Hungarian Veterinary Archive
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The legal background and institutional system of milk hygiene in Hungary
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In this study the authors present the legal background and institutional system of milk hygiene in Hungary. More than a hundred years of experience has led to the current Hungarian food-chain safety regulation on milk production, processing and distribution. In Hungary the legal framework of milk hygiene is based on the food safety regulations and directives of the European Union, which are supplemented with detailed national provisions. The relevant regulation can be divided into two main areas: (1) the set of food safety standards and guidelines for the milk producing, processing and distribution sector (including basic requirements for animal health status and livestock conditions, personal hygiene and qualification of workers, quality, packaging and labelling of products, and self-monitoring system) and (2) the tasks and responsibilities of the food-chain safety authorities. In Hungary the entire food chain control system is managed and supervised by the State Secretariat for Food Chain Control in the Ministry of Agriculture. The National Food Chain Safety Office which is a national governmental body, is responsible for coordinating and supervising the activities of the Hungarian food chain safety authorities on county and district level. During their day-to-day operations milk food companies are controlled by the food chain safety and animal health departments of the county and district government agencies. The state-owned Hungarian Dairy Research Institute officially checks the quality of raw milk at least two times a month at the milk producers and collectors. Furthermore, the performance of raw milk producers can also be tested once a month by the Livestock Performance Testing Ltd. that can support the dairy farms to produce more raw milk with better quality
The control of the reproduction in pregnant mares and the management of the early postpartum period - Literature review
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The authors review the different pharmacological methods which were ever used to modify the reproduction in a pregnant mare and the reproduction in the early postpartum period. The reproduction key points of these periods are: the recognition of the symptoms lead to early embryonic death, the management of abnormal embryonic development, induction of an abortion, induction of a parturition and the management of the postpartum period. The earliest ultrasonographic symptoms which could emphasize a forthcoming early embryonic death (15–17 days post-ovulation) are the uterine oedema. This could be sometimes combined with behavioural oestrus. Some of these pregnancies can be salvaged by immediate administration of altrenogest. The mares with signs of abnormal embryonic development have to be re-examined at 1 to 3 days intervals. If an embryo and its heartbeat can not be identified ultrasonographically by day 30, than PGF2αshould be administered to induce luteal regression and return to oestrus for rebreeding. There are many methods to induce an abortion depending on the stage of parturition but it has to be performed so early as it can minimize the stress for the mare and for the owner, as well. A successful induction of par-turition in a healthy mare is based on the maturity of the foetus and the used method. The criteria for maturity of the foetus are: the presence of good quality colostrum with a high calcium content (> 10 mmol/l), the length of the gestation period (> 335 days) and the softening of the cervix. There are many methods (glucocorticoids, oxytocin, prostaglandins) which were ever tried to induce parturition but the frequent low doses or slow drop infusion of oxytocin proved to be more reliable. The pregnancy rate from foal heat breedings is higher in the mares that ovulate after 10 days postpartum compared with those that ovulate before this time. There are two methods used at this time to postpone breeding in the postpartum period until normal pregnancy rate can be achieved: to delay the onset of the foal heat or to shorten the interval to the second postpartum oestrus
Bacteriological and antibiotic susceptibility testing of endoscopic canine respiratory samples
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Background: A number of infective and non-infective causes may be responsible
for the inflammation of the upper and lower airways. Bacterial airway infections can
be identified by microbiologic and cytologic findings, but the definitive diagnosis is
complicated by the contaminating flora of the airways which are in direct contact
with the environment.
Objectives: The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the bacteriological
results and antibiotic susceptibility of the cultured bacteria strains of airway samples of 367 dogs that was referred to University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest,
Hungary between 2008 and 2013 with respiratory problems.
Materials and methods: Samples were collected from 367 dogs (223 male, 144
female, age 2 months-17 years, mean age 6.5 years). Nasal swabs (120) were taken
from the nasal cavity, while lavage samples were taken from the trachea (55) and
bronