Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Self-construal and generalized trust predict first impressions from faces (vol 191, 111537, 2022)
No full textHow Government Stereotypes Affect Life Satisfaction: a Good Government Matters More Than a Government That Does Good
No full textMany studies have noted the close relationship between the government and people's life satisfaction. However, little literature has paid attention to the role of government stereotypes. This research fills this gap using two large samples of Chinese residents. In the first-phase study, we explored the content and structure of government stereotypes with a data-driven approach. We found that the content of government stereotypes consisted of four clusters: positive evaluations, negative evaluations, things about government duties, and things about the government system. Further, the content of government stereotypes could be distinguished based on two orthogonal dimensions: the valence (negative vs. positive) and the degree of generality (particularized vs. generalized). In the second-phase study, we examined how various dimensions of government stereotypes were related to life satisfaction. We found that people with more positive government stereotypes were more satisfied with life. This association was more potent when government stereotypes were more generalized (i.e., a good government at a higher construal level) than particularized (i.e., a government that does good at a lower construal level). Both studies of this research were repeatable within the two large samples. This research provided a new perspective for the literature on the relationship between government and life satisfaction and the interventions to improve life satisfaction
Macroscale brain states support the control of semantic cognition
No full textA crucial aim in neuroscience is to understand how the human brain adapts to varying cognitive demands. This study investigates network reconfiguration during controlled semantic retrieval in differing contexts. We analyze brain responses to two semantic tasks of varying difficulty - global association and feature matching judgments - which are contrasted with non-semantic tasks on the cortical surface and within a whole-brain state space. Demanding semantic association tasks elicit activation in anterior prefrontal and temporal regions, while challenging semantic feature matching and non-semantic tasks predominantly activate posterior regions. Task difficulty also modulates activation along different dimensions of functional organization, suggesting different mechanisms of cognitive control. More demanding semantic association judgments engage cognitive control and default mode networks together, while feature matching and non-semantic tasks are skewed towards cognitive control networks. These findings highlight the brain's dynamic ability to tailor its networks to support diverse neurocognitive states, enriching our understanding of controlled cognition.
An fMRI study on healthy participants suggests that two distinct brain states support controlled semantic cognition: one state facilitates the controlled retrieval of semantic associations, while the other state supports goal-driven control
A study of the Relationship between Emotional State and Tinnitus Distress in Patients with Tinnitus and an Intervention Study
No full text耳鸣(Tinnitus)是一种常见的耳鼻喉科症状，它指的是在听觉系统内部产生的异常声音，这种声音并非来自外界的刺激，而是由听觉系统本身的异常所产生的。研究显示，14%的成年人经历过耳鸣，其中 2%经历过严重的耳鸣，并因耳鸣导致生活质量下降。随着医学和心理学的不断交叉融合，人们开始逐渐认识到耳鸣背后蕴含的复杂心理现象。特别是发现情绪状态在耳鸣患者中普遍存在且严重程度较高。近年来，国内外广泛讨论的正念冥想训练，旨在培养个体对当前时刻的专注与接纳能力，可以改善睡眠质量以及更好地应对情绪状态。然而，正念冥想训练是否可以改善耳鸣患者的情绪状态，同时改善耳鸣困扰程度尚不清楚。因此， 有必要深入研究和验证正念冥想训练是否能够改善耳鸣患者的情绪状态，减轻耳鸣困扰。
基于以上，本论文对情绪状态(压力、焦虑、抑郁)在耳鸣主观响度及耳鸣困扰间是否存在中介作用进行探究。进一步采用短期正念冥想训练干预耳鸣患者情绪状态及耳鸣困扰。论文包括两项研究：研究一旨在探究情绪状态在耳鸣主观响度和耳鸣困扰间的中介作用。采用横断面研究设计。首先，通过客观检查，本研究确定了参与者是否患有主观性耳鸣。随后，我们使用问卷调查法收集了 400 例主观性耳鸣患者的相关数据，包括耳鸣的主观响度、情绪状态水平以及耳鸣困扰程度。利用统计分析方法研究耳鸣主观响度及情绪状态水平间的关系，并尝试使用结构方程模型建立情绪与睡眠质量在耳鸣主观响度和耳鸣困扰之间中介模型。 研究结果显示，耳鸣患者的情绪状态与耳鸣困扰程度间存在显著相关，并在耳鸣主观响度与耳鸣困扰间呈部分中介作用。这表明情绪状态在耳鸣患者主观耳鸣响度与耳鸣困扰中起重要的中介作用。
研究二旨在通过采用正念冥想训练改善耳鸣患者的情绪状态和耳鸣困扰。为验证正念冥想训练对耳鸣患者的情绪状态和耳鸣困扰的改善效果，我们进行了一项正念冥想干预实验。采用方便取样，将耳鸣患者分为两组，实验组 27 例，对照组 24 例。实验组的耳鸣患者接受为期四周的正念冥想训练，对照组聆听相等时间的舒缓音乐。在干预前后均使用问卷评估了患者的正念觉知水平、睡眠质量、情绪状态水平和耳鸣困扰程度。实验结果显示，相对于对照组，实验组的正念觉知水平显著提高，情绪状态水平降低，耳鸣困扰程度降低。中介分析结果显示，正念冥想通过改善耳鸣患者焦虑水平进一步影响其耳鸣困扰程度。这表明正念冥 想训练可以通过改善耳鸣患者的焦虑水平，降低耳鸣困扰程度。
本研究验证了耳鸣主观响度、情绪状态(压力、焦虑和抑郁)以及耳鸣困扰之间的相关关系。建立了情绪状态在耳鸣主观响度与耳鸣困扰间的中介模型，意味着耳鸣主观响度可以通过影响情绪状态来进一步影响耳鸣困扰。通过实证研究，正念冥想训练能够提升耳鸣患者的正念水平，通过降低焦虑水平减轻耳鸣困扰。</p
How state mindfulness affects mobile phones usage while walking: A daily diary study in China
