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Alterations in whole-brain white matter fiber networks in individuals with autism spectrum disorder after social skills training
No full textSocial skills training (SST) has demonstrated efficacy in improving social deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated alterations in whole-brain white matter network topology after SST in ASD individuals and explored potential correlation with improvements in social interaction deficits. 38 ASD patients aged 12-30 years were recruited, including 19 who completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and social responsiveness scale (SRS) assessments at both baseline and the endpoint of a 14-week SST (training group) and 19 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched patients who underwent MRI scans and SRS assessment at the same time points but did not receive SST (control group). White matter connectivity matrices were constructed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and graph theory analysis was used to assess global and nodal network properties. Paired t-tests and independent-samples t-tests were used for within-and between-group comparisons, respectively. Pearson's partial correlation was used to examine associations between network changes and SRS scores changes. After SST, four edges showed significant changes in white matter connectivity (FDR-corrected), with three increased and one decreased in the training group. Changes in nodal betweenness were also observed. While SRS scores significantly decreased in the training group, no significant correlations were found between neuroimaging changes and behavioral improvements, possibly due to the limited sample size. These findings suggest that SST may reshape white matter network, offering insights into its neural mechanisms and informing novel ASD intervention strategies.</p
Perceiving Facial Emotions in Context: The Intertwined Roles of Emotional Valence and Consciousness
No full textFacial emotion perception in real life is inevitably influenced by the affective context, such as the expressions on nearby people's faces. However, to what extent and how the expressions of others exert a contextual influence on our interpretation of target facial emotions remains largely unclear. Using psychophysical methods, we demonstrated that the emotional facial context alone (i.e., without any evident social interaction cues) is sufficient to bias the perceived expression of an ambiguous target face (N = 160, healthy Asian college students, 2017-2025). Intriguingly, the contextual effect induced by faces with fearful, but not happy, expressions was regulated by observers' awareness of the context. For fearful contexts, the contextual effect showed a dissociation between nonconscious and conscious conditions, occurring only when the contextual face was not consciously perceived. By contrast, contextual faces expressing happiness biased emotion perception regardless of awareness. These findings broaden our understanding of the affective contextual effect in situations without explicit social relationships. More crucially, they unveil the intertwined roles of emotional valence and consciousness in emotional information integration, offering valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms whereby affective context shapes facial emotion perception.</p
Unraveling consistently altered brain activations of language deficits in schizophrenia: evidence from ALE meta-analysis
No full textBackgroundLanguage deficits are commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia, significantly impacting their quality of life. Current medicine has little curing effects on language deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the underlying pathology of these deficits and unravel the potential intervention targets.MethodsWe systematically reviewed fMRI publications on language processing in schizophrenia and summarized the evidence quantitatively with activation likelihood estimation algorithms following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 82 experiments involving 1538 schizophrenia patients and 1413 healthy controls were included in the current study.ResultsOur findings revealed that the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were consistently related to language deficits in schizophrenia across all modalities and all contrasts. Subsequent analysis revealed increased activation in the left MFG related to language deficits in schizophrenia. Subgroup analyses uncovered modality-specific alterations. Specifically, reduced activation in bilateral MFG in language comprehension, and increased activation in left IFG in language production in schizophrenia. Further evidence in comparison analysis also uncovered greater alteration in right MFG related to comprehension than production, while greater alterations in left IFG and others related to production than comprehension in schizophrenia. Moreover, we found that age modulates the altered activation patterns in schizophrenia, while positive or negative symptoms, or sex, did not show significant correlations with these patterns.ConclusionsIn summary, our study highlights convergent altered activation patterns in specific brain regions and identifies several heterogeneous sources (e.g., language modality, age) contributing to language deficits in schizophrenia.</p
Altered neural reward activation predicts clinical depression improvement after a novel loving-kindness meditation: a multimodal neuroimaging study
No full textObjective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has become the second largest risk factor affecting human health, with a progress in its treatment especially non-pharmacological therapies. The loving-kindness meditation (LKM) has been introduced to depression but is not popular due to requirement on awareness and concentration, and its utilization in clinical MDD is absent as well as exploration on neural mechanism. This study aims to develop a more feasible novel therapy-loving-kindness meditation integrating cognition and behavior (LKM-CB), examine its effect on clinical depression, and further explore its neural mechanism by multimodal neuroimaging. Method: In study 1, the knowledge about love and the behavior of love were integrated into the LKM to form a LKM-CB, to better activate patients with cognitive and behavioral approach. It was further utilized to 30 MDD patients (31 controls). Study 2 further explored the neural mechanism behind the LKM-CB with 16 MDD patients, who underwent a structural MRI, resting-state fMRI, and reward card-guessing task fMRI before and after the LKM-CB. Results: Study 1 developed a novel 8-week LKM-CB and found that compared with control group, LKM-CB significantly improved clinical depression in intervention group. Study 2 further showed that after LKM-CB intervention, patients showed lower activation in frontal-striatum especially middle orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate (AC) and insula for win and neutral outcome and anticipation following a loss feedback, while they showed higher activation in frontal-striatum including medial/middle-OFC and hippocampus for loss outcome and anticipation following a win feedback. Similar increased ALFF activation and grey matter in frontal cortex was also found. In contrast, patients showed higher activation in non-reward temporaloccipital cortex for loss and neutral outcome and anticipation following a loss feedback, while they showed decreased temporal-occipital ALFF activation and grey matter. Conclusions: This study develops a novel LKM-CB, which is effective in improving clinical depression. After the LKM-CB, there is dissociation in the neural reward activation pattern between reward anticipation (hyperactivation) and reward outcome (hypoactivation), and a hypoactivation in non-reward temporal-occipital cortex. This study provides a new feasible LKM-CB for non-pharmacological therapy of MDD, and to our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the neural mechanism behind the efficacy of LKM in depression therapy
