Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Task difficulty modulates the effect of mind wandering on phase dynamics
No full textMind wandering attenuates widespread sensory and motor processing, both of which are mediated by phase coherence. However, it remains unclear i) whether mind wandering impacts both sensory input and motor output processing by modulating ii) neural entrainment to external stimuli, as measured by intertrial phase coherence (ITPC), and specifically iii) whether task difficulty with different degrees of attentional demands moderates the impact of mind wandering on phase coherence. Using the thought- probe method, we assessed participants' attentional states during different sensory and motor tasks with varying task difficulty. We found that mind wandering decreased ITPC exclusively in less demanding tasks but not in difficult ones, regardless of whether the tasks involved visual input or motor output processing. Our results suggest that external task difficulty may modulate the balance between external and internal cognitive processing (e.g., mind wandering), with simpler tasks facilitating internally oriented cognition and increasing mind wandering. This balance between internal mind wandering and external task difficulty is mediated, in part, by phase coherence, which serves as an underlying neural mechanism. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that phase coherence and its dynamics (ITPC) play a key role in mediating the reciprocal balance of internal and external cognition-this suggests their partly shared cognitive- executive resources as entailed by the recently proposed Baseline model of cognition
Love at first glance: Imbalanced processing to gaming and natural rewards in internet gaming disorder
No full textBackground and aimsIndividuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) exhibit a heightened reward responsiveness to gaming-related rewards, alongside a diminished response to natural rewards. However, the temporal dynamics and neural correlates underlying this imbalanced processing remain unclear.MethodsThis electrophysiological study investigated the neural responses associated with reward processing and their relationship to self-reported reward responsiveness. Using an Incentive Delay Task, we compared neural responses to gaming and monetary rewards between 25 IGD participants and 32 recreational game users (RGUs). Self-reported reward responsiveness was assessed with the Behavioral Approach/Inhibition System (BAS/BIS) scales.ResultsThe IGD group scored higher on the BAS-responsiveness subscale. Correlation analysis indicated that enhanced BAS-responsiveness was associated with automatic attention (N1) to gaming feedback, but not with feedback monitoring (FRN) or emotional arousal (LPP). No such correlation was found in the monetary condition. Following initial automatic attention, the IGD group demonstrated selective feedback monitoring (FRN) for gaming rewards while neglecting monetary feedback.Discussion and ConclusionsGaming stimuli automatically capture the attention of individuals with IGD, triggering less top-down monitoring of other potential positive feedback. These findings suggest that attentional bias toward game-related stimuli serves as a sensitive biological marker of heightened reward responsiveness in individuals with IGD.</p
Factors influencing public support for individual low-carbon behavior reward system in China: role of climate change perceptions and macroeconomic expectations
No full textGovernments worldwide promote harmonizing economic and green development. As an emerging policy in the climate area, China's individual low-carbon behavioral reward system (ILBRS) exemplifies integrating economic incentives with environmental psychology, showing promising results in mitigating carbon emissions. However, existing research on public support for ILBRS lacks an integrated perspective, particularly regarding the dual role of economic and psychological factors. This study explores the dual effects of macroeconomic expectations and climate change perceptions on ILBRS. Through a nationwide panel survey over one year, we analyzed data from two large samples at T1 (N = 2,322) and T2 (N = 1,169) using the attitude-behavior-context model. Results showed that climate change beliefs and impact perceptions (attitude) significantly predicted ILBRS support (behavior). In three regression models (two cross-sectional and one longitudinal), macroeconomic expectations (context) present a stable and significant predictive validity for ILBRS support. Our findings provide practical suggestions for policy makers. Through reasonable climate change knowledge dissemination and coordination between macroeconomic development and climate governance, it can help the government guide the public to support ILBRS policies and build a low-carbon society
Abnormalities of gray matter volume and structural covariance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: implications for clinical correlations
No full textAttention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study investigated brain structural differences in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Our sample included 199 ADHD children (114 ADHD-predominantly inattentive; 85 ADHD-combined presentation subtypes) and 94 typically developing controls. All participants completed clinical assessments and MRI scans. We conducted whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, structural covariance analysis, and clinical correlation. We used Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) to compare gray matter volume (GMV) and structural covariance between the ADHD subgroups and typically developing children. We also analyzed correlations between structural covariance and clinical symptoms. The results showed significant GMV differences, particularly in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia, among ADHD subtypes and typically developing children. Compared to controls, children with ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) exhibited significantly larger GMV in the right precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, and left cingulate gyrus, while children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) exhibited larger GMV in the right cingulate gyrus. Within the ADHD subtypes, ADHD-C children displayed larger GMV in the left caudate nucleus compared to ADHD-I children. Structural covariance analysis highlighted the altered connectivity patterns, involving the striatum and regions within the default mode network. Correlation analysis indicated associations between altered brain structures and symptoms, cognitive abilities, and social functioning. Our findings suggested that specific brain regions are implicated in ADHD pathology and associated with clinical symptoms, paving ways for developing diagnostic markers and future interventions
Childbearing in the age of AI: Can robot-provided support influence fertility intentions?
