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Quantification and scenario analysis of CO2 emissions from the central heating supply system in China from 2006 to 2025
No full textPolicies associated with the central heating supply system affect the livelihoods of people in China. With the extensive consumption of energy for central heating, large quantities of CO2 emissions are produced each year. Coal-fired heating boiler plants are the primary source of emissions; however, thermal power plants are becoming much more prevalent, and gas-fired heating boiler plants remain uncommon. This study quantified the amount of CO2 emitted from the central heating supply system in China using a mass balance method with updated emission factors from the IPCC. Emissions increased from 189.04 Tg to 319.39 Tg between 2006 and 2015. From a spatial perspective, regions with larger central heating areas, durations and coverages produced more CO2 emissions. The central heating method depends on the level of electric power consumption, policies and regulations, and resource reserves at the local scale. Compared with the use of only coal-fired heating boiler plants to provide central heating, using thermal power plants and gas-fired heating boiler plants reduced CO2 emissions by 98.19 Tg in 2015 in China. A comparison of the CO2 emissions under various central heating scenarios showed that emissions will be 520.97 Tg, 308.79 Tg and 191.86 Tg for business as usual, positive and optimal scenarios through 2025, respectively. China has acknowledged the considerable potential for reducing central heating and will make efforts to pursue improved heating strategies in the future
Interactive Effect of Radioactive and Heavy-Metal Contamination on Soil Enzyme Activity in a Former Uranium Mine
No full textRadioactivity and heavy metal toxicity of multi-metal deposits coexisting with the element uranium (U) could have long-term adverse impacts on soil biological processes and the health of soil ecosystems. Soil enzyme activities are considered bioindicators for assessing soil health. An experiment was designed to investigate invertase and beta-glucosidase activity in multi-metal deposits. Radioactivity and heavy metals were also investigated during this study. Our results showed that the invertase and beta-glucosidase activities were significantly lower in the core mining area than the control area (p<0.05). Activities of the two enzymes decreased with increasing metal concentrations and radioactivity. Cu and Zn showed significant negative effects on beta-glucosidase and invertase activities in a multi-metal deposit at the study site. A significant nonlinear relationship was recorded between soil enzyme activities, radiation dose (R-2 = 0.71, 0.63; p< 0.05), Zn (R-2 = 0.34, 0.41; p< 0.05) and Cu concentrations (R-2 = 0.46, 0.45; p< 0.05). There were turning points at 1 mu Gy h(-1), 250 mu g g(-1), and 30 mu g g(-1) for radiation dose, Zn and Cu contents, respectively. The findings could provide more information regarding the toxic effects of radiation and heavy metals on the soil health of multi-metal deposits, which can more precisely guide environmental protection
Peatland development and carbon dynamics histories of Zoige peatlands for 15000 years
No full text高海拔泥炭地是维护高原气候环境稳定的重要生态系统,由于其兼具高海拔和高寒的特点,对气候变化尤为敏感。若尔盖高原泥炭地是中国高海拔泥炭地集中分布区,碳储量丰富,由于方法学差异及数据缺乏,其碳储量估算仍存在一定程度的不确定性,对长时间尺度碳通量的模拟研究还较为匮乏。因此,以若尔盖高原泥炭地为研究对象,基于若尔盖高原泥炭地每千年的面积变化和碳累积速率重新评估若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储量,并利用泥炭分解模型和碳通量重建模型探讨了15000年以来若尔盖高原泥炭地碳通量动态。研究结果表明,若尔盖高原泥炭地约从15000年开始发育,发育高峰期在1200010000年和70005000年,泥炭累积速率范围为0.221.31 mm/a,平均值为0.56 mm/a;碳累积速率范围为13.477.2 g C m~(-2) a~(-1),平均碳累积速率为33.5 g C m~(-2) a~(-1), 3000年至今碳累积速率最高, 70006000年是碳累积速率次峰值时期; 15000年以来若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储存量达1.4 Pg(1 Pg = 10~(15) g),碳累积输入和碳累积释放分别为5.6 Pg和4.2 Pg;净碳平衡平均值为0.087 Tg (1 Tg = 10~(12) g) C/a,峰值出现在1100010000年为0.295 Pg;在60002000年若尔盖泥炭地出现微弱碳源,最大值出现在50004000年,约为-0.034 Pg,净碳平衡在1500011000年和4000年至今呈现上升趋势,而100004000年整体呈现下降趋势。总体而言,若尔盖高原泥炭地碳储量丰富,是青藏高原东部重要的陆地生态系统碳库和碳汇,本研究将为我国高海拔泥炭地碳库保育提供一定的理论和数据支撑
Effect of water table decline on the abundances of soil mites, springtails, and nematodes in the Zoige peatland of eastern Tibetan Plateau