Cerebellar Stimulation Modulates Reward Processing: A High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study
No full textReward processing involves several components, including reward anticipation, cost-effort computation, reward consumption, reward sensitivity, and reward learning. Recent research has highlighted the cerebellum's role in reward processing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cerebellar stimulation on reward processing using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). In this single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study, 63 healthy adults received either active (N = 31) or sham (N = 32) 1.7 mA HD-tDCS targeting the right posterior cerebellum for 20 minutes. Reward processing was assessed before and after stimulation using the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task, the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards (EEfRT-Adaptive) Task, and the Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task (PST). Results showed that the active stimulation group preserved anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in response to high rewards in the MID task, whereas the sham group exhibited a decline in these measures from pre-test to post-test. The active stimulation group had enhanced reward sensitivity in the EEfRT-adaptive task. HD-tDCS appeared to influence the reward learning rate in the PST, although this effect was moderated by participants' emotional state. Our study provides preliminary evidence that HD-tDCS targeting the cerebellum can effectively modulate multiple facets of reward processing. Cerebellar stimulation may have therapeutic potential for psychiatric patients with impaired reward processing.</p
Analysis and Application Knowledge Graph of Deepseek Based on CNKI
No full textThe breakthrough progress of the DeepSeek reasoning model and the global academic and industrial linkage effect triggered by it have become the focus of cutting-edge research in artificial intelligence. In order to systematically analyze the research landscape and development context of Chinese scholars in this field, this study took the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database as the core data source, analyzed 288 articles by combining quantitative screening and qualitative analysis, and introduced knowledge graph visualization tools such as VOSviewer to construct a multidimensional research framework. Through bibliometrics and visualization analysis, it is found that DeepSeek, as a domestic AI model with independent intellectual property rights, has achieved significant breakthroughs in multiple dimensions such as technological innovation, industry application, and social impact. Its technological achievements have been widely used in key fields such as smart medical innovation, education model innovation, and digital transformation of industrial manufacturing, and have not only become an important technology engine to promote the development of national New Quality Productive Forces but also occupy a strategic fulcrum position in the global technology competition pattern. Concurrently, the forward-looking discussion of the potential ethical risks of technology in the academic community has gradually formed a basic research framework, laying a theoretical foundation for the sustainable development of DeepSeek.</p
A randomized controlled trial of a digital mindfulness intervention to improve self-handicapping in adults: serial mediating effects of mindfulness and the fear of failure
No full textSelf-handicapping poses harm to the physical and mental health, as well as personal development. The aim of the present study was to test a digital mindfulness intervention designed to reduce self-handicapping by examining mindfulness and the fear of failure as putative mediators. 73 patients with self-handicapping concerns were randomly allocated to either mindfulness (n = 31) or waiting-list group (n = 42). The intervention program had a duration of 14 days, with daily tasks requiring approximately 20-25 min to complete. Short-form five facet mindfulness questionnaire (SF-FFMQ), performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI), and self-handicapping Scale (SHS) were measured before and after the intervention. 2 x 2 repeated-measures ANOVAs showed that compared with the waiting-list group, mindfulness significantly improved (P = 0.001), and self-handicapping and the fear of failure reduced significantly (Ps < 0.001) in the mindfulness group. Serial mediation analyses found that mindfulness and the fear of failure sequentially mediated the effects of the mindfulness invention on self-handicapping. The chain-mediated effect size accounts for 7.43% of the total effect. The digital mindfulness intervention can enhance mindfulness levels, alleviate the level of the fear of failure and self-handicapping. The chain-mediated effect of mindfulness and fear of failure may be one of the mechanisms through which digital mindfulness intervention relieves self-handicapping
Implementation of Primary Psychological Healthcare Policy to Address the Risk of Depression in Underprivileged Children and Adolescents, in the Entire Lower-Middle-Economic-Status City of China: An Observational, Multicenter, and Single-Arm Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Given the historically high incidence of depressive disorders among children/adolescents, efforts to implement universally accessible primary psychological health care policies have been undertaken globally. However, the practical implementation and its association with depression risk reduction remain uncertain, particularly for underprivileged children/adolescents who are underrepresented in the current system.Methods: A large-scale cohort of underprivileged children/adolescent population aged 6-18 was enrolled (n = 290,239). Subgroups with specific underprivileged conditions were identified, including de facto unattended children/adolescents (dfUCA), orphans, and children/adolescents facing especially difficult circumstances, "left-behind" and "single-parent" children/adolescents. A subgroup of matched typically developing individuals was also included. These subgroups underwent longitudinal assessments for the incidence of identifying depression on Oct 30, 2022 (baseline, before implementing primary psychological health care policy), May 21, 2023 (half year follow-up), and Oct 29, 2023 (1-year follow-up), respectively.Results: At baseline, nearly twice as high incidence of depression was found in the underprivileged group (13.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.7-14.1) as in the control group (7.5%, 7.2-7.7). After the implementation of the primary psychological policy, at the half year follow-up, a notable decrease in the incidence of depression was observed in both the underprivileged group (5.8%, relative risk reduction (RRR) = 51.6%, 51.5-51.7, p < 0.001) and the typically developing group (4.0%, RRR = 34.5%, 27.9-41.0, p < 0.001), particularly among orphan girls aged 12-18. The observed changes in depression incidence across all underprivileged populations were statistically noninferior compared to the typically developing group (all p < 0.001). At the 1-year follow-up, the observed benefits were consistent across all subgroups when compared to baseline. The average expenditure per child/adolescent was $1.6 in implementing such a health care policy.Conclusions: Implementing the primary psychological health care policy is associated with a reduction in the citywide risk of depression among underprivileged children/adolescents in low-middle-income areas
