Institutional Repository of Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IHNS OpenIR,中国科学院自然科学史研究所机构知识库)
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“科“”技”兼顾：邓小平与第一生产力的引进
No full text改革开放初期,社会主义现代化建设成为党和国家工作的重心。分析了邓小平引进第一生产力的典型事例,以领略其"科""技"兼顾的战略决策。邓小平指出,"四个现代化,关键是科学技术的现代化"。面对中国科技水平与发达国家的巨大差距,邓小平提出要利用世界上一切先进技术、先进成果的方针,国际科技合作得到迅速发展。"科学技术是第一生产力",但是二者作用于社会生产的方式不同。因此,如何平衡科学与技术的关系成为科技决策者面临的重要问题。国际科技合作是国内政策的延伸,科学与技术国际合作模式的差别,充分体现着邓小平对科学与技术关系的平衡
刘徽对《九章算术》中立体的辨名
No full text刘徽对《九章算术》中的立体及其名称进行了较多的考察,是他对全书概念、术语进行"审辨名分"工作的组成部分,也是他努力为《九章算术》的数学知识构建理论基础的一种体现。本文分为不做解释、只解释实物含义、只解释几何含义、既解释实物含义又解释几何含义等四种类型分析了刘徽对《九章算术》中立体及其名称和用语的处理方式,指出刘徽对立体进行的辨名工作是一个重大的进步,但还未能形成作为基础的一套解释术语和一个解释框架,是不完善的。尽管如此,刘徽的辨名工作仍足以为他论证数学方式的正确性提供基础
关于中国科学技术史学科发展的几点思考
No full text自20世纪50年代以来,中国科技史学家取得了丰硕的研究成果。不过,他们目前又面临着新的挑战和困难。作为一门学科,科技史与历史科学的其他分支具有互补性。中国科学家为科技史学科的建立和发展做出了巨大贡献。科技史学家既要促进学科交叉,又要区分科技史和其他学科之间的差异,并加强学科自身的建设。通常,年轻学者需要十多年才能成为初步成熟的科技史学者。职业的科技史研究需要许多"敬业的聪明人"。当前,中国科技史学者理应追求具有国际视野的高质量研究
A Genealogical History of STS and Its Multiple Constructions: To Weave an Extensive Network for Gazing upon the Modern Sciences
No full textTHE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: PILOT SITE FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN GEOSCIENCE DURING CHINA'S EARLY PERIOD OF REFORM AND OPENING-UP
No full textIn 1978, China ended a decade-long 'Cultural Revolution' and began its Reform and Opening-up process. At the same time, China's scientific community also ended its longterm closed state and began to seek ways to integrate into the world. In this study, we take the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a pilot site to illustrate the international geoscience collaboration during this time. We first introduce the International Symposium on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the delegation from the United States and the collaboration between China and France on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Then we examine the successful cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London by focusing on their interactions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Project in detail, on the basis of the archives of these two organizations. Since national policies and systems lagged behind the pace of international cooperation then, there were contradictions between national policies and the needs of specific research projects. We attempt to understand the flexible manner in which Chinese scholars solved these contradictions. We will also explore some of the reasons and contextual factors that shaped such Sino-foreign scientific exchanges early in the Reform era. This study also reflects the opportunities and challenges faced by China's scientific community during the process of social transformation
Key Risks and Development Strategies for China's High-End Medical Equipment Innovations
