Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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How Visual Imagery Representations Are Formed: Through Suppression, Not Activation
No full textVoluntary imagery is described as "weak perception" and is thought to be represented through activating the neurons corresponding to imagined features, that is, activation hypothesis. However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. Inspired by Pace et al. (2023), we examine an alternative suppression hypothesis, which states imagery involves suppression of neurons favoring nearby nonimagined features. While the activation hypothesis predicts a bell-shaped tuning curve of the neural representation for the imagined feature, the suppression hypothesis predicts a W-shaped tuning curve. To test these two hypotheses, we combined an imagery task with a discrimination task following the logic that different imagery-induced tuning curves would differently bias the perceived difference in the discrimination task. We probed the bias pattern by systematically manipulating the physical orientation difference and the discrimination-imagery relation condition. A series of psychophysical experiments were conducted. Results showed that after an imagery prior, bias pattern in the discrimination task followed the prediction of suppression hypothesis (Experiment 1a). By contrast, when substituting the imagery prior with a strong/weak perceptual prior, bias pattern was consistent with the prediction of activation hypothesis (Experiments 2a and 2b). Confounding effects of visual attention and perceptual imagery cue were excluded (Experiments 1b and 1c). We further constructed mathematical models and again validated our findings. In conclusion, behavioral and modeling results coherently suggested that the suppression hypothesis was a better explanation for imagery than the activation hypothesis. Our study challenges the traditional activation theory and provides novel empirical evidence for the suppressive representation of voluntary visual imagery
Learning reduces ingroup bias more with perceived losses than gains across cultures
No full textCultural background shapes intergroup impressions. While previous evidence suggests collectivistic cultures show stronger ingroup bias, cultural effects on impression formation processes remain unexplored. Here, we used reinforcement learning models to examine changes in intergroup impressions within gain and loss frames across individualistic (Western) and collectivistic (East Asian) cultures. Participants interacted with ingroup or outgroup individuals who increased (Gain) or decreased (Loss) their earnings, with identical net outcomes. Impression ratings were taken pre- and post-interaction. Results revealed higher ingroup identification in East Asians and initial ingroup bias in both cultures. Westerners learned to reduce this initial ingroup bias based on a learning signal (negative prediction error) generated if an ingroup individual reduced their earnings (i.e., Loss frame). East Asians showed the same learning mechanism, but only with low ingroup identification. Together, we show that learning from negatively perceived ingroup interactions can decrease ingroup bias across cultures, modulated by individual ingroup identification
The role of inhibitory function in associative memory among older adults and its plasticity
No full textAssociative memory deteriorates with age. One possible reason for this associative memory deficit in older adults is a decline in inhibitory function. However, it remains unclear what role of inhibitory function plays in age-related associative memory deficits, and whether and how acute training of inhibitory function could ameliorate the detrimental effects of inhibitory deficits on associative memory in older adults. In Experiment 1, 80 participants (40 younger and 40 older adults) studied scene-word pairs while attempting to inhibit interfering words during encoding, with two conditions: gist and non-gist interferences. In Experiment 2, 66 older adults were randomly assigned to either acute inhibitory training or a control group, and eye-tracking technology was used to capture the benefits of acute inhibitory training. Results showed that older adults were more disturbed by gist than non-gist interferences because of hyper-binding, and that inhibitory function mediated the relationship between age and associative memory accuracy. Notably, although acute inhibitory training did not significantly improve associative memory accuracy in the training group compared to the control group, structural equation model showed that older adults in the acute training group showed shorter fixation durations and lower frequencies in the interference region of interest, leading to better associative memory. These results indicate that inhibitory function plays a mediating role in age-related associative memory decline, as well as its plasticity in this association. It provides a potential pathway to improve associative memory in older adults