Effects of Uncertainty on Fear and Anxiety: Mechanisms and Interventions
No full text恐惧与焦虑是两种相似却不同的负性情绪状态，二者的区分具有重要的理 论和现实意义。然而，现实中恐惧和焦虑常同时出现，阻碍了对其机制的深入 理解和干预方案的制定。因此，如何有效区分这两种高度相似的情绪状态是当 前研究的重要挑战。在诸多可能影响二者区分的因素中，不确定性被认为是一 个关键的情境变量。然而，现有关于不确定性影响恐惧与焦虑情绪的研究仍存 在以下局限：已有研究多依赖不确定线索任务，对不确定情境任务的探讨不足； 已有研究难以区分和识别不确定情境诱发的恐惧、焦虑混合情绪状态；不确定 情境下不同干预手段的调控效果尚不清晰。针对上述问题，本研究构建了“描 述—识别—干预”三阶段研究框架，重点关注不确定情境对恐惧、焦虑情绪及 外周生理反应的影响，并深入探索其在情绪识别与干预中的应用。
研究一包含 3 个子研究，旨在探讨不确定情境对恐惧、焦虑情绪及外周生 理反应的影响。研究 1a 采用虚实结合诱发技术构建了八类不确定情境，探究了 不确定情境对个体主观情绪状态的影响。结果表明，可预期威胁情境更显著诱 发恐惧情绪，而不可预期威胁情境更显著诱发焦虑情绪。研究 1b 利用研究 1a 筛选得到的典型情境，进一步探究了不确定情境对个体外周生理反应的影响， 以及强化敏感性人格的调节作用。结果表明，个体的强化敏感性人格显著调节 了不确定情境下的主观情绪与生理反应；可预期威胁情境中个体皮肤电反应 （SCR）的升高更显著，不可预期威胁情境中个体心率（HR）的升高、心率变 异性（HRV）的降低更显著。研究 1c 在研究 1b 的基础上，进一步对比了不同 不确定性任务类型对恐惧、焦虑情绪及外周生理反应影响。结果表明，情境任 务与线索任务均能有效诱发被试的恐惧与焦虑情绪，且两类任务诱发的主观和 生理反应程度存在差异。在情境任务中，可预期威胁引发的恐惧情绪变化量显 著高于不可预期威胁，而在线索任务中此差异则并不显著。此外，在生理层面， 可预期威胁条件下，个体在情境任务中的事件相关皮肤电反应（ER-SCRs）变 化量显著高于线索任务；不可预期威胁条件下，个体在情境任务中的 HR 变化 量显著高于线索任务。因此，研究 1c 证明了情境任务在诱发恐惧、焦虑主导情 绪时的有效性。
研究二包含 3 个子研究，旨在探讨不确定情境下外周生理特征对恐惧、焦 虑情绪的分类和分布预测作用。具体而言，研究 2a 和研究 2b 基于研究一采集 的主观和生理数据建立数据集，基于此比较四类机器学习算法在预测恐惧（研 究 2a）和预测焦虑（研究 2b）时的适用性，并比较生理数据滑窗分析的窗长和 重叠率对恐惧（研究 2a）和焦虑（研究 2b）预测效果的影响。此外，研究 2a和 2b 还基于从各情绪模型中提取出的特征重要性排序结果，识别并比较对恐惧 或焦虑情绪预测贡献最高的关键外周生理特征，从而揭示两种情绪背后可能不 同的外周生理反应模式。结果表明，长短时记忆网络（LSTM）在两类情绪的 预测中均表现出最优性能；恐惧模型更依赖于基于皮肤电信号（GSR）提取的 特征，特别是信号波动性和 SCR 相关指标，而焦虑模型则更依赖于基于光电容 积脉搏波信号（PPG）提取的特征，包括波形特征及 HRV 相关指标；特征提取 过程中，恐惧最优窗长设置为 10 秒，最优重叠率设置为 90%；焦虑最优窗长设 置为 90 秒，最优重叠率设置为 10%。研究 2c 在研究 2a 和 2b 分类识别的基础 上，进一步引入情绪分布学习（EDL）框架，构建对个体在不确定情境下恐惧、 焦虑混合状态的预测模型。结果表明，针对情绪分布学习任务的 Transformer 架 构多标签分布算法在性能表现方面明显优于其他标签分布算法，展现出基于外 周生理特征预测恐惧焦虑等相似情绪方面的有效性。
研究三包含 2 个子研究，引入虚拟现实（VR）、经皮耳迷走神经电刺激 （taVNS）、愉悦音乐等干预手段，旨在比较不同干预手段在不确定情境中对 恐惧和焦虑情绪的差异化调控效果。具体而言，研究 3a 在可预期威胁情境下， 对比 VR 自然干预与愉悦音乐干预对恐惧情绪和焦虑情绪的主观评分的调节效 果，并采用研究二的算法模型，基于生理特征得到恐惧、焦虑情绪的客观预测 值，通过客观指标验证干预手段的有效性。结果发现，VR 自然干预能显著降 低个体恐惧与焦虑情绪的主观评分及预测值。研究 3b 在不可预期威胁情境下， 对比 VR 自然干预与 taVNS 干预对恐惧与焦虑情绪的主观评分及预测值的调节 效果。结果表明，VR 自然干预能够显著降低个体恐惧与焦虑情绪的主观评分 及预测值，taVNS 干预能够显著降低个体的焦虑情绪及其预测值。
综上，本研究围绕“描述—识别—干预”三阶段研究框架，系统探究了不 确定情境下恐惧与焦虑情绪的诱发方法、生理预测机制及干预调节效果。在实 验设计上，本研究构建了更具生态效度和区分力的不确定情境任务；在理论价 值上，本研究通过引入强化敏感性人格变量，揭示了人格、情绪、生理之间的 交互关系；在应用方法上，本研究一方面系统探究了多种机器学习算法与深度 学习算法在外周生理信号预测混合情绪状态任务中的适配性，另一方面有效验 证了多种干预手段在不同不确定情境下对恐惧与焦虑情绪的调控效果。研究结 果丰富了对于恐惧与焦虑区分机制的理解，并为情绪障碍的早期识别与精准干 预提供了理论与技术支撑。</p
Effects and Pathways of Multidomain Intervention for Community-Dwelling Older Adults at High Risk of Cognitive Impairment
No full text随着我国人口老龄化程度持续加深，老年痴呆已成为影响老年人生活质量和公共卫生系统的重大挑战。观察性研究表明，改善包括高血压、糖尿病、抑郁和缺乏运动等在内的 14 项可调节风险因素，有望预防近一半的痴呆病例。然而，现有多领域综合干预在认知障碍预防中的效果仍不一致，可能的原因之一是情绪心理因素在认知障碍和痴呆症预防中的作用被忽视。已有研究表明，情绪心理因素能够通过多种方式延缓认知下降，并可能与其他痴呆风险因素（如生活方式因素）相互作用，产生促进效应。但目前尚缺乏系统研究考察其在综合干预中的具体作用及其机制。此外，综合干预效果的不一致可能是由于个体差异——即某些 老年人受益显著，而另一些人效果有限，平均化的结果掩盖了真正受益的群体。因此，有必要评估纳入情绪心理干预的多领域综合干预对认知障碍高风险老年人认知功能的影响，并进一步探讨情绪心理等干预因素在干预效果中的中介作用以及生活方式对情绪心理的影响。此外，还需分析干预效果的个体差异性，以揭示影响干预效应的关键个体特征。这将有助于发现更有效的综合干预策略，深入理解其作用机制，并为制定个性化综合干预方案提供理论依据和实证支持。
本研究在北京市朝阳区的 10 个社区中开展了认知障碍高风险老年人的筛查工作，并将筛查出的符合条件的老年人以社区为单位 1：1 随机分配到综合干预组和对照组。综合干预组接受为期 9 个月的综合干预，干预内容包括冥想、认知训练、运动、营养与心脑血管风险管理；对照组则维持常规生活方式不变。干预形式为每周一次、每次 60–90 分钟的小组训练结合每日家庭作业练习。
结果发现，综合干预方案在中国城市社区中具有较高的可行性，被试对干预课程的满意率达 90%以上，课程平均出席率 80%以上。在依从性方面，吸烟和焦虑水平能够稳定预测被试的依从性，而记忆功能和吸烟行为则对家庭作业的完成情况具有稳定的预测作用。在认知功能方面，干预组在综合认知功能、记忆功能以及认知主诉得分上均表现出显著改善，且认知主诉得分的改善效果在随访阶段仍得以保持。与对照组相比，干预组在多个认知指标上的改善幅度介于 21%至 73% 之间。除此之外，综合干预还显著提升了被试的积极情感，减少了消极情绪，社交网络和身体活动的改善效果在干预结束后和一年后的随访中仍然维持。此外， 情绪心理因素在综合干预对认知主诉、综合认知功能和记忆功能的影响中发挥了显著的中介作用，在所有三种认知模型中均发现了“综合干预 → 生活方式 → 情绪心理 → 认知功能”的中介路径。最后，本研究采用组轨迹模型（group-based trajectory modelling, GBTM）描述综合干预后认知功能的变化轨迹，结果识别出三种不同的轨迹模式：低认知功能组不变、中认知功能组改善和高认知功能组改善。进一步分析表明，年龄、基线休闲娱乐活动水平、身体活动水平以及抑郁情绪是影响认知功能轨迹分组的重要预测因素。
综上所述，本研究作为中国城市社区首个针对认知障碍高风险老年群体的综合干预研究，提出了一套可行、有效且标准化的综合干预方案。研究深入探讨了情绪心理与健康生活方式因素在综合干预效果中的中介作用，以及二者之间的关系，为阐明综合干预影响认知功能的内在机制做出了贡献。此外，本研究采用以个体为中心的分析方法，揭示了综合干预效果的个体差异，为未来制定个性化干预策略提供了重要的理论依据和实践启示。</p
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