No full textDespite the important role of soil fauna in the decomposition of soil organic matter, the abundance response of soil fauna to environmental changes has been scarcely studied in peatlands, where soil carbon content is exceptionally high. The water table of the Zoige peatland, the largest alpine peatland worldwide, has been declining due to climate change and human drainage in recent decades, which likely induces changes in the abundance of soil fauna. In order to examine the abundance response of soil mites, springtails, and nematodes to water table decline in the Zoige peatland, we conducted an in situ field drainage experiment, consisting of low, intermediate, and ambient water table levels for four consecutive years. We measured the abundances of mites, springtails, and nematodes at five soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 cm), for four times in the third and fourth year of the experiment. Results show that the effect of water table decline on the abundance of soil fauna varied among soil animal groups, soil depths, and the sampling times over the course of the experiment. While mites did not respond significantly to the experimental treatments, the abundance of springtails at soil depths of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm and that of nematodes at a depth of 15-20 cm were significantly higher in the drained treatments than in the undrained one. Moreover, water table decline increased the proportion of herbivorous nematodes in the top soil (0-5 cm) and decreased the proportion of bacterivorous nematodes at soil depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm, while fungivorous and omnivorous-predaceous nematodes did not respond significantly. Given the demonstrated importance of soil fauna to soil carbon dynamics, the changes in the abundances of soil mites, springtails, and nematodes depicted here indicate that soil fauna should be further studied in relation to the recently reported rapid loss of soil carbon in the Zoige peatland
Analysis of neuronal phosphoproteome reveals PINK1 regulation of BAD function and cell death
No full textPINK1 mutations that disrupt its kinase activity cause autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Although research in recent years has elucidated a PINK1-Parkin pathway of mitophagy activation that requires PINK1 kinase activity, mitophagy-independent functions of PINK1 and their possible roles in PD pathogenesis have been proposed. Using an unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry approach to analyze the phosphoproteome in primary neurons from wild type and Pink1 knockout mice after mitochondrial depolarization, we uncovered PINK1-regulated phosphorylation sites, which involve coordinated activation of multiple signaling pathways that control cellular response to stress. We further identified the pro-apoptotic protein BAD as a potential mitochondrial substrate of PINK1 both in vitro and in vivo, and found that cells more susceptible to a12poptosis induced by mitochondrial damage can be rescued by phosphorylation mimic BAD. Our results thus suggest that PINK1 kinase activity is important for pro-apoptotic protein function in regulation of cell death
Production of Bio-Ethanol by Integrating Microwave-Assisted Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse Slurry with Molasses
No full textSugarcane bagasse (SCB) and molasses, known as carbohydrate-rich biomass derived from sugar production, can serve as feedstock for bio-ethanol production. To establish a simple process, the production of bio-ethanol through integration of whole pretreated slurry (WPS) of SCB with molasses was investigated. The results showed that microwave-assisted dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment reduced the formation of toxic compounds compared to a pretreatment process involving "conventional heating". Pretreatment at 180 C-o with 10% w v(-1) solid loading and 0.5% w v(-1) H2SO4 was sufficient to achieve efficient enzymatic saccharification of WPS. By conducting separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), an ethanol yield of 90.12% was obtained from the mixture of WPS and molasses, but the ethanol concentration of 33.48 g L-1 was relatively low. By adopting fed-batch SHF, the ethanol concentration reached 41.49 g L-1. Assuming that the molasses were converted to ethanol at an efficiency of 87.21% (i.e., ethanol was obtained from fermentation of molasses alone), the ethanol yield from WPS when a mixture of WPS and molasses was fermented was 78.30%, which was higher than that of enzymatic saccharification of WPS (73.53%). These findings suggest that the production of bio-ethanol via integration of WPS with molasses is a superior method
The inhibitory effect in Fraxinellone on oxidative stress-induced senescence correlates with AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent autophagy restoration
No full textAs a natural metabolite of limonoids from Dictamnus dasycarpus, fraxinellone has been reported to be neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory. However, its influence on cellular metabolism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of fraxinellone on cellular senescence-induced by oxidative stress and the potential mechanism. We found that fraxinellone administration caused growth arrest and certainly repressed the activity of senescence associated -galactosidase as well as the expression of senescence-associated-genes. Interestingly, this effect of fraxinellone is closely correlated with the restoration of impaired autophagy and the activation of AMPK. Notably, fraxinellone reacts in an AMPK-dependent but mTORC1-independent manner. Together, our study demonstrates for the first time that fraxinellone has the effect on senescence inhibition and AMPK activation, and supports the notion that autophagic mechanism is important for aging prevention. These findings expanded the list of natural compounds and will be potentially utilized for aging decay and/or AMPK activation
Biogas Production and Microbial Community Dynamics during the Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Straw at 39-50 degrees C: A Pilot Study
No full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate the anaerobic digestion (AD) of rice straw at different temperatures in a 300 m(3) bioreactor. The results showed that the biogas yield was 401.9 m(3)/ton (dry straw weight) in this AD system. The contents of total solids, volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, pH, NH4+-N, and volatile fatty acids were all in the optimal range, indicating that the entire AD system was stable and efficient. In addition, the phylum Bacteroidetes was the main type of bacteria found during the AD process. When the temperature increased, the relative abundance ratio of Methanoculleus, Methanosarcina, and Firmicutes increased. The phyla Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres predominated in straw samples, and the relative abundance ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in thermophilic AD was much greater than that in mesophilic AD. This study provides new evidence regarding the effects of temperature on the community changes of specific microbiota in the AD of rice straw
Pteridryaceae: A new fern family of Polypodiineae (Polypodiales) including taxonomic treatments
No full textWe undertook phylogenetic analyses to resolve the relationships of Pteridrys and related taxa based on six plastid markers (atpA, atpB, matK & rps16-matK, rbcL, rps4 & rps4-trnS, and trnL & trnL-F) and nuclear pgiC. We included 195 accessions representing approximately 147 species in 38 genera, and seven of the nine families in Polypodiineae (eupolypods I). Tectariaceae s.l. (i.e., Arthropteris, Draconopteris, Hypoderris, Malaifilix, Pteridrys, Tectaria, and Triplophyllum in addition to Polydictyum) is recovered as monophyletic (97% maximum likelihood bootstrap value), but with low (<50%) maximum parsimony jackknife value. The family Tectariaceae s.l. is therefore the only family in ferns without a corresponding non-parametric-based strong support in spite of our data totaling 9616 aligned base pairs. Tectariaceae s.l. can not be unambiguously recognized by any of the 13 morphological characters analyzed. However, if the clade composed of Draconopteris, Malaifilix, Polydictyum, and Pteridrys (DMPP) is recognized as a distinct family, at least four morphological characters enable the distinction of the DMPP clade from its sister clade. Considering the uncertainty in the monophyly, the diagnosability, and the deep divergence, we propose to establish a new family, Pteridryaceae, to accommodate the DMPP clade. Species of Pteridryaceae share mostly the following characteristics: erect to suberect rhizomes, reduced basal pinnae, anastomosing or free venation, absence of catenate hairs at the leaf surface, and perine ornamentation lacking spines or spinules. Identification keys are provided for the four genera and 31 species of the DMPP clade (or Pteridryaceae). Reflecting the presented results, the recognition of Arthropteridaceae is the preferred taxonomic status of the Arthropteris clade
Bioactive steroidal alkaloids from the fruits of Solanum nigrum
No full textThe investigation of the fruits of Solanum nigrum led to the isolation of four previously undescribed steroidal alkaloids, named solanine A, 7 alpha-OH khasianine, 7 alpha-OH solamargine and 7 alpha-OH solasonine, together with six known ones. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated unambiguously by spectroscopic. data analyses and chemical methods. Solanine A represents an unusual steroidal alkaloid with an unprecedented 6/5/6/5/5/6 hexacyclic ring system, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. Compounds 2-4 were rare naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid glycosides bearing a hydroxyl group at C-7 position. Solanine A showed the most potent inhibitory activity against the LPS-induced NO production in murine RAW264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 3.85 +/- 0.71 mu M and significant cytotoxicity against MGC803, HepG2 and SW480 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 6.00 +/- 0.52 mu M, 9.25 +/- 0.49 mu M and 6.23 +/- 0.26 mu M, respectively. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved