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Information-Theoretic Dual Memory System for continual learning
No full textThe ability to continuously acquire new knowledge from a dynamic environment is fundamental for animal survival and adaptation. This process, known as continual learning (CL), emphasizes learning a sequence of tasks without compromising previously acquired knowledge. A common strategy for CL is to store key data samples from earlier tasks in a fixed-size memory buffer. However, most existing memory-based methods rely on a single buffer, making it difficult to manage newly acquired samples and previously learned samples simultaneously. Inspired by the theory of complementary learning systems (CLS), which distinguishes between fast and incremental learning mechanisms, this paper proposes a novel dual-memory architecture called Information-Theoretic Dual Memory System (ITDMS). The system consists of a fast memory buffer for temporarily storing new samples and a slow memory buffer for retaining key informative data. The fast memory buffer is managed by efficient storage sampling. To enhance the slow memory buffer, this paper introduces a new information-theoretic optimization strategy that selectively retains diverse and informative samples. In addition, a balanced sample selection mechanism is also proposed that automatically identifies and removes redundant samples, thereby freeing up memory space for new data and achieving scalability across more tasks. Our approach has been evaluated through extensive CL experiments. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed ITDMS can effectively improve learning performance while maintaining memory efficiency
Dissociation of Stimulus Representation and Response Selection in Conflict Processing of Multiple Frames of Reference
No full textHumans use multiple frames of reference (FORs) to represent spatial information, for example, one egocentric FOR (anchored on the observer) and various intrinsic FORs (anchored on the objects in the environment). Previous studies have shown that the cognitive resource competition of FORs will lead to FOR-based conflicts (e.g., egocentric-intrinsic, intrinsic-intrinsic) and their interactions. However, it remains unclear whether these conflicts and their interactions occur during the cognitive process stage of stimulus-representation, response-selection, or both. In our study, on the basis of a modified two-cannon task, the spatial congruency and response congruency of two cannons (intrinsic FORs anchored) were manipulated to localize the two process stages of intrinsic-intrinsic conflict. The results revealed that intrinsic-intrinsic conflict was affected by both factors, indicating that response time (RT) in the spatially incongruent condition was longer than that in the spatially congruent condition and that RT in the response incongruent condition was longer than that in the response congruent condition. Furthermore, an interaction between egocentric-intrinsic and intrinsic-intrinsic conflicts was observed, showing that the egocentric-intrinsic conflict did not change between the spatially congruent and incongruent conditions but increased from the response congruent condition to the response incongruent condition. These findings suggest that intrinsic-intrinsic conflict occurs in both the stimulus-representation and response-selection stages, whereas egocentric-intrinsic conflict occurs only in the response-selection stage. The two conflicts share a common conflict processing mechanism in the response-selection stage.</p
Mapping electrophysiological connectivity of pulvinar in seizure propagation and neuromodulation
No full textObjectiveThe pulvinar is increasingly recognized as a promising target for neuromodulation in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Despite growing interest, empirical evidence substantiating the efficacy and mechanism of its deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with epilepsy remains scarce. This study endeavors to address this knowledge gap by investigating the electrophysiological properties of pulvinar.MethodsWe enrolled 35 patients with DRE who underwent stereoelectroencephalography with electrodes extended to the pulvinar and analyzed the pulvinar's involvement in seizures originating from different brain lobes. Repeated single electrical pulse stimulation (RSEPS) was employed to map the connectivity of the pulvinar. We also evaluated the effect of pulvinar DBS on interictal epileptic discharges within the