No full textObjective: Sufficient amounts of basic medical materials and high-end medical equipment are required for epidemics. This study aims to investigate and determine the key risks and main factors influencing China's high-end medical equipment innovations using a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) matrix. Then, on the basis of findings and relevant literature concerning the development of China's high-end medical equipment in recent years, especially during the COVID-19 period, we put forward strategies for the development of and innovations in high-end medical equipment for China, based on an analytic network process ANP-SWOT model. Methods: In this study, a comprehensive ANP-SWOT analysis model was selected to examine the current state of development of the high-end medical equipment innovation industry in China. First, a SWOT model was used to comprehensively analyze the internal and external factors influencing the development of the industry. Then, an ANP network structure was designed to accurately reflect the relationships among the influencing factors. Subsequently, weights for the influencing factors were determined according to the importance of the factors, and alternative choices for China's strategy for high-end medical equipment innovation were presented. Results: The results revealed that the essential features of the best strategy for the innovation and development of China's high-end medical equipment industry were as follows: first, speeding up the construction and improvement of a technological innovation system that is enterprise-dominated, market-oriented, and involves joint industry-university research; second, a greater focus on increasing the financial support for research and development and industrialization; and third, strong government support through taxes, medical insurance, promotion of talent, and appropriate land usage. Conclusion: Strong governmental support through taxes, medical insurance, promotion of talent, and land usage is required to ensure rapid development of the high-end medical equipment industry in China
从中国看世界：全球绿色发展研究40年之回溯与展望
No full text本文旨在梳理全球绿色发展研究40年的历史脉络,构建区域绿色发展的理论路径,提出区域绿色发展的基本规律。[方法/过程]本文利用Citespace计量工具对国内4个历史时期的绿色发展高被引研究进行了系统的回溯,总结了同时期国外绿色发展的典型研究,并详细比较了国内外绿色发展研究共性与差异性特征。[结果/结论]绿色发展以内涵式经济发展为初衷,通过科技创新率先驱动产业发展,并进一步带动经济发展,最终依靠可持续发展理念,使经济发展转化为绿色经济发展形态,涉及价值文化、治理体系和技术手段等3种向绿色创新不断迈进、周而复始的循环过程
论商前期青铜双耳簋的风格与工艺——兼及早期青铜簋风格与工艺的地域性问题
No full text随着古代青铜器资料的增加、搜集和研究的推进,与其他青铜文明相对照,愈发突显中原古代青铜器卓尔不群、无与伦比。其特点首先表现在造型怪异、复杂,但实用性差;其次表现在装饰和纹饰独特、华丽甚至繁复得匪夷所思,母题纹样从来不曾在其他文明中出现过,而且新近的研究还揭示出其中不少原本是瑰丽多彩的。最后表现在实现功能和风格要求的制作技术大相径庭,以泥范块范法为独占工艺,几乎没有其他文明通常甚至优先采用的锻造成形工艺
数学的传承——张寿武教授谈王元院士
No full text美国普林斯顿大学张寿武教授在访谈中，回忆了在中国科学院数学研究所师从王元院士所受的终身教益；介绍了在王元院士感召下，倾力培养数学优秀人才过程中的经验和心得。张寿武教授用实际行动传承着王元院士等老一辈数学家的科学精神和数学事业。他成功开办了暑期学校，表达了对中国数学事业现状的观感；并提出要缩小与国外学术水平的差距，必须做中国人自己的数学、重新组织数学的学术观点
中国科学院对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿综合利用之化工冶金研究回顾
No full text攀西地区是我国矿产资源最为富集的地区之一，钒钛磁铁矿是一种典型的多金属共伴生铁矿资源，具有极高的综合利用价值。中国科学院化工冶金研究所（现中国科学院过程工程研究所）早在20世纪50年代就参与了攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿资源综合利用研究和攀枝花钢铁基地建设，特别是首任所长叶渚沛院士长期致力于该方面工作。在1978年全国科学大会上，攀枝花矿被确定为全国矿产资源综合利用三大基地之一。在时任国务院副总理方毅的直接关怀和领导下，集中全国科技力量开展联合攻关，开启了攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿资源综合利用的科技“大会战”。本文重点回顾了中国科学院（后简称中科院）作为国家战略科技力量，对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿综合利用之化工冶金研究的历史（1958—2001），分析了中科院在我国当代重大矿产资源开发科技攻关中发挥的作用，反映出过程工程研究所面向国家重大战略需求开展科技攻关的历程、成果与意义