Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Deciphering Authentic Nociceptive Thalamic in Rats
No full textThe thalamus and its cortical connections play a pivotal role in pain information processing, yet the exploration of its electrophysiological responses to nociceptive stimuli has been limited. Here, in 2 experiments we recorded neural responses to nociceptive laser stimuli in the thalamic (ventral posterior lateral nucleus and medial dorsal nucleus) and cortical regions (primary somatosensory cortex [S1] and anterior cingulate cortex) within the lateral and medial pain pathways. We found remarkable similarities in laser-evoked brain responses that encoded pain intensity within thalamic and cortical regions. Contrary to the expected temporal sequence of ascending information flow, the recorded thalamic response (N1) was temporally later than its cortical counterparts, suggesting that it may not be a genuine thalamusgenerated response. Importantly, we also identified a distinctive component in the thalamus, i.e., the early negativity (EN) occurring around 100 ms after the onset of nociceptive stimuli. This EN component represents an authentic nociceptive thalamic response and closely synchronizes with the directional information flow from the thalamus to the cortex. These findings underscore the importance of isolating genuine thalamic neural responses, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the thalamic function in pain processing. Additionally, these findings hold potential clinical implications, particularly in the advancement of closed-loop neuromodulation treatments for neurological diseases targeting this vital brain region
Neuroimaging evidence of visual-vestibular interaction accounting for perceptual mislocalization induced by head rotation
No full textSignificance: A fleeting flash aligned vertically with an object remaining stationary in the head-centered space would be perceived as lagging behind the object during the observer's horizontal head rotation. This perceptual mislocalization is an illusion named head-rotation-induced flash-lag effect (hFLE). While many studies have investigated the neural mechanism of the classical visual FLE, the hFLE has been hardly investigated.
Aim: We measured the cortical activity corresponding to the hFLE on participants experiencing passive head rotations using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Approach: Participants were asked to judge the relative position of a flash to a fixed reference while being horizontally rotated or staying static in a swivel chair. Meanwhile, functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals were recorded in temporal-parietal areas. The flash duration was manipulated to provide control conditions.
Results: Brain activity specific to the hFLE was found around the right middle/inferior temporal gyri, and bilateral supramarginal gyri and superior temporal gyri areas. The activation was positively correlated with the rotation velocity of the participant around the supramarginal gyrus and negatively related to the hFLE intensity around the middle temporal gyrus.
Conclusions: These results suggest that the mechanism underlying the hFLE involves multiple aspects of visual-vestibular interactions including the processing of multisensory conflicts mediated by the temporoparietal junction and the modulation of vestibular signals on object position perception in the human middle temporal complex. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in trauma-exposed Chinese adolescents: a latent class analysis
No full textBackground: Preliminary evidence provides support for the proposition that there is a dissociative subtype of Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Research on this proposition would extend our knowledge on the association between CPTSD and dissociation, guide contemporary thinking regarding placement of dissociation in the nosology of CPTSD, and inform clinically useful assessment and intervention.Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the co-occurring patterns of CPTSD and dissociative symptoms in a large sample of trauma exposed adolescents from China, and specify clinical features covariates of such patterns including childhood trauma, comorbidities with major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and functional impairment.Methods: Participants included 57,984 high school students exposed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CPTSD and dissociative symptoms, childhood traumatic experience, and functional impairment were measured with the Global Psychotrauma Screen for Teenagers (GPS-T). Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), respectively. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to test the co-occurring patterns of CPTSD and dissociative symptoms. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi-square tests were respectively used to examine between-class differences in continuous and categorical clinical covariates.Results: A 5-class model emerged as the best-fitting model, including resilience, predominantly PTSD symptoms, predominantly disturbances in self-organization (DSO)symptoms, predominantly CPTSD symptoms, and CPTSD dissociative subtype classes. The CPTSD dissociative subtype class showed the lowest level of functioning and the highest rates of MDD, GAD and childhood trauma.Conclusions: Our findings provide initial empirical evidence supporting the existence of a dissociative subtype of CPTSD, and inform for further research and clinical practice on traumatized individuals.
The present study identified a dissociative subtype of ICD-11 CPTSD among trauma exposed youth.The dissociative subtype of ICD-11 CPTSD was associated with poorer mental health outcomes.Findings of this study provide initial empirical evidence supporting the existence of a dissociative subtype of CPTSD.