epileptogenic zone.ResultsWe observed that greater involvement of the pulvinar exists in temporal lobe epilepsy, with the medial pulvinar (PuM) showing stronger engagement. Findings with RSEPS highlighted significant connections from the PuM to parietal, occipital, and temporal regions, as well as robust connections from the mesial temporal lobes to PuM. Lastly, we found high-frequency stimulation (140-150 Hz) of PuM significantly reduced interictal epileptic discharges.SignificanceOur study supports emerging evidence for pulvinar involvement in seizure propagation. The data with RSEPS also map PuM causal connectivity in the human brain. Although the clinical utility of pulvinar neuromodulation in patients with DRE remains to be determined by prospective clinical trials, our findings provide a convincing link between PuM neuromodulation and the reduction of epileptic activity
Long-term musical training can protect against age-related upregulation of neural activity in speech-in-noise perception
No full textDuring cognitive tasks, older adults often show increased frontoparietal neural activity and functional connectivity. Cognitive reserve accrued from positive life choices like long-term musical training can provide additional neural resources to help cope with the effect of aging. However, the relationship between cognitive reserve and upregulated neural activity in older adults remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a speech-in-noise task and assessed whether cognitive reserve accumulated from long-term musical training bolsters or holds back age-related increase in neural activity. Older musicians exhibited less upregulation of task-induced functional connectivity than older non-musicians in auditory dorsal regions, which predicted better behavioral performance in older musicians. Furthermore, older musicians demonstrated more youth-like spatial patterns of functional connectivity, as compared to older non-musicians. Our findings show that cognitive reserve accrued through long-term music training holds back age-related neural recruitment during speech-in-noise perception and enlighten the intricate interplay between cognitive reserve and age-related upregulated activity during cognitive tasks
Parvalbumin and Somatostatin Neurons in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Modulate Visual Information Processing in V1 of Mouse
No full textThe thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding, even at the earliest stages of visual processing, as evidenced by numerous studies. Orientation selectivity, a vital neural response, is essential for detecting objects through edge perception. Here, we demonstrate that somatostatin (SOM)-expressing and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in the TRN project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and modulate orientation selectivity and the capacity for visual information processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). These findings show that SOM-positive and PV-positive neurons in the TRN are powerful modulators of visual information encoding in V1, revealing a novel role for this thalamic nucleus in influencing visual processing.</p
Identifying Intervention Targets in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Psychopathological Network Among Adolescents: A Simulating Intervention Study
No full textObjective: Network approaches to the pandemic-related psychopathology could help identify the effective targets for interventions in adolescents. However, previous studies involved only limited forms of psychopathology related to stress and trauma and relied on the traditional centrality analysis. This study aimed to identify more effective intervention targets of pandemic-related psychopathological symptoms in a large-scale sample of adolescents using a newly developed network-based simulation intervention technique. Method: Data were yielded from an online survey in China conducted 3 months after the first wave of the pandemic, and participants endorsing at least one pandemic-related psychopathological symptom measured with the Global Psychotrauma Screen for Teenagers (n = 32,932) were included in the analyses. Network structure was estimated using the Ising model. Simulation interventions were implemented using the NodeIdentifyR algorithm. In the NodeIdentifyR algorithm, alleviating or aggravating interventions were implemented by decreasing or increasing the probability of a symptom being present. Results: Psychopathological symptoms were connected tightly, and