Effects of individualized rTMS on functional connectivity related to the default mode network and frontal-parietal network in major depressive disorder: exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial
No full textObjective: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), typically by targeting the dorsolateral (DLPFC) or dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). Based on a pre-registered randomized controlled trial, this study presents an exploratory neuroimaging analysis investigating the impact of rTMS targeting the DLPFC versus the DMPFC on functional connectivity with the default mode network (DMN) and frontal-parietal network (FPN) in patients with MDD. Methods: Sixty-four MDD patients were randomly assigned to DLPFC-rTMS (n = 36) or DMPFC-rTMS (n = 28) groups for a 21-day intervention. Symptoms were evaluated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Changes in individualized functional connectivity (inFC) between individualized targets and DMN/FPN were assessed and correlated with symptom improvements. As a control analysis, FC was evaluated based on the group-based seeds of DLPFC or DMPFC. Additionally, symptom-specific circuit map comparisons were conducted. Results: Both groups showed symptom improvements and changes in inFC with the DMN and FPN, but the specific connectivity profiles differ. In the DMN, the DLPFC-rTMS group showed decreased negative connectivity between left DLPFC and precuneus (t = -2.39, p = 0.022), while the DMPFC-rTMS group showed increased positive inFC between DMPFC and precuneus (t = -2.78, p = 0.01, FDR adjusted p = 0.034) and PCC (t = -3.15, p = 0.004, FDR adjusted p = 0.028). In the FPN, the DLPFC group showed decreased negative inFC with medial superior frontal gyrus (t = -2.35, p = 0.024) and decreased positive inFC with inferior parietal lobule (t = 2.3, p = 0.028). The DMPFC group showed increased positive connectivity with inferior frontal gyrus (t = -3.65, p = 0.001, FDR adjusted p = 0.019) and su pplementary motor area (t = -2.24, p = 0.033), and decreased negative connectivity with middle cingulate cortex (t = 2.27, p = 0.032). Canonical correlation analysis revealed a strong association between inFC changes and depression symptom improvement in the DMPFC-rTMS group (r = 0.57). Group seed-based FC changes were limited to the FPN and correlated with depressive improvement in the DLPFC-rTMS group (r = 0.52). Symptom-specific circuit maps linked to depression and anxiety were consistent across targets
The lifespan trajectories of brain activities related to conflict-driven cognitive control
No full textCognitive control is fundamental to human goal-directed behavior. Understanding its trajectory across the lifespan is crucial for optimizing cognitive function throughout life, particularly during periods of rapid development and decline. While existing studies have revealed an inverted U-shaped trajectory of cognitive control in both behavioral and anatomical domains, the age-related changes in functional brain activities remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap, we conducted a comprehensive metaanalysis of 139 neuroimaging studies using conflict tasks, encompassing 3765 participants aged 5 to 85 years. We adopted the seed-based d mapping (SDM), generalized additive model (GAM), and model comparison approaches to investigate age-related changes in brain activities to characterize the lifespan trajectories of cognitive control. Our analyses revealed two key findings: (1) The predominant lifespan trajectory is inverted U-shaped, rising from childhood to peak in young adulthood (between 27 and 36 years) before declining in later adulthood; (2) Both the youth and the elderly show weaker brain activities and greater left laterality than young adults. These results collectively reveal the lifespan trajectories of cognitive control, highlighting systematic fluctuations in brain activities with age. (c) 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