No full textThe evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and its capacity to provide social support may influence fertility decisions from a cost-benefit perspective, as AI companionship could partially compensate for the emotional and instrumental support traditionally derived from offspring. To examine this possibility, we conducted two online experiments using video priming (Study 1) and writing priming (Study 2) to assess whether AI-provided support influences fertility intentions and motivations. Study 1 revealed that participants with more positive attitudes toward situations of interaction with robots reported decreased fertility intentions following exposure to human-robot interaction videos. Meanwhile, Study 2 found that participants with more positive attitudes toward emotional interactions with robots exhibited increased fertility intentions after imagining AI companionship during an illness scenario. We propose that these divergent effects stem from distinct cognitive frameworks: when an AI robot is perceived as a substitute for human support, it may diminish the anticipated benefits of having children, thereby reducing fertility intentions. However, when viewed as a human assistant, an AI robot may lower the perceived costs of childrearing, thus enhancing fertility intentions. These findings provide a novel insight into how human-robot interactions may influence individuals’ desire to have children, potentially contributing to long-term demographic shifts. They also highlight the need for further investigation into AI’s role in shaping attitudes toward family formation and social sustainability.</p
Brain Driving: Personalizing Vehicle Speed With DR-EEG Decoding and Situational Embeddings
No full textDriving is a complex and personalized endeavor that entails the brain processing sensory information amidst continuously changing situations. Here, we sought to explore the potential of an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based decision-making approach for predicting personalized driving behavior. Driving behavior data and EEG signals were collected simultaneously from 133 participants. Our analysis revealed that the time-frequency cross mutual information (TFCMI) serves as an effective driving-related EEG (DR-EEG) feature capable of describing the correlation between brain regions irrespective of their physical proximity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that incorporating situational embeddings yielded a significant improvement in predictive performance of 27.28%. Notably, our results highlighted the impact of individualized differences in brain cognition and situational perception, which enable individual models to outperform general models, with an average of R2 = 0.982. We found that the activation