depressed mood demonstrated the highest strength centrality. The NodeIdentifyR algorithm indicated that restlessness had the strongest projected effect on decreasing the sum score after alleviating interventions, and depressed mood had the strongest projected effect on increasing the sum score after aggravating interventions. Conclusions: Adolescents exposed to the pandemic would experience a range of interacted psychopathological symptoms and depressed mood, and restlessness might serve as a central node in activating and maintaining the symptoms, respectively. These findings contribute to the current understanding of psychopathology among adolescents following the pandemic and inform the development of mental health strategies for this particular population
The Genetic Landscape of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Insights Into the Possible Pathogenesis
No full textBackground and Purpose Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare and severe type of parainfectious encephalopathy. The pathogenesis and genetic features of ANE remain underinvestigated. In this study we aimed to characterize the genetic profiles of ANE, including novel variants and pathways. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 16 ANE patients and 7 controls, collecting clinical data, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, neuroimaging findings, and treatment information. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to investigate potential function-impacting genetic mutations in RANBP2, CPT II, and RNH1. Enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the associated pathways. Results The median age of the ANE patients was 21 years, and viral infections such as SARSCoV-2 and influenza were common triggers. The CSF interleukin-6 level was elevated in four patients (median=598 pg/mL, interquartile range=101-4,000 pg/mL). WES identified 278 lowfrequency variants. Four pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations (p.T585M and p.I656V) and one novel mutation of uncertain significance (p.P2733S) were identified in RANBP2, while the susceptibility alleles of p.F352C and p.V368I in CPT II were detected in three patients. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that, relative to the control group, pathways including nucleocytoplasmic transport, defense response to virus, positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were significantly enriched in ANE patients. Conclusions This study integrated genetic profiles with the clinical characteristics of ANE patients, and revealed the role of RANBP2 as well as the potential involvement of cytokine pathways in ANE pathogenesis
Personal Values and Pro-Environmental Attitude and Behavior: The Moderation Effects of Cultural Factors of Self-Expression
No full text个人价值观是人们在不同情境中都渴望达成的目标，这些目标有主次之分，是个人生活的指导原则。以往研究发现，个人价值观可以预测亲环境态度和行为。具体而言，个体的自我超越价值观和自我提升价值观能够预测其亲环境态度和行为，但以往研究并未得出一致结论。此外，以往研究并未系统探究个人价值观与亲环境态度和行为的关系是否存在跨文化差异。基于此，本研究旨在通过不同的研究方法探究个人价值观与亲环境态度和行为的关系强度和方向，并检验自我表达的文化因素在其中可能存在的调节作用。
研究 1 采用跨国公开数据考察了个人价值观与亲环境态度和行为的关系。其中，研究 1a(N = 83,975)基于世界价值观调查第 5 波的数据，分析了该调查测量的个人价值观、亲环境态度和自我表达价值观变量，以及国家/地区层面的个体主义和文化松紧性的公开数据以检验假设。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境态度，自我提升价值观显著负向预测亲环境态度。此外，在强调自我表达的社会（高自我表达价值观水平、高个体主义水平和紧文化水平低的社会）， 自我超越价值观对亲环境态度的正向预测作用更强；在强调自我表达的社会（高自我表达价值观水平和高个体主义水平的社会），自我提升价值观对亲环境态度 的负向预测作用更强，但文化松紧性对自我提升价值观和亲环境态度之间关系的调节作用并不显著。研究 1b(N = 89,565)基于世界价值观调查第 6 波的数据，分析了该调查测量的个人价值观、亲环境行为和自我表达价值观，以及国家/地区层面的个体主义和文化松紧性的公开数据以检验假设。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境行为，自我提升价值观显著负向预测亲环境行为。此外，在强调自我表达的社会（高自我表达价值观水平、高个体主义水平和紧文化水平更低的社会），自我超越价值观对亲环境行为的正向预测作用更强，而自我提升价值观对亲环境行为的负向预测作用更强。
研究 2 通过问卷调查考察了个人价值观与亲环境态度和行为的关系，并检验了个体水平的个体主义和感知文化松紧性在其中的调节作用。通过 Credamo 平 台招募了 885 名有效成人被试，分别测量了被试的个人价值观、亲环境态度、亲 环境行为、个体主义和感知文化松紧性。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预 测亲环境态度和行为，自我提升价值观显著负向预测亲环境态度和行为。此外，个体水平的个体主义调节了自我超越价值观与亲环境行为之间的关系，即个体主义水平越高时，自我超越价值观对亲环境行为的正向预测作用更强。然而，感知文化松紧性在自我超越价值观与亲环境行为之间的调节效应不显著。同样，本研究发现个体主义和感知文化松紧性在自我提升价值观与亲环境行为关系之间的 调节效应不显著。
研究 3 通过实验范式分别操纵了个体水平的个体主义-集体主义(研究 3a)和文化松紧性(研究3b)，进一步考察两者在个人价值观与亲环境行为关系中的调节 作用。其中，研究 3a 采用单因素设计，最终纳入 433 名被试，实验首先测量被试的个人价值观，然后将被试随机分配至个体主义启动组和集体主义启动组并回答相应的问题，在进行操纵有效性检验后测量被试的亲环境行为。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境行为，但自我提升价值观对亲环境行为的负向预测作用不显著，个体主义-集体主义在自我超越价值观或自我提升价值观和亲环境行为之间关系的调节效应不显著。研究 3b 采用单因素设计，最终纳入 498名被试，实验首先测量被试的个人价值观，然后将被试随机分配至紧文化启动组和松文化启动组并阅读相关材料，在进行操纵有效性检验后测量被试的亲环境行为。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境行为，但自我提升价值观对亲环境行为的负向预测作用不显著，文化松紧性在自我超越价值观或自我提升价值观和亲环境行为之间关系的调节效应不显著。