分层响应，构筑“AI+心育”人机协同防线
No full text<正>2025年10月，教育部办公厅印发的《进一步加强中小学生心理健康工作十条措施》提出：利用人工智能等现代信息技术赋能学生心理健康工作，支持探索开发“AI心理助手”“智能减压室”等，并建设全国学生心理健康监测预警系统。在学校心理健康教育中，“预警难、干预难”一直是突出痛点。由于学生的心理问题具有较强隐蔽性，且专业心理教师师资短缺，传统依赖量表筛查与人工访谈的模式，往往难以实现心理问题的早发现、早干预。</p
破解心灵治愈的密码：CBT的发展之路
No full text<正>在心理治疗的大家庭里，认知行为疗法（CBT）犹如一颗璀璨的明星，熠熠生辉，为无数受心理困扰的人照亮了前行的道路。认知行为疗法的发展自上世纪五十年代至今历经行为疗法、认知行为疗法以及认知行为第三浪潮三个重要阶段逐步完善，宛如一场不断进化的心灵救赎之旅。</p
The Influence of Trait Meta-mood on Coping Styles: The Mediating Role of Stress Perception and The Moderating Role of Emotional Granularity
No full text随着全球社会发展速率与中国高等教育改革进程同步提速，高等教育扩招推动人才培养规模持续扩大，但也催生了高校竞争现象的加剧与就业困难引发的普遍焦虑，形成当代大学生成长发展的独特时代背景。在此情境下，大学生面临的压力呈现多维度叠加特征：既需应对课程学习、科研实践等繁重学业任务，又需处理宿舍关系、人际交往等社会化挑战，还需直面职业规划不确定性、经济负担压力及自我价值认同构建等深层议题。若大学生缺乏积极有效的应对方式，则易造成慢性心理负荷，影响其学业发展与身心健康。因此，系统梳理大学生应对方式的现状及其影响因素，不仅能为解析当代大学生心理适应困境提供理论框架，更能助力大学生优化压力管理能力，在维护身心健康、增强社会适应水平的基础上提升自我价值感。本研究基于压力认知交互理论与压力缓冲假说，构建了“元 情绪—压力感知—应对方式”的作用模型，并引入情绪粒度为保护性调节因素，期望通过质性研究与量化研究相结合的方法，系统考察大学生元情绪对应对方式的作用机制。
本研究分为两部分，研究一采用质性研究范式，通过半结构化访谈获取 22 位高校大学生在压力情境下的真实情绪体验与应对叙述。访谈结果提炼出三大核心主题，包括大学生应对方式的现状及其影响因素、大学生元情绪的现状及其影响因素，以及大学生元情绪对多领域发展的作用机制。结果显示，情绪通过调控个体的情绪觉察水平、情绪信息加工与调节效能，影响大学生在压力情境中选择积极或消极应对策略的倾向，同时表明个体对压力的主观评估及情绪加工精细度可能在其中发挥重要作用。这些结论初步探索了特质元情绪与应对方式之间可能存在的关联形式，为量化研究提供了初步理论依据。
研究二则立足前一阶段的研究发现，根据访谈中提到的对大学生应对方式具有影响的重要因素，提取特质元情绪及其各个维度、压力感知、应对方式及情绪粒度作为关键研究变量。随后，收集了 532 份由高校大学生填写的问卷数据，采用量化研究对上述变量进行测量，构建了一个有调节的中介模型，进一步验证了大学生元情绪对应对方式的影响路径，结论表明：元情绪与压力感知呈显著负相关，与积极应对方式呈显著正相关，与消极应对方式呈显著负相关；压力感知在元情绪和应对方式的关系中存在显著的中介作用；情绪粒度在模型前半段路径起调节效应，具体来说，对于情绪粒度水平越高的个体，元情绪中的情绪恢复维度 对压力感知的负向预测作用越强。元情绪的三个维度作用机制与总体相同。
结果总体表明，元情绪水平高的个体对压力遭遇有更积极的解释，更能积极有效地应对各种问题。情绪恢复对压力感知的作用受到情绪粒度的调节，与其形成相互强化的交互效应，构成降低大学生压力感知的 “双重保护机制”。理论上，细化了元情绪影响压力感知的内部结构，揭示了元情绪对压力感知的调控并非单一维度作用，而是不同维度协同发力的结果，且各维度的作用强度存在层级差异，并且首次揭示了情绪粒度的差异化调节效应，深化了对情绪特征与元情绪协同作用的理论认知，为后续研究探讨元情绪各维度与压力的交互作用提供了清晰的路径参考；实践上，为高校心理健康教育提供精准方向，帮助教育者突破传 统 “泛化情绪调节” 的局限，聚焦元情绪这一核心靶点设计干预方案；也能为大学生自我提升提供可操作路径，使其通过针对性训练优化元情绪能力，进而改善应对方式，减少因消极应对引发的心理问题，实现学业、心理与社会适应的协同发展。</p
Promoting Psychological Resilience in Junior High School Students through Theme-Based Psychological Camps: Based on the PERMA Model
No full text当前，初中生群体心理健康问题突出，已引起社会高度关注。其中，心理韧性作为个体应对逆境与压力的核心心理能力，对初中生的健康成长具有重要意义。本研究将积极心理学 PERMA 模型五要素与青少年心理韧性量表（胡月琴，甘怡 群，2008）五维度加以深度融合，构建了一个―理论—测量—干预‖一体化的研究模型，用以考察结构化课程在创新性的营地教育范式下对初中生群体开展系统性心理韧性干预的效果。
研究一是针对初中生心理韧性水平的现状研究。研究采用青少年心理韧性量表（2008）对 313 名初中生开展调查，分析其在心理韧性总体和各维度的表现以及在性别、年级、城乡、家庭结构等变量方面的差异。结果显示，初中生心理韧性总体处于中等偏上水平，其中积极认知维度表现最佳，情绪控制维度表现最为薄弱；男生、城镇学生及非留守学生的心理韧性水平显著高于女生、农村学生及留守学生，提示心理韧性发展存在群体异质性。相关发现提示，初中生群体的心理韧性水平现状尚有可提升空间，可在科学干预方面实施探索。
研究二针是对初中生心理韧性水平的干预研究。根据研究一的相关发现，研究二对研究设计和课程方案实施了针对性的调整和优化。研究基于 PERMA 模型五要素与心理韧性量表五维度设计了结构化的营地课程方案，并采用前测—后测控制组实验设计，对 113 名实验组学生实施为期 7 天的封闭式课程干预及 30 天的跟踪辅导，对照组 101 名学生不接受干预。结果显示，干预具有较佳的实际效果。其中，干预后实验组在心理韧性总分及情绪控制、人际协助、家庭支持等维度的提升均显著优于对照组，其中情绪控制维度的改善尤为突出。此外，干预效果存在群体差异，女生、城镇学生和初三学生的提升幅度更为明显。
本研究初步验证了新型营地教育范式的“课程化设计—场景化实施—协同化支持”三位一体干预路径在提升初中生心理韧性方面的可行性与有效性，为未来开展基于证据的青少年心理健康促进实践提供了理论参考与实证依据。</p
Interpersonal Relationship Analysis with Dyadic EEG Signals via Learning Spatial-Temporal Patterns
No full textInterpersonal relationship quality is pivotal in social and occupational contexts. Existing analysis of interpersonal relationships mostly rely on subjective self-reports, whereas objective quantification remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel social relationship analysis framework using spatio-temporal patterns derived from dyadic EEG signals, which can be applied to quantitatively measure team cooperation in corporate team building, and evaluate interpersonal dynamics between therapists and patients in psychiatric therapy. First, we constructed a dyadic-EEG dataset from 72 pairs of participants with two relationships (stranger or friend) when watching emotional videos simultaneously. Then we proposed a deep neural network on dyadic-subject EEG signals, in which we combine the dynamic graph convolutional neural network for characterizing the interpersonal relationships among the EEG channels and 1-dimension convolution for extracting the information from the time sequence. To obtain the feature vectors from two EEG recordings that well represent the relationship of two subjects, we integrate deep canonical correlation analysis and triplet loss for training the network. Experimental results show that the social relationship type (stranger or friend) between two individuals can be effectively identified through their EEG data.
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