of neural connections associated with the frontal and left temporal lobes appears to be of paramount importance in driving decision-making. These findings suggest that integrating individual brain and situational knowledge into the computational decision-making framework of driving holds immense promise for deploying driving-related brain-computer interactions (BCIs) and developing personalized intelligent driving systems.</p
Language Use in Chinese University Students With Depressive Symptoms
No full textThis study examined the language use in Chinese university students with depressive symptoms based on negative and positive memory recall tasks. People with depression used more first-person singular pronouns in the negative memory task and more negative words in both memory tasks.</p
The Influence and Mechanisms of Social Isolation on Financial Fraud Victimization Among Older Adults
No full text随着我国人口老龄化的加剧，老年人金融诈骗受害问题日益凸显，成为亟待解决的社会问题。金融诈骗不仅给老年人带来巨大的经济损失，还对其心理健康和社会稳定造成严重影响。社会隔离被认为是影响老年人金融诈骗受害的一个重要因素。本研究采用多方法和多数据来源，考察了社会隔离对老年人金融诈骗受害的影响及其机制。
研究一以中国健康与养老追踪调查（China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, CHARLS）数据库第四轮数据中的 7647 名 60 岁以上老年人为研究对象，利用 SPSS26.0 进行数据处理，分析社会隔离对老年人金融诈骗受害的影响。
研究二通过问卷星线上调查，以 694 名 60 岁以上的城市社区居民为对象，引入受骗易感性这一新变量，具体考察社会隔离对老年人金融诈骗受害的影响，以及受骗易感性对上述关系的中介作用。该项研究使用的问卷包括 Lubben 社会 网络量表、受骗易感性问卷、金融诈骗受害两道题。
研究三采用实验方法考察社会隔离对老年人受骗易感性的影响。将随机抽取的 60 名老年人随机分配到实验组和对照组。实验组采用自传体回忆范式启动被试的社会隔离状态，对照组进行一般历史事件的回忆。在实验后测量所有被试的社会隔离得分，将被试对诈骗短信的辨认正确率和对短信链接的点击概率评分作 为受骗易感性的量化指标。
研究四选择有实际金融诈骗受害经历的 18 名老年人作为被试，基于半结构化访谈提纲对他们进行了访谈，再次验证社会隔离与受骗易感性对老年人金融诈骗受害的影响，还发现了其他的重要因素，如：计算能力、侥幸心理和经济压力大等。
本研究综合运用量化与质性数据，揭示了社会隔离在老年人金融诈骗受害的重要作用机制，以及受骗易感性在其中的中介作用，并提出了“社会隔离-受骗易感性-金融诈骗受害”的作用机制模型，以系统地解释社会隔离在老年人群体中的影响机制。为理解老年人金融诈骗受害的社会心理机制提供了新的视角，通过增强社会支持、降低社会隔离状态和提升老年人辨认金融问题的能力，可以有效降低其金融诈骗受害的风险。这一结论不仅为相关政策制定提供了科学依据，也为社区和家庭层面的干预措施提供了明确的方向，有助于构建更加完善的老年人保护机制，促进积极老龄化目标的实现。</p
The Impact of Helping Behavior on Helpers and Non-helpers Under External Pressure: The Individual-Group Valence Separation Effect
No full text助人行为既可能给施助者带来积极影响，也可能带来消极影响，助人动机在其中起着关键作用。已有研究表明，自主助人通常正向影响施助者心理状态，而受控助人则可能产生负面效应。但现有研究较少细分受控助人的类型，且主要关注施助者，忽视了未施助者的心理体验。实际上，不同外部压力条件下的受控助人不仅可能对施助者产生不同影响，进而改变其后续实施助人行为的可能性，也可能影响未施助者的心理状态，甚至促使其突破外部压力所带来的限制，这对助人行为的持续发展、个体的心理健康等都具有较强的现实意义。因此，本研究将受控助人细分为三种情况：群体积极刻板印象下的助人行为、个体积极评价下的助人行为、以及指令性规范下的助人行为，进一步探讨这些外部压力下的助人行为对施助者的影响是否会产生个体-群体效价分离效应，即助人行为对施助者的个体心理状态（情绪和基本心理需要）产生了消极影响，但却提升了其对群体的贡献感知；同时也考察对于未施助者，这些外部压力如何影响其个体心理状态和群体贡献感知，是否也存在个体-群体效价分离效应，即在外部压力下未施助时个体的心理状态产生了积极的变化，但其对群体贡献的感知却会降低。
研究一（N = 146）采用实验室实验法，在帮助陌生人填写 30 分钟问卷的助人情景下探讨外部压力（积极刻板印象）下助人行为对个体情绪和基本心理需要（自主性需要、效能感需要和关系性需要）的影响。结果显示，助人组中，外部压力负向影响个体基本心理需要中的关系性感知，积极刻板印象下个体感知的关系性显著更低；而不助组中，外部压力则对个体基本心理需要中的自主性和关系性感知都产生了积极影响，积极刻板印象下个体感知的自主性和关系性显著更高。
研究二（N = 261）仍采用实验室实验法，在金钱捐助情景下探讨外部压力（积极刻板印象）下助人行为对个体心理状态（个体情绪、基本心理需要）和群体心理状态（群体贡献感知）的影响，考察在积极刻板印象这种涉及群体的外部压力下，助人行为的影响是否会产生个体－群体效价分离效应。结果与研究一不同，在助人组中，外部压力对个体基本心理需要中的关系性感知产生了积极影响，提供积极刻板印象时个体感知的关系性显著更高；在不助组中，未发现外部压力对个体和群体心理状态的显著影响。因此，研究二没有发现外部压力下助人行为影响的个体-群体效价分离效应。
研究三（N = 318）采用线上实验，继续在金钱捐助情景下探讨外部压力（积极刻板印象/指令性规范）下助人行为对个体心理状态和群体心理状态的影响，比较道德绑架（积极刻板印象）和直接绑架（指令性规范）两种受控条件下助人行为的影响是否存在差异，并考察在这两种涉及群体的外部压力下，助人行为的影响是否会产生个体－群体效价分离效应。结果显示，在助人组中，未发现外部压力对个体和群体心理状态的显著影响；而在不助组中，与没有外部压力的控制组比，外部压力对个体情绪产生了积极影响，提供指令性规范时个体的积极情绪下降幅度更小。与之相反，外部压力对群体贡献感知则产生了消极影响，提供积极刻板印象时群体贡献的感知下降幅度更大。因此，在不助组中，发现了外部压力影响的个体-群体效价分离效应。
研究四（N = 511）采用线上实验，仍然在金钱捐助情景下探讨外部压力（积极刻板印象/个体积极评价）下助人行为对个体心理状态和群体心理状态的影响，考察夸赞群体（积极刻板印象）和夸赞个体（个体积极评价）两种受控条件下，助人行为的影响是否存在个体-群体效价分离效应。结果显示，在助人组中，与没有外部压力的控制组比，外部压力对个体基本心理需要中的感知自主性产生了消极影响，提供积极刻板印象时施助者感知的自主性更低；但外部压力对群体贡献感知却产生了积极影响，提供积极刻板印象时施助者对他们的群体贡献感知更高；显示出了外部压力影响的个体-群体效价分离效应。而在不助组中，虽然涉 及群体的外部压力（积极刻板印象）没有对个体和群体的心理状态产生显著影响，但涉及个体的外部压力（个体积极评价）对个体情绪产生了积极影响，与没有外部压力的控制组比，提供个体积极评价时未施助者的积极情绪的提升更多，消极情绪的下降也更多，与此同时，只涉及个体的外部压力（个体积极评价）不会对群体心理状态产生影响；这也体现出另一种外部压力影响的个体-群体效价分离效应，即涉及群体的外部压力对个体和群体心理状态均会产生影响，但涉及个体的外部压力只影响个体的心理状态，不会对群体心理状态产生影响。
总体而言，本研究发现外部压力在助人行为中对施助者和未施助者的影响均会产生个体-群体效价分离效应，且这一效应可能因外部压力的类型不同而存在差异。该结果丰富了外部压力下助人行为影响的研究，将影响对象由施助者扩展到了未施助者，并将影响结果拓展到了个体和群体两个层面，为通过施加外部压力干预助人行为时如何在影响个体心理健康和群体贡献间寻找平衡提供指导，有利于助人行为的长期可持续性发展。</p
Invisible and Visible Processing of Facial Attractiveness in Implicit Tasks: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
No full textFacial attractiveness can be automatically perceived in implicit tasks when the faces are visible. Nonetheless, to date, it is poorly understood to what extent facial attractiveness can be processed when faces are invisible. It is also worth exploring the differences between visible and invisible processing of facial attractiveness. To address these issues, the event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded when participants were presented with attractive and unattractive faces under invisible condition (continuous flash suppression paradigm; CFS) and visible condition (gender judgment task). The results indicated that attractive faces elicited a larger P1 amplitude (110-150 ms) compared to unattractive faces, regardless of whether the faces were visible. Attractive faces also elicited a larger N170 amplitude (150-190 ms) compared to unattractive faces under the visible condition. Furthermore, visible faces elicited larger P1 and N250/early posterior negativity (EPN) amplitudes as compared to invisible faces. But only under the attractive condition, the visible faces elicited a larger N170 than the invisible faces. The present study suggested that facial attractiveness can be automatically perceived in the early stage regardless of visibility, although attractiveness processing was somewhat reduced in the absence of visual awareness.</p
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