研究 3 通过实验范式分别操纵了个体水平的个体主义-集体主义(研究 3a)和文化松紧性(研究 3b)，进一步考察两者在个人价值观与亲环境行为关系中的调节 作用。其中，研究 3a 采用单因素设计，最终纳入 433 名被试，实验首先测量被试的个人价值观，然后将被试随机分配至个体主义启动组和集体主义启动组并回答相应的问题，在进行操纵有效性检验后测量被试的亲环境行为。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境行为，但自我提升价值观对亲环境行为的负向预测作用不显著，个体主义-集体主义在自我超越价值观或自我提升价值观和亲环境行为之间关系的调节效应不显著。研究 3b 采用单因素设计，最终纳入 498名被试，实验首先测量被试的个人价值观，然后将被试随机分配至紧文化启动组和松文化启动组并阅读相关材料，在进行操纵有效性检验后测量被试的亲环境行为。结果发现，自我超越价值观显著正向预测亲环境行为，但自我提升价值观对亲环境行为的负向预测作用不显著，文化松紧性在自我超越价值观或自我提升价值观和亲环境行为之间关系的调节效应不显著。
研究 4 通过对现有的实证研究进行系统元分析以考察个人价值观与亲环境态度和行为的关系，并检验一系列社会文化变量（如个体主义、文化松紧性）在其中可能的调节作用。在进行文献检索与筛选后，最终纳入 212 篇文献（共2357 个效应量）进入数据编码与分析。结果发现，自我超越价值观及其基本价值观成分（善意价值观、大同主义价值观、生物圈价值观和利他主义价值观）与亲环境态度和行为显著正相关。调节效应分析发现，自我超越价值观与亲环境行为的正相关关系在个体主义水平更低或紧文化水平更高的社会中更强；自我提升价值观与亲环境态度的负相关关系在个体主义水平更低或紧文化水平更高的社会中更强，与亲环境行为的负相关关系在个体主义水平更低的社会中更强。
总体而言，本文通过跨国二手数据分析、问卷调查、实验研究和元分析共六项研究一致发现，自我超越价值观及其基本成分与亲环境态度和亲环境行为均呈现显著正相关。这一结论为培育亲环境意识与行为提供了科学依据，在理论层面深化了对不同价值观与亲环境行为内在联系的理解。在现实层面，鉴于自我超越价值观对亲环境态度和行为的积极效应，建议在基础教育阶段融入自我超越价值观的培养内容，通过课程设置、校园活动等多元化方式，系统性塑造青少年的价值观体系，为亲环境态度形成奠定基础。</p
Gamified Working Memory Intervention Enhances Prefrontal Neurocognitive Plasticity During Aging
No full textConsidering the critical role of working memory (WM) in age-related cognitive decline, WM interventions are proposed as an effective approach for promoting healthy aging. However, traditional WM interventions often yield limited results, possibly due to a lack of interest and challenge. In light of the recent prominent trend of gamification, this study developed a challenging gamified WM intervention aimed at improving WM and providing extensive cognitive benefits for older adults, along with entertainment. Seventy-six older adults were randomly assigned to either the WM intervention group or the active control group. All participants underwent twelve 1-hr training sessions spanning 6 weeks. For each participant, cognitive assessments were completed at pretest, posttest, and 6 months after the intervention while structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI scans were conducted before and after intervention. The results revealed significant improvements in WM, inhibitory control, visuospatial processing, and episodic memory among older adults following the intervention. The left frontal pole, located in the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC), exhibited increased cortical thickness accompanied by reduced functional homogeneity and weakened connectivity with the left inferior temporal gyrus. Further statistical learning analysis demonstrated a consistent relationship between the changes at the left frontal pole and improved WM performance, suggesting that the rPFC may support WM and play a protective role in brain aging. The findings highlight the broad benefits of the gamified WM intervention on neurocognitive plasticity in the rPFC of older adults, indicating its potential as a promising tool for mitigating neurocognitive decline during the aging process.</p
Beyond Aromas: Exploring the Development and Potential Applications of Electroencephalography in Olfactory Research-From General Scents to Food Flavor Science Frontiers
No full textOlfaction is crucial to our dietary choices and significantly influences our emotional and cognitive landscapes. Understanding the underlying neural mechanisms is pivotal, especially through the use of electroencephalography (EEG). This technology has strong temporal resolution, allowing to capture the dynamics of neural responses to odors, bypassing the need for subjective interpretations. The application of EEG in food flavor research is still relatively new, but it has great potential. This review begins with an examination of general scent stimulation, charts the advances in using EEG to understand odor perception, and explores its future in food flavor science. By analyzing EEG's ability to detect distinct patterns and strengths in brain activity, we can elucidate the perceptual, affective, and cognitive frameworks associated with food odors. Event-related potentials and oscillatory activities, markers of central olfactory processing, provide insights into the neural architecture of olfaction. These markers are instrumental in assessing the influence of food odors on health, emotions, and decision-making processes. We argue that EEG's application in olfaction research holds considerable promise for the food industry to innovate products that are not only healthier but also more appealing, thereby promoting human well-being.</p
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