No full textIntroduction: Pedestrians are a particularly vulnerable group of road users. Mobile phone usage while walking (MPUWW) is a significant contributor to pedestrians' involvement in road crashes and associated injuries. The current study aims to explore the effect of state mindfulness on daily MPUWW via phone dependence (at the within-person level), and the moderating role of risk perception (at the between-person level) in the phone dependence-MPUWW relationship. Method: We utilized a fine-grained method, the daily diary methodology (DDM) to explore the aforementioned model. A total of 88 Chinese college students participated in a consecutive 12-day study, yielding 632 daily data. Unconflated multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: After trait mindfulness being controlled, state mindfulness has a negative impact on MPUWW via phone dependence at the daily level. Furthermore, risk perception as an individual difference variable moderates the relationship between phone dependence and MPUWW, in which a weaker effect observed in individuals with higher levels of risk perception. Conclusions: State mindfulness can decrease the frequency of daily MPUWW by reducing phone dependence, and risk perception is a crucial factor in mitigating the negative effects of phone dependence on MPUWW. Practical applications: To lower MPUWW and thereby minimize the risk of road crashes and associated injuries, it is beneficial to foster present-moment awareness of individuals, encourage individuals to use mobile phones in a balanced and sensible manner, and integrate the enhancement of risk perception into road safety education
Conscious vision in blindness: A new perceptual phenomenon implemented on the "wrong" side of the brain
No full textPatients with lesions in the visual cortex are blind in corresponding regions of the visual field, but they still may process visual information, a phenomenon referred to as residual vision or "blindsight". Here we report behavioral and fMRI observations with a patient who reports conscious vision across an extended area of blindness for moving, but not for stationary stimuli. This completion effect is shown to be of perceptual and not of conceptual origin, most likely mediated by spared representations of the visual field in the striate cortex. The neural output to extra-striate areas from regions of the deafferented striate cortex is apparently still intact; this is, for instance, indicated by preserved size constancy of visually completed stimuli. Neural responses as measured with fMRI reveal an activation only for moving stimuli, but importantly on the ipsilateral side of the brain. In a conceptual model this shift of activation to the "wrong" hemisphere is explained on the basis of an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions within and between the striate cortices due to the brain injury. The observed neuroplasticity indicated by this shift together with the behavioral observations provide important new insights into the functional architecture of the human visual system and provide new insight into the concept of consciousness
Brain responses to self- and other- unfairness under resource distribution context: Meta-analysis of fMRI studies
No full textUnder resource distribution context, individuals have a strong aversion to unfair treatment not only toward themselves but also toward others. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the commonality and distinction between these two types of unfairness. Moreover, many neuroimaging studies have investigated how people evaluate and respond to unfairness in the abovementioned two contexts, but the consistency of the results remains to be investigated. To resolve these two issues, we sought to summarize existing findings regarding unfairness to self and others and to further elucidate the neural underpinnings related to distinguishing evaluation and response processes through meta-analyses of previous neuroimaging studies. Our results indicated that both types of unfairness consistently activate the affective and conflict-related anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area (dACC/SMA), but the activations related to unfairness to self appeared stronger than those related to others, suggesting that individuals had negative reactions to both unfairness and a greater aversive response toward unfairness to self. During the evaluation process, unfairness to self activated the bilateral AI, dACC, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), regions associated with unfairness aversion, conflict, and cognitive control, indicating reactive, emotional and automatic responses. In contrast, unfairness to others activated areas associated with theory of mind, the inferior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction (IPL-TPJ), suggesting that making rational judgments from the perspective of others was needed. During the response, unfairness to self activated the affective-related left AI and striatum, whereas unfairness to others activated cognitive control areas, the left DLPFC and the thalamus. This indicated that the former maintained the traits of automaticity and emotionality, whereas the latter necessitated cognitive control. These findings provide a fine-grained description of the common and distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying unfairness to self and unfairness to others. Overall, this study not only validates the inequity aversion model but also provides direct evidence of neural mechanisms for neurobiological models of fairness
Global research trends in the effects of exercise on depression: A bibliometric study over the past two decades
No full textIntroduction: With depression's growing global prevalence and substantial impact, effective prevention and management strategies are imperative. Our study aims to perform a thorough bibliometric analysis of existing research on the impact of exercise on depression. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of Web of Science Core Collection publications from 2000 to 2020 was performed, highlighting trends, themes, and influential authors. The study focused on subject categories, source journals, countries/regions, institutions, and prolific authors. Cocitation and keyword analyses revealed key themes, hotspots and the thematic evolution. Results: The multidisciplinary nature of this research is evident across psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience, and sports science. Specific populations such as women, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses were targeted. Mind-body exercises like yoga and tai chi gained prominence. Cocitation clusters showcased the evolution from early investigations on exercise's impact to recent dose-response and protocol studies. Conclusions: This bibliometric analysis provides insights into the dynamic field of exercise interventions for depression. It underscores the importance of individual differences, calls for guidelines considering comorbidities, and points towards future directions such as exploring mind-body exercise mechanisms and well-designed clinical trials. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape and informs future endeavors aimed at refining depression treatment through exercise interventions
The effect of choice on memory across development
No full textNumerous studies have demonstrated the role of making choices as an internal motivator to improve performance, and recent studies in the domain of memory have focused on adults. To chart the developmental trend of the choice effect on memory, we conducted a series of seven experiments involving children, adolescents, and young adults. Participants (N = 512) aged 5 to 26 years performed a choice encoding task that manipulated the opportunities to choose and then took a memory test. Using different types of experimental materials and corroborated by a mini meta -analysis, we found that the choice effect on memory was significant in childhood and early adolescence but not significant in late adolescence and early adulthood. The developmental changes were statistically significant, particularly evident during the transition from early to late adolescence. These findings suggest that the internal value of choice decreases across development and contributes to our understanding of developmental differences in the role of choice in memory. (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Neural mechanisms underlying placebo and nocebo effects in tonic muscle pain
No full textPain is a highly subjective and multidimensional experience, significantly influenced by various psychological factors. Placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia exemplify this influence, where inert treatments result in pain relief or exacerbation, respectively. While extensive research has elucidated the psychological and neural mechanisms behind these effects, most studies have focused on transient pain stimuli. To explore these mechanisms in the context of tonic pain, we conducted a study using a 15-minute tonic muscle pain induction procedure, where hypertonic saline was infused into the left masseter of healthy participants. We collected real-time Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during the induction of placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia via conditioned learning. Our findings revealed that placebo analgesia was more pronounced and lasted longer than nocebo hyperalgesia. Real-time pain ratings correlated significantly with neural activity in several brain regions. Notably, the putamen was implicated in both effects, while the caudate and other regions were differentially involved in placebo and nocebo effects. These findings confirm that the tonic muscle pain paradigm can be used to investigate the mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects and indicate that placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia may have more distinct than common neural bases
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