Antecedentes: Las pruebas preliminares apoyan la propuesta de que existe un subtipo disociativo del trastorno de estr & eacute;s postraum & aacute;tico complejo (TEPTC). La investigaci & oacute;n sobre esta propuesta ampliar & iacute;a nuestro conocimiento sobre la asociaci & oacute;n entre el TEPTC y la disociaci & oacute;n, guiar & iacute;a el pensamiento contempor & aacute;neo con respecto a la ubicaci & oacute;n de la disociaci & oacute;n en la nosolog & iacute;a del TEPTC e informar & iacute;a sobre evaluaciones e intervenciones cl & iacute;nicamente & uacute;tiles.Objetivos: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los patrones concurrentes de TEPTC y s & iacute;ntomas disociativos en una gran muestra de adolescentes de China expuestos a traumas, y especificar las caracter & iacute;sticas cl & iacute;nicas covariables de tales patrones, incluyendo trauma infantil, comorbilidades con trastorno depresivo mayor (EDM) y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG) y deterioro funcional.M & eacute;todos: Los participantes incluyeron 57.984 estudiantes de secundaria expuestos a la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). El TEPTC y los s & iacute;ntomas disociativos, la experiencia traum & aacute;tica infantil y el deterioro funcional se midieron con el Mapeo Global Psicotrauma para Adolescentes (GPS-T por sus siglas en ingles). Los s & iacute;ntomas del trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) y del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG) se midieron con el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) y el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada-7 (GAD-7), respectivamente. Se emple & oacute; el an & aacute;lisis de clases latentes (ACL) para analizar los patrones concurrentes del TEPT y los s & iacute;ntomas disociativos. Se utilizaron an & aacute;lisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) y las pruebas de chi-cuadrado respectivamente para examinar las diferencias entre clases en covariables cl & iacute;nicas continuas y categ & oacute;ricas.Resultados: Un modelo de 5 clases emergi & oacute; como el modelo que mejor se ajustaba, incluyendo las clases de resiliencia, s & iacute;ntomas predominantemente de TEPT, s & iacute;ntomas predominantemente de alteraciones en la autoorganizaci & oacute;n (DSO), s & iacute;ntomas predominantemente de TEPTC y subtipo disociativo de TEPTC. La clase del subtipo disociativo del TEPTC mostr & oacute; el nivel m & aacute;s bajo de funcionamiento y las tasas m & aacute;s elevadas de TDM, TAG y trauma infantil.Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan evidencia emp & iacute;rica inicial que apoya la existencia de un subtipo disociativo de TEPTC e informan para futuras investigaciones y pr & aacute;cticas cl & iacute;nicas en individuos traumatizados
Psychological and Brain Responses to Artificial Intelligence's Violation of Community Ethics
No full textHuman moral reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) agents' behavior constitute an important aspect of modern-day human-AI relationships. Although previous studies have mainly focused on autonomy ethics, this study investigates how individuals judge AI agents' violations of community ethics (including betrayals and subversions) compared with human violations. Participants' behavioral responses, event-related potentials (ERPs), and individual differences were assessed. Behavioral findings reveal that participants rated AI agents' community-violating actions less morally negative than human transgressions, possibly because AI agents are commonly perceived as having less agency than human adults. The ERP N1 component showed the same pattern with moral rating scores, indicating the modulation effect of human-AI differences on initial moral intuitions. Moreover, the level of social withdrawal correlated with a smaller N1 in the human condition but not in the AI condition. The N2 and P2 components were sensitive to the difference between the loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion domains but not human/AI differences. Individual levels of moral sense and autistic traits also influenced behavioral data, especially on the loyalty/betrayal domain. In our opinion, these findings offer insights for predicting moral responses to AI agents and guiding ethical AI development aligned with human moral values
The Relationship Between Trust and Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis
No full textAn increasing number of studies emphasize that trust is most relevant to well-being. However, the results of this relationship remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the evidence on the association between trust and individual well-being. We searched several electronic databases to identify relevant studies published before September 30, 2022. Studies were included if they reported a Pearson's correlation coefficient between trust and well-being. And a random-effects model was used. We identified 132 primary studies with a total of 1,060,174 participants. The results provided a moderate correlation between trust and well-being (rho = 0.255) with 95% CI = [.240, .269]. Furthermore, we explored different trust types, well-being types, individualism, age, and gender as moderators. The results showed that the well-being types moderated the relationship between trust and well-being. Specifically, the strongest is social well-being, while the weakest is physical well-being. Trust types and individualism did not moderate the link between trust and well-being, whereas age and gender did. This study provides the evidence that trust plays an important role in promoting well-being
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity: A systematic review
No full textImpulsivity is related to a host of mental and behavioral problems. It is a complex construct with many different manifestations, most of which are heritable. The genetic compositions of these impulsivity manifestations, however, remain unclear. A number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses have tried to address this issue. We conducted a systematic review of all GWAS and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity published up to December 2023. Available data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in more than a dozen of genes (e.g., CADM2, CTNNA2, GPM6B) are associated with different measures of impulsivity at genome-wide significant levels. Post-GWAS analyses further show that different measures of impulsivity are subject to different degrees of genetic influence, share few genetic variants, and have divergent genetic overlap with basic personality traits such as extroversion and neuroticism, cognitive ability, psychiatric disorders, substance use, and obesity. These findings shed light on controversies in the conceptualization and measurement of impulsivity, while providing new insights on the underlying mechanisms that yoke impulsivity to psychopathology
Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Metabolic Syndrome in First-Episode and Drug-Naive Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
No full textObjective Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric symptom worldwide, and the coexistence of MDD with metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common in clinical practice. However, gender differences in comorbid MetS in first-episode and drug-naive (FEDN) MDD patients have not been reported. Here, we explored potential gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of comorbid MetS in FEDN MDD patients.
Methods A cross-sectional study of 1718 FEDN MDD patients was conducted. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale were used to evaluate depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms, respectively.
Results The prevalence of MetS was 1.645-fold higher in female MDD patients (38.50%) than in male patients (26.53%). Patients with MetS had higher HAMD score, Hamilton Anxiety Scale score, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale score than patients without MetS (p values < .001). Furthermore, suicide attempts (male: odds ratio [OR] = 1.706, p = .034; female: OR = 1.639, p = .004) and HAMD score (male: OR = 1.251, p < .001; female: OR = 1.148, p < .001) were independently associated with MetS in male and female patients, whereas age of onset was independently associated with MetS only in female patients (OR = 1.744, p = .047).
Conclusions Our findings suggest significant gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of comorbid MetS in FEDN MDD patients. Clinical variables (suicide attempts and HAMD scores) may be independently associated with MetS in MDD patients
Distinct genetic and environmental origins of hierarchical cognitive abilities in adult humans
No full textHuman cognitive abilities ranging from basic perceptions to complex social behaviors exhibit substantial variation in individual differences. These cognitive functions can be categorized into a two -order hierarchy based on the levels of cognitive processes. Second -order cognition including metacognition and mentalizing monitors and regulates first -order cognitive processes. These two -order hierarchical cognitive functions exhibit distinct abilities. However, it remains unclear whether individual differences in these cognitive abilities have distinct origins. We employ the classical twin paradigm to compare the genetic and environmental contributions to the two -order cognitive abilities in the same tasks from the same population. The results reveal that individual differences in first -order cognitive abilities were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Conversely, the second -order cognitive abilities have a stronger influence from shared environmental factors. These findings suggest that the abilities of metacognition and mentalizing in adults are profoundly shaped by their environmental experiences and less determined by their biological nature
Impaired Ability in Visual-Spatial Attention in Chinese Children With Developmental Dyslexia
No full textA growing body of evidence suggests that children with dyslexia in alphabetic languages exhibit visual-spatial attention deficits that can obstruct reading acquisition by impairing their phonological decoding skills. However, it remains an open question whether these visual-spatial attention deficits are present in children with dyslexia in non-alphabetic languages. Chinese, with its logographic writing system, offers a unique opportunity to explore this question. The presence of visual-spatial attention deficits in Chinese children with dyslexia remains insufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether such deficits exist, employing a visual search paradigm. Three visual search tasks were conducted, encompassing two singleton feature search tasks and a serial conjunction search task. The results indicated that Chinese children with dyslexia performed as well as chronological age-matched control children in color search tasks but less effectively in orientation search, suggesting a difficulty in the rapid visual processing of orientation: a deficit potentially specific to Chinese dyslexia. Crucially, Chinese children with dyslexia also exhibited lower accuracy, longer reaction times, and steeper slopes in the reaction times by set size function in the conjunction search task compared to control children, which is indicative of a visual-spatial attention deficit
Chronic Mild Sleep Restriction Does Not Lead to Marked Neuronal Alterations Compared With Maintained Adequate Sleep in Adults
No full textBackground: Sleep restriction (SR) has been shown to upregulate neuronal reward networks in response to food stimuli, but prior studies were short-term and employed severe SR paradigms. Objective: Our goal was to determine whether mild SR, achieved by delaying bedtimes by 1.5 h, influences neuronal networks responsive to food stimuli compared with maintained adequate sleep (AS) >7 h/night. Methods: A randomized controlled crossover study with 2 6-wk phases, AS (>= 7 h sleep/night) and SR (-1.5 h/night relative to screening), was conducted. Adults with AS duration, measured using wrist actigraphy over a 2-wk screening period, and self-reported good sleep quality were enrolled. Resting-state and food-stimulated functional neuroimaging (fMRI) was performed at the endpoint of each phase. Resting-state fMRI data analyses included a priori region-of-interest seed-based functional connectivity, whole-brain voxel-wise analyses, and network analyses. Food task-fMRI analyses compared brain activity patterns in response to food cues between conditions. Paired-sample t tests tested differences between conditions. Results: Twenty-six participants (16 males; age 29.6 +/- 5.3 y, body mass index 26.9 +/- 4.0 kg/m(2)) contributed complete data. Total sleep time was 7 h 30 +/- 28 min/night during AS compared with 6 h 12 +/- 26 min/night during SR. We employed different statistical approaches to replicate prior studies in the field and to apply more robust approaches that are currently advocated in the field. Using uncorrected P value of = 10-voxel thresholds, we replicated prior findings of increased activation in response to foods in reward networks after SR compared with AS (right insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus). These findings did not survive more rigorous analytical approaches (Gaussian Random Field theory correction at 2-tailed voxel P < 0.001, cluster P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that mild SR leads to increased reward responsivity to foods but with low confidence given the failure to meet significance from rigorous statistical analyses. Further research is necessary to inform the mechanisms underlying the role of sleep on food intake regulation
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