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Gender dynamics in value chains
No full textOver the past 20 years, value chain development (VCD) initiatives and value chain research have increasingly integrated gender dimensions to allow for gender-differentiated employment and income opportunities and other benefits for women and men, and to address the exploitation of women’s labor (Pyburn and Kruijssen 2021). This research often addresses constraints to women’s participation in specific value chains, such as administrative procedures in transboundary fish trade (Ratner et al. 2018) or disproportionate harassment of women food traders by authorities in Nigeria (Resnick et al. 2019). This brief draws on research conducted under the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) to illustrate how VCD supports and constrains progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. In particular, the brief summarizes work from a portfolio of six PIM co-funded projects (2020–2021) on gender dynamics in value chains beyond the production node and single commodity analysis (Box 1), a book chapter in a CGIAR-wide gender publication (Pyburn and van Eerdewijk 2021), the Pro-WEAI (project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index) for Market Inclusion, and other gender-integrated value chain work within PIM (Crimi 2018; Vos and Pyburn 2021), and provides an outlook for future research.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; G Cross-cutting gender themePIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Exploring gender, tenure security, and landscape governance approaches and findings: Lessons from eight years of research
No full textThis brief synthesizes approaches and findings from gender research conducted by the CGIAR Program on Policy, Institutions, and Markets (PIM). The focus of this work is the governance of natural resources and policy and institutions for improved natural resources management. This body of research analyzes how tenure security affects sustainable management and how individuals, groups, and communities govern land, water, fish stocks, and forests. An important focus of this work involves the following questions: (1) who has what rights with respect to these resources (particularly for women and members of marginalized groups), (2) what are their roles in managing natural resources, and (3) what livelihood benefits do they receive? Without a contextualized understanding of these questions, policies and practices can inadvertently exclude women, reinforce historical practices of gender injustice, or introduce new inequalities that worsen natural resource management and poverty.Non-PRIFPRI1; CRP2; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; G Cross-cutting gender themeEPTD; PIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
Guiding principles of AIP reform
No full textMalawi’s Affordable Inputs Program (AIP) currently combines an economic and a social objective, respectively: (i) increasing agricultural production; and (ii) assisting poor farming households.Non-PRIFPRI1; MaSSP; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural EconomiesDSG
COVID-19 and food inflation scares
No full textRising food prices during 2021 caused concern worldwide. In January, international prices for major food items climbed to a level near the heights of the global food price crises of 2007–2008 and 2010–2011, according to the FAO Food Price Index. International prices declined in the first months of the pandemic, following the initial lockdown measures that were imposed to contain the pandemic, but by October 2021, prices in international markets had risen by about 30 percent over March 2020 levels. In many countries, consumer prices for food also surged, generating fear that this could lead to rising food insecurity (see, for example, Gerard 2021).Non-PRIFPRI4; CRP4; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food IndustryMTID; DGO; A4NHCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
Beyond initial impacts: The evolving COVID-19 context and food system resilience
No full textAs we mark the second anniversary of the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the health, economic, and social disruptions associated with this global crisis continue to evolve. The impacts of the pandemic are prolonged and likely to endure for years to come. Poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups have been disproportionately affected, with informal and migrant workers, refugees and displaced persons, and women and children particularly vulnerable and adversely impacted.Non-PRIFPRI4; CRP4DGO; A4NHCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
State of knowledge on gender and resilience
No full textResource-poor people face multiple risks and disturbances across social, economic, health, political, and environmental spheres. Included among these are conflict, public health threats, corruption, climate change, and natural resource degradation. The concept of resilience provides a useful framework for considering potential solutions to these intersecting challenges. This is particularly the case in situations where structural problems and inequalities—such as chronic poverty and gender gaps—underlie persistent and recurring shocks. Growing evidence shows that men and women have different exposure to shocks and stressors, and different preferences and capacities in terms of their responses. This stems from gendered social, cultural, and institutional contexts that shape such factors as their livelihood activities, roles, and bargaining power. Importantly, these factors are intrinsically linked with women’s empowerment levels, including their ability to access resources and make strategic life choices to improve their overall wellbeing.
Because shocks and stressors occur in local contexts with different power structures, institutions, and sociocultural norms, it is difficult to generalize the different ways men and women are affected and choose to respond. Men’s and women’s experiences and reactions largely depend on the types of overlapping shocks and stressors they are exposed to. This brief highlights some of the key gendered dimensions of resilience, drawing on evidence from the literature, including systematic reviews and global indicators, where available, as well as case-study examples that highlight important linkages. The evidence summarized is intended to guide the development and implementation of gender-sensitive resilience interventions focusing on key programming areas of interest to Feed the Future’s Center for Resilience.Non-PRIFPRI1; Feed the Future Initiative; G Cross-cutting gender theme; GCANEPTDCGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS
La gestión medioambiental necesita el respaldo de unos derechos garantizados y una gobernanza adecuada
No full textEn 2050, el 95 % de la superficie terrestre estará degradada. Ya se han erosionado 24 000 millones de toneladas de suelo a causa de la agricultura insostenible (Larbodière et al. 2020). Solo en 2020, se talaron más de 4 millones de hectáreas de bosque primario, un 12 % más que en 2019. El comercio mundial, el consumo, el crecimiento de la población y la urbanización están impulsando transformaciones que, en parte, propician la destrucción de la naturaleza. El Índice Global del Planeta Vivo 2020 muestra una caída del 68 por ciento en las poblaciones de especies monitoreadas desde 1970 hasta 2016. Estas tendencias son una medida del deterioro de la salud de los ecosistemas (WWF et al. 2020), y el Foro Económico Mundial considera que la pérdida de biodiversidad es uno de los cinco principales riesgos para la economía mundial. Está claro que nuestro medio ambiente debe ocupar un lugar destacado en las agendas políticas y normativas, pero con demasiada frecuencia la gobernanza medioambiental es débil y se descuida la aplicación de las políticas ambientales.Non-PRIFPRI1; DCA; CRP2; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 5 Strengthening Institutions and GovernancePIMCGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
COVID-19 undermines incomes, livelihoods in rural Myanmar
No full textAs the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in early 2020, Myanmar avoided an early wave of infections. However, even before its first cases were confirmed, the country faced a related economic crisis. Border closures, movement restrictions, and reduced international demand for Myanmar’s goods and services severely affected the nation’s forecasted economic growth. In late 2020, Myanmar also experienced two waves of COVID-19 infections and lockdown measures, followed by a political crisis beginning in February 2021. This combination of widespread COVID-19 and political turmoil has had substantial negative impacts on the nation’s population.Non-PRIFPRI4; CRP4; MAPSA; MyanmarSSP; CRP2; Feed the Future InitiativeDSGD; PIM; DGO; A4NHCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH); CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM
How to support students and the learning process during India’s COVID-19 school closures
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected 1.6 billion learners worldwide, and school closures could lead to a loss of 0.3–0.9 years of schooling, according to World Bank estimates; a global shutdown of five months could result in lost earnings of $10 trillion over students’ lifetimes. The pandemic’s economic shocks are likely to increase school drop-out rates. Evidence suggests that the poor, girls, and other marginalized groups disproportionately suffer the consequences of school closures.Non-PRIFPRI4; CRP4PHND; DGO; A4NHCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH
Women’s empowerment and COVID-19: A case study from Kenya
No full textResearch shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic varied greatly by country, class, race and gender (Pangborn & Rea, 2020). In this study we aim to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affected empowered and disempowered individuals differently. This policy note summarizes how income was affected by the pandemic, followed by an assessment of coping mechanisms with the crisis and their interactions with women’s empowerment.Non-PRIFPRI1; GCAN; Feed the Future Initiative; CRP7; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture IndexEPTDCGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS