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Looking at export tariffs and export restrictions: The case of Argentina accelerating tariff elimination through beneficial environmental food products
No full textExport taxes have been used in many countries. They have multiple effects at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels, including on the terms of trade (resulting from the market power of key suppliers), the reduction and stabilization of consumer prices (which influence food security) or on intermediate input prices (which may affect in different ways the processed goods using them), government revenues and income distribution. These taxes can also create serious negative externalities for trade partners and affect long-term investment and innovations in the targeted sectors. Recent years have been marked by a renewal of interest in this issue from the trade community. The 2007–08 food price crisis shed light on export policies’ dangerous consequences for food security during periods of price spikes (Anderson and Martin, 2011; Bouët and Laborde, 2011).Non-PRIFPRI2; CRP2MTID; PIM; LACCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
A proposal for the elimination of export restrictions on food products
No full textThe episodes of higher and volatile food prices during 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 have raised concerns about the role of agricultural export restrictions in further raising international prices and its impact on the food- insecure population in net food-importing developing countries. Although many arguments have been invoked to justify the application of export restrictions, mainly food security concerns, it is clear not only from theoretical studies but also from historical research, that these measures have a multiplier effect on spikes and the volatility of international prices. The negative impacts of these beggar-thy-neighbor policies are widespread among countries, although they have been more severe in those less developed net food- importing countries, with a large share of their population being the urban poor. Moreover, significant damage to trust in the world market as a reliable source of food was inflicted during these food crises.Non-PRIFPRI2MTID; LA
The future of the global agri-food trade and the WTO
No full textIn recent years, the international trade context has seen, as a consequence of political changes, social unrest and violence, increased uncertainty and instability. Two main trends, one economic and one political, have affected the economic and political environment in which the evolution of the global trading system has been taking place.Non-PRIFPRI2MTID; LA
Agriculture and nutrition in China
No full textThis chapter discusses the linkages between agriculture, food, and nutrition in China. It begins with an overview of existing nutrition governance and policies, followed by a discussion of the major research progress on agriculture and nutrition links in recent years. The chapter then identifies gaps in current agriculture and nutrition policies, and provides policy perspectives on improving the agricultural sector for improving nutrition in China.PRIFPRI2; CRP2DGO; CPA; DSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
2019 Global food policy report: Synopsis [in Arabic]
No full textIFPRI’s flagship report reviews the major food policy developments and decisions of the past year, and looks ahead to 2019. This year’s Global Food Policy Report highlights the urgency of rural revitalization to address a growing crisis in rural areas. Focusing on the needs of rural areas is one of the most promising and practical ways to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Building blocks for rural revitalization include stronger rural–urban linkages, better access to basic services such as electricity, more and better rural jobs, greater gender equality, and restoration of the rural environment, all needed to make rural areas vibrant and healthy places to live and work. This synopsis provides a brief overview of the findings of the report.PRIFPRI1; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesDGO; CP
Drivers of the Bangladesh fish economy: Projections of future fish supply and demand
No full textFish play a major role in the Bangladesh food system. Fish production, processing and marketing are major source of incomes for many households, and fish consumption accounts for a significant share of protein consumption in the Bangladeshi diet. Moreover, fish production and consumption are growting rapidly, with the aquaculture subsector as a major driver of change of both supply and demand. In this paper, we present estimates of demand elasticities for four categories of fish (aquaculture, inland capture, mixed production, and marine) using a modified Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. These demand estimates are then used in projections of future supply and demand for these different types of fish under different productivity growth assumptions. Our results show that, at current rates of productivity increase, growth in fish production will outpace increases in demand from population and income growth, resulting a decline in real prices over time. A more rapid increase in productivity would lead to even larger supply increases and corresponding price declines. These effects are most keenly felt by the poorest households who see significant increases in fish consumption. Fish production from aquaculture is likely to have higher rates of productivity growth than the more extensive inland capture and marine systems, leading to a long term shift increase in the share of aquaculture production and consumption.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; ReSAKSS Asia; PRSSPDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Regional developments: Central Asia [in Russian}
No full textВ 2020 году страны Центральной Азии столкнулись с беспрецедентными вызовами, поскольку глобальная пандемия усугубила существующие в регионе проблемы. К ним относятся растущие последствия изменения климата, нестабильность товарно-сырьевых рынков, а также сильная зависимость от денежных переводов и недиверсифицированных торговых потоков. В отличие от других недавних потрясений, пандемия COVID-19 и связанные с ней политические меры реагирования заставили жителей стран Центральной Азии изменить устоявшиеся практики и порядки, многие из которых имеют существенное значение для создания источников средств к существованию, и нарушили связи на местном, региональном и глобальном уровнях. Краткосрочные меры реагирования со стороны правительств помогли смягчить последствия такого удара, в то время как сельскохозяйственный сектор оказался достаточно жизнестойким. Восстановление экономики в основных странах назначения трудовых мигрантов из Центральной Азии уже помогло вернуть прежние размеры денежных переводов. Однако в контексте долгосрочной трансформации продовольственной системы региона пандемия выявила слабость систем социальной защиты и нехватку цифровых возможностей взаимодействия, а также риск сильной зависимости от денежных переводов и ограниченного набора экспортных товаров.PRIFPRI1; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food IndustryDGO; DSG
Production and marketing of chili in the Brong-Ahafo area of Ghana
No full textThis paper provides an in-depth account of the chili value chain in the Brong Ahafo area of Ghana, looking at the agronomic practices of producers, marketing choices by chili type, and practices of traders along different commercial corridors.
Using original survey data of producers and traders, the paper addresses two questions: Are there opportunities to increase the productivity of chilies? Does the marketing system deliver a significant share of the consumer prices to producers?
Chili yields are less than 1.0 mt/ha against a yield potential in Ghana of nearly 8 mt/ha. Long chili growers in the top 10 percentile by yields harvested nearly 18 bags compared to the average of 11 bags per acre obtained by all producers. These higher chili yields resulted primarily by applying higher levels of inorganic fertilizers. Many producers have adopted improved chili varieties – nearly 70 percent of long chili producers reported having planted Legon 18, the variety which is generally used for making chili powder. Producers also reported maintaining their crop in the field for unusually long periods to extend their production into leaner production periods.
Prices vary geographically by day and by marketing channel. The margins earned by traders on the sale price of their chilis range from 20 to 100 percent under different conditions. The chili value chain is short. The bulk of chilis produced reaches consumers with only one intermediary between producer and consumer. Fresh and dry chilies are marketed differently. Nearly 80 percent of dry chili producers sell at their farm gate, where they tend to obtain prices that are higher than those received by producers who take their dry chilies to markets. The reverse is true for fresh chili producers, however. It is plausible that producers choose between producing dry long or fresh round chilies depending on their marketing ability. Social networks influence the choice by producers of what traders to engage with, suggesting that producers with stronger ties to traders obtain higher prices.Non-PRIFPRI1; GSSP; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food IndustryDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Urban food prices under lockdown: Evidence from Myanmar’s traditional food retail sector during COVID-19
No full textMany governments imposed stringent lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health measure to suppress the spread of the disease. With consumer incomes already depressed, the potential impacts of these measures on urban food prices are of particular concern. This working paper examines the changes in Myanmar’s urban food prices during lockdown using detailed food price data collected from a panel of phone surveys conducted in August and September 2020 of 431 family-owned retail shops in Myanmar’s two largest cities, Yangon and Mandalay. We find that the supply side of Myanmar’s food retail sector was largely resilient to the shocks and lockdowns throughout the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates from a fixed effects differencein-differences model reveal that food prices were 3 percent higher in townships under lockdown compared to those not under lockdown, a statistically significant but modest effect. Lockdowns had smaller effects on prices for highly processed food items sourced directly from companies, but larger effects on prices for raw or lightly processed commodities sourced through wholesale markets, which comprise a larger share of urban consumer’s diets. Retailer margins did not change significantly under lockdown restrictions, suggesting no evidence of price gouging. Overall, our findings of a modest impact of the lockdown on urban food prices underscore the importance of keeping the food supply chain–including wholesale markets and retail shops–functioning as completely and as safely as possible during times of crisis, as was mostly the case early in the crisis for the two cities in this study.Non-PRIFPRI1; MyanmarSSP; CRP2; MAPSA; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesDSGD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Theory of change supporting transitions from emergency cash transfers to rebuilding livelihoods
No full textSafety nets protect vulnerable households when their livelihoods are deteriorating. Safety nets are offered to people through different instruments. Traditional asset programs transfer material goods, including farm implements and livestock if participants are farmers. Food and cash transfers are offered to people who lack access and are therefore at risk of selling-off productive assets during acute emergencies and chronic crises. Emergency cash transfers, in particular, have become more common over the past three decades.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM