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Prioritizing agricultural investments across commodities for income growth and poverty reduction: Methods and applications
No full textSome agricultural investments are commodity-specific, meaning that they increase the productivity of production, processing, or marketing of a single agricultural commodity or a set of closely-related commodities. Examples include investment in cassava breeding, expanding cotton ginning capacity, irrigation for rice production, expansion of cold storage capacity for horticultural exports, or road investment to a region whose main product is maize. Traditional cost-benefit analysis estimates the effect of in-vestments on net income assuming that the investment is not large enough to influence market prices. However, a different approach is needed when the investment affects market prices and/or there is an interest in other outcomes such as poverty reduction.
This report describes an approach to estimating the impact of commodity-specific agricultural investments on income, poverty, and other measures of welfare. This approach can be extended to identify the optimal allocation of an investment budget across commodities subject to a given objective function. For example, it could be used to allocate agricultural research funds across commodities to maximize income, poverty reduction, or a weighted average of the two.Non-PRIFPRI2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; Prioritizing agricultural investments; CRP2MTID; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Tanzania: A Nexus Project SAM
No full textThe 2018 Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.Non-PRCRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; Nexus SAMsDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
2015 Social Accounting Matrix for Vietnam: A Nexus Project SAM
No full textThe 2015 Vietnam Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.Non-PRCRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; Nexus SAMsDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Nepal: A Nexus Project SAM
No full textThe 2018 Nepal Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.Non-PRCRP2; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; Nexus SAMsDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Market access
No full textMarket Access is one of the most significant and challenging pillars in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture due to its magnitude and the impacts associated with a change in agricultural trade rules. Increasing Market Access continues to be a relevant topic for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a region which encompasses the world’s largest agri-food exporters as well as net-agri-food importing countries. While LAC produce about a seventh of global exports in agri-food products63, food and nutrition security remains a concern in several of its countries, with 14% of the population classifying as severely food insecure, 41% as moderately or severely food insecure and 49.8 million people being undernourished in 2020 (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, 2021). Negotiations on market access are key for both LAC net agrifood exporting and importing countries with the objective to grant access to the products of exporters and to ensure the supply and food security not only for LAC importers but at global scale.Non-PRIFPRI4; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; DCAPIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
A photographic food atlas with portion sizes of commonly consumed foods in Accra, Ghana
No full textThis Food Atlas provides a photograph series of 68 meals commonly consumed by adolescent girls in Accra, Ghana. It consists of pictures of four portion sizes per meal, including weights.
The main aim of this Food Atlas is to enable accurate portion-size estimation; during food consumption surveys, these images can be shown to respondents to aid them in describing the quantity of food consumed. The Food Atlas can also to aid in estimating, quantifying, educating, and counseling on appropriate portions of food in order to help improve dietary intake.
The meals were chosen using data collected during a previous study conducted at the Department of Nutrition, NMIMR, “Dietary Patterns and Cardio-metabolic Risk in Urban Dwelling Adolescents” (IRB Study Number 001/17-18), aimed at understanding the eating patterns, physical activity levels and their association with measures of adiposity, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar among adolescents between ages 10 and 17.
All recipes were compiled with the aid of a professional caterer who had experience cooking for adolescents in a school setting.Non-PRIFPRI1; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Nudging for Good; DCAPHN
The impact of market system development approaches: The case of InovAgro in Mozambique
No full textMarket system development (MSD) approaches aim to address market failures and frictions that frequently impede adoption of modern yield-enhancing agricultural practices in sub-Saharah Africa. This brief examines the impact of an MSD intervention (InovAgro) in Mozambique that was designed to increase incomes and improve economic security for poor smallholder farmers through improved productivity and development of high-potential value chains. Findings include increases in use of inputs and access to market information, as well as important spillover effects for many small-scale farmers beyond the direct beneficiaries, and high costs-effectiveness of the MSD intervention.PRIFPRI1; DCA; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; InovAgro Project Impact Evaluation; Capacity Strengthening; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and GovernanceDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Pakistan: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on the economy and poverty
No full textRussia-Ukraine conflict is increasing uncertainty, which in turn is fueling volatility in global commodity and financial markets. Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen sharply driven largely by this conflict and sanctions imposed on Russia. Export bans and disruptions in global trade and international supply chains have also contributed to rising prices having implications for economic and food security for countries like Pakistan. This price shock came at a time when the fragile economy of the country was recovering from the effects of COVID-19 pandemic and grappling with the threat of climate change (severe heat wave in March-April 2022 and cataclysmic floods in August-September 2022) Price shock has affected the Current Account Deficit (CAD) and Balance of Payments since Pakistan is a net importer of oil, LNG, edible oil, and now wheat and may impact economic growth in FY2023. In March 2022, per barrel price of oil saw an increase of 59 percent (USD118) as compared to December 2021. It is estimated that ‘as long as the conflict in Ukraine rages on, oil prices will remain above USD100/barrel, even though they are closer to USD90/barrel in October 2022. In 2022, gas prices are expected to increase by at least 50 percent, especially in Europe, where they have increased by more than 2.5 times in the last year due to its heavy dependency on Russian energy’.2 Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022. The CAD increased from USD 3.1 billion in FY2021 to 17.7 billion in FY2022. However, excluding the impact of oil and edible oil, the CAD could have fallen to around USD 7.7 billion. The increase in administered prices of fuel and electricity as well as shortages in wheat production has increased food inflation from 16.6 percent in September 2021 to 28.6 percent in September 2022 (YoY) while the overall CPI increased from 9.0 to 23.2 percent during the same period. Pakistan’s trade volume with Ukraine and Russia has been rising. During the last 24 years, the bilateral trade between Pakistan and Ukraine was USD 800 million including USD 739 million imports in 2021 (1.3 percent of Pakistan’s total imports). Likewise, the trade with Russia was USD 711 million including USD 537 million imports in 2021 (1.3 percent of Pakistan’s total imports).Non-PRIFPRI1DSGD; SA
Crop commercialization in Ethiopia: Trends, drivers, and impact on well-being
No full textAgricultural transformation refers to a series of changes in agriculture that both reflect and drive rising income and economic development more broadly. While the macroeconomic patterns of agricultural transformation are relatively well documented, less is known about how it is manifested at the household level. Ethiopia makes an excellent case study as it has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
An important aspect of this process is agricultural commercialization, that is, the rising share of agricultural output is sold on the market rather than being consumed at home. Agricultural commercialization tends to rise with development with improved infrastructure and communications, the availability of inputs and know-how regarding commercial crop production, and farmers being willing to accept the risks associated with producing crops for the market. Agricultural commercialization is widely believed to allow farmers to earn higher income as they specialize in crops for which they have a comparative advantage.
The analysis makes use of a data from three rural household surveys carried out in Ethiopia by IFPRI in 2012, 2016, and 2019. Each survey used a sample that was representative of the four main agricultural regions of the country (Tigre, Oromia, Amhara, and SNNP) with sample sizes of 3000 to 5000, including 1,900 households that were interviewed in all three rounds. In addition, we incorporate several weather variables based on CHIRPS rainfall data to estimate the effect of the level and variability of rainfall on agricultural commercialization.Non-PRIFPRI1; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesAFR; MTI
Forsa pilot evaluation baseline survey results
No full textThe Forsa program, launched in 2021 by the Egyptian Ministry of Social Solidarity has been designed as a graduation program targeted to current beneficiaries of the Takaful cash transfer program. To understand how well Forsa supports household income generation and to better understand the beneficiary household characteristics which may relate to program success, the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Solidarity is running a randomized control trial of the pilot Forsa program (see IFPRI MENA Regional Program Policy Note 21 for more details on the program and evaluation design).
A baseline household survey collected in January-February 2022 provides a detailed picture of the eligible households in the targeted communities, including the employment situation and work-related skills of the household members intending to participate in Forsa. The household survey data was collected in the eight governorates of the pilot: Beni-Suef, Sharqia, Qalyoubia, Luxor, Fayoum, Menia, Souhag, and Assuit. 24 households Forsa-eligible households were surveyed in each of 323 communities: 16 households from the pool of current Takaful beneficiaries and 8 from the pool of Takaful rejected applicants. The final sample size was 7,752 households. Each household was asked whether they were willing to enroll in Forsa and, if so, which household member would participate in the trainings. 83% of sampled eligible households indicated willingness to enroll in Forsa. The large majority of these (77%) indicated a preference for the self-employment track.Non-PRIFPRI1; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; Cross-cutting gender themeDSG