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The effects of badger culling on the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in Ireland
No full textThe aim of this literature review is to investigate and review the role that European badgers
(Meles meles) have on the spreading of Mycobacterium bovis within cattle herds in Ireland.
Tuberculosis has been an endemic disease in Ireland for several decades causing severe
disease in animals and humans. There have been multiple eradication programmes
implemented, the first beginning in 1965. The first eradication programme was a test and
slaughter scheme of all bovine animals using a single intradermal comparative tuberculin
test (SICTT). In 1974, the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) was proven to be a reservoir of
bovine tuberculosis (bTb), Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Transmission and maintenance
of M. bovis within the badger population can depend on a number of factors such as the
population density, environment and interactions between different social groups.
Identification of infected badgers can be difficult as the majority of infections in badgers are
latent infections. M. bovis infections in badgers are predominately diagnosed by the isolation
of the bacterium from organ pools of culled badgers. In 1989 trials were carried out in county
Offaly to see the effect of culling badgers in areas within close proximity to cattle herds
following severe outbreaks of bTb. Following the positive results from this trial, the
programme was trialled on a larger area “the four-area trial”. The annual number of badgers
being culled originally was approximately 6000 badgers. It was later implemented on a
country wide basis and contributed to decreasing the badger population density from 3 –
4/Km2 to 0.5/Km2.
In more recent years, due to increased fear of the negative effects that badger culling was
having on the badger populations in Ireland along with the Tb reproduction ratio (R) in
badgers not being reduced below a value of 1, the badger culling programme was replaced
by the badger vaccination programme. The vaccination programme involves vaccinating
badgers with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain to provide immunity and prevent them
for getting infected with M. bovis. The hope is that if badgers cannot spread M. bovis
between bovine herds the total incidence rates of bTb can be reduced by testing and
slaughtering any animals which test positive during the SICTT. Ever since the introduction of bTb eradication programmes the incidence levels have been
dropping but the disease has never been completely eradicated in Ireland. The hope is that
one day Ireland will be officially bTb free
Canine Prostate Specific Esterase as a marker to differentiate hyperplastic prostate gland vs prostatic adenocarcinoma
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Haemonchosis of sheep - Literature review
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Haemonchus contortus has been known for a long time in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This highly pathogenic, bloodfeeding nematode species is an especially significant threat to the health and production of sheep and goats. During the last decade the importance of haemonchosis in sheep flocks has increased in many European countries due to the climate change and anthelmintic resistance. Although, the occurrence of this parasite in Hungary was known many years ago there is still scant knowledge about its distribution and economic importance. Recently, haemonchosis has been diagnosed in some local sheep flocks, therefore the authors summarize the knowledge based on the published data. The biology and the geographical distribution of H. contortus and its economic importance are mentioned first. The traditional (morphological identification of eggs and third instar larvae) and new diagnostic methods (fluoresceinlabelled peanut agglutinin test, LAMP) to identify its eggs, the drugs available to use for treatments and the related anthelmintic resistance problems are discussed. Finally, alternative control possibilities of haemonchosis, such as the role of targeted selective treatments, grazing and nutritional management, genetic selection of sheep, vaccination and biological methods are discussed
Pre-registration efficacy studies of a novel marker vaccine against classical swine fever on target animals
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Background: Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera is a highly contagious and devastating disease of Suidae caused by an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus (CSFV) of the family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus. CSF has vast economic and trade significance all over the world, and it has the massive potential to spread rapidly from country to country. This is the reason why the World Organisation for Animal Health has listed CSF as a Notifiable Disease and it is also considered a transboundary animal disease.Objective: The objective of the present studies was to determine the efficacy of a single dose of a newly developed marker vaccine candidate against CSF, administered intramuscularly or orally in 6-week-old domestic piglets with and without maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) against Pestiviruses, to provide protection against a challenge with the highly virulent CSFV strain “Koslov” 14 days post vaccination. Materials and Methods: In both experiments two test groups were formed with 15 animals each, one group for intramuscular (im.), while another one for oral (p.o.) immunisation. The control groups contained 10 animals as unvac-cinated controls, respectively. All piglets were oronasally challenged with the highly virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strain “Koslov” 14 days post-vaccination. Results and Discussion: The vaccine candidate when administered im. provided complete protection in MDA- animals, while p.o. administration triggered only partial protection. Furthermore, we found that the presence of the MDAs had negative effect on the efficacy of the vaccine candidate. However, this was greatly influenced by the route of administration. Based on our observations, im. administration is recommended to achieve better immune response during the CSF control programs. The vaccine candidate met the criteria of Ph. Eur Mono-graph 0065, “Swine-fever vaccine (live, prepared in cell cultures), classical” 7th Edition. Fulfilling these validity criteria is a key step in the registration procedure for a vaccine candidate
Clinical pharmacology of anthelminthics in the small animal medicine - Literature review
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The anthelmintic treatment of companion animals is a recurrent, everyday topic
in small animal practice, either it is prevention of infestation or treatment. The
public health issues of the parasitic infestation and the owners’ demand require
up-to-date knowledge from the veterinarian in aspects of both preventive
and therapeutic treatments. The authors present the recommended usage of
anthelmintic agents in the small animal practice, based on the current literature.
Avoiding the zoonotic infestations, the practitioners must inform owners, and
use the most appropriate drug for prevention and treatment. The authors give
an overview of the different anthelmintic groups, including benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, imidazothiazoles, izoquinolines, macrolides, octadepsipeptides and organic arsenic compounds. They describe briefly describe the mode of
action, the anthelmintic spectrum, the appropriate dose, administration routes
and the side effects of the drug groups. The authors detail the accepted anthelmintic guidelines in small animals. Furthermore, provide a treatment protocol in
Dirofilaria immitis infestation, which has an increasing significance in Hungary
Significance and possible aetiologies of arytenoid cartilage collapse in horses - Literature review
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Background: Dynamic upper respiratory tract (URT) obstruction is a common cause of abnormal airway noise and exercise intolerance in equine athletes. Although, resting endoscopy can predict some functional changes and provide information for understanding the causes of certain diseases, several previous studies have documented that the URT functional disorders are underestimated or cannot be diagnosed during resting endoscopic examination. To establish a definitive diagnosis of URT obstruction, exercising videoendoscopy is regarded as the “gold standard” method. Any factors that increase negative pressure in the URT, for example poll flexion, increased pressure in the lower respiratory tract or multiple obstructions, or constitutional changes, can markedly influence the mechanics of the URT. Objectives: The authors describe the possible aetiologies and the relevance of arytenoid cartilage collapse (ACC), which is the most common upper respiratory functional disease. Results and Discussion: Although the most common cause of ACC is recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), other aetiologies (laryngeal dysplasia, dynamic laryngeal collapse, laryngeal chondropathy, ventromedial luxation of the arytenoid cartilage) may also appear. Assuming RLN to be the only possible cause of ACC may lead to inappropriate treatment and prognosis. The relevance of ACC depends on the cause and the severity of the disease, as well as the intensity and the technic of horse riding in each individual case. ACC could not be predicted on the basis of findings at rest. Increased neuromuscular activity during exercise could compensate this functional problem in less severe cases. ACC could be a factor in lower respiratory tract problems (e.g.: relationship of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage and ACC) so it is important to treat the URT and lower respiratory tract as a single unit
Beszámoló a European College of Animal Reproduction (ECAR) Konferenciáról, Bécs, 2019. július 4–6.
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Evaluation of the criminal regulation of zoophilia in fifteen European countries
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Background: Zoophilia, the sexual attraction to animals is as old as humanity, but its acceptance has changed throughout history. The subject can be approached in many ways, as it has veterinarian, psychological, criminological, sociological, and ethical aspects. Cases that are zoophil-motivated, but cannot be regarded as animal cruelty in a legal sense, reveal a lot about how the society sees the internal values of the animals.Objectives: This article focuses on the legal aspects of zoophilia in European countries, particularly in the criminal law. Materials and methods: The criminal regulation of fifteen European countries (Hungary, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) was examined. The following four questions were answered: whether certain forms of sexual acts committed with animals are punishable by criminal law, whether all sexual acts committed with animals are punishable,and whether either the distribution or the possession of animal pornography products ispunishable. Finally, the ranking was compared to the one based on the animal abuse subin-dex of the Animal Protection Index (API) of the World Animal Protection (WAP), where it was possible.Results and Discussion: European legislation does not show a unified pic-ture. The Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland have the most comprehensive criminal law provisions on zoophilia, but Italy, Hungary and Slovenia have no criminal sanctions for these cases. The other countries are located between the two end points of the scale. There is no country, in which the penal regulation of zoophilia is at higher quality than the regulation of animal abuse. Both reg-ulations are outstanding in the Netherlands and in Switzerland. While Austria’s and Germany’s anti-cruelty regulation is at a high level, sanctions for zoophilia do not appear prominently in criminal law. No significant correlation was found between the API sub-index and the zoophilia (p = 0.1333)