relationship between hyperspectral remote sensing data. Furthermore, the proposed network introduces fuzzy layers into the model to cope with the ambiguity of the hyperspectral image. Finally, the classification results for three real-world hyperspectral data sets to show its feasibility and effectiveness in hyperspectral image classification
Drought reduces nitrogen supply and N<sub>2</sub>O emission in coastal bays
No full textSevere droughts are increasingly prevalent under global climate change, disrupting watershed hydrology and coastal nitrogen cycling. However, the specific effects of drought on nitrogen transport from land to sea and subsequent nitrogen dynamics remain inadequately understood. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of the 2020-2022 drought on nitrogen supply and N2O emissions in Xiamen Bay, Southeast China. The results showed that drought significantly reduced annual NH4N, NO2N, and NO3N concentrations in Xiamen Bay by 49.4 %, 32.1 %, and 40.3 %, respectively, compared with the pre-drought year of 2019. The decline in NH4N concentration was mainly attributed to reduced surface runoff across all seasons. NO3N and NO2N concentrations declined only during spring and summer, primarily due to increased potential evapotranspiration (PET) hindering nitrogen supply via groundwater and concurrently enhancing land denitrification. Annual N2O emission from Xiamen Bay decreased by 40.0 similar to 72.7 % during the drought, highly correlated with the decline in the concentrations of NO3N, DIN, and DTN (p < 0.001). Comparative analysis revealed that NO3N concentration exhibited consistent negative linear regressions with PET and declined as evaporative demand drought conditions worsened across Xiamen Bay, Sansha Bay, and Chesapeake Bay throughout 2010-2022. NH4N concentration showed a positive regression with river discharge in Xiamen Bay, but negative regressions in the other two bays. Our results indicates that drought reduces N2O emission primarily driven by nitrate substrate reduction in the bay. This study provides new insights for predicting coastal nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions under global environmental change
The impact of organic carbon mineralization on pollution and toxicity of toxic metal in sediments: Yellow Sea and East China Sea study
No full textOrganic carbon mineralization is the main driving force of metal migration and transformation in sediments, greatly influencing the distribution, pollution degree, and toxicity of toxic metals. However, relevant research on this subject is still limited. In this study, the concentration of toxic metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, As) in the solid and liquid phase (porewater) of sediments were measured, toxic metal pollution degree and toxicity of the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) were assessed. Combined with the rate of organic carbon mineralization, the impact of organic carbon mineralization was analyzed. The results showed that Ni was slightly enriched and posed a certain ecological risk, and As was moderately enriched in the studied area, Pb was at a moderate pollution level in the studied area. Zn, Co, Mn, and Fe were at a moderate pollution level in the mud area of SYS and the west coastal area of ECS. Additionally, the total organic carbon mineralization rate (TCMR) in the ECS (5.12-18.04 mmol C m- 2 d- 1) was slightly higher than that in the YS (3.29-14.46 mmol C m- 2 d- 1) during spring. Moreover, organic carbon mineralization promotes metal enrichment, and the TCMR was significantly correlated with the pollution load index. Thus, TCMR can be used as an indicator to predict the degree of metal pollution. Furthermore, organic carbon mineralization promotes the mobilization of Cu from the solid phase to the liquid phase, while facilitating the transfer of Cr, Pb, Co, Ni, and Fe from the liquid phase to the solid phase. This process increases the potential risks of Cu and reduces the toxicity of Cr, Pb, Co, Ni, and Fe. Therefore, the impact of organic carbon mineralization should be considered in future assessments and predictions of toxic metal pollution and toxicity
Combinatorial accumulation, stress response, detoxification and synaptic transmission effects of cadmium and selenium in clams <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>
No full textThis study investigated the toxicological effects and mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) (5 and 50 mu g/L) and selenium (Se) (3 and 30 mu g/L) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the gills and digestive glands of clams Ruditapes philippinarum. Results indicated that Cd and Se could tissue-specifically impact osmoregulation, energy metabolism, and synaptic transmission in the gills and digestive glands of clams. After exposure to 50 mu g/L Cd, the digestive glands of clams up-regulated the expression of methionine-gamma-lyase and metallothionein for detoxification. Clam digestive glands exposed to 3 mu g/L Se up-regulated the expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase to alleviate oxidative stress, and down-regulated the expression of selenide-water dikinase to reduce the conversion of inorganic Se. Additionally, the interaction mode between Cd and Se largely depended on their molar ratio, with a ratio of 11.71 (50 mu g/L Cd + 3 mu g/L Se) demonstrated to be particularly harmful, as manifested by significantly more lesions, oxidative stress, and detoxification demand in clams than those exposed to Cd or Se alone. Collectively, this study revealed the complex interaction patterns and mechanisms of Cd and Se on clams, providing a reference for exploring their single and combined toxicity
Combinatorial accumulation, stress response, detoxification and synaptic transmission effects of cadmium and selenium in clams <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>
No full textThis study investigated the toxicological effects and mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) (5 and 50 mu g/L) and selenium (Se) (3 and 30 mu g/L) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the gills and digestive glands of clams Ruditapes philippinarum. Results indicated that Cd and Se could tissue-specifically impact osmoregulation, energy metabolism, and synaptic transmission in the gills and digestive glands of clams. After exposure to 50 mu g/L Cd, the digestive glands of clams up-regulated the expression of methionine-gamma-lyase and metallothionein for detoxification. Clam digestive glands exposed to 3 mu g/L Se up-regulated the expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase to alleviate oxidative stress, and down-regulated the expression of selenide-water dikinase to reduce the conversion of inorganic Se. Additionally, the interaction mode between Cd and Se largely depended on their molar ratio, with a ratio of 11.71 (50 mu g/L Cd + 3 mu g/L Se) demonstrated to be particularly harmful, as manifested by significantly more lesions, oxidative stress, and detoxification demand in clams than those exposed to Cd or Se alone. Collectively, this study revealed the complex interaction patterns and mechanisms of Cd and Se on clams, providing a reference for exploring their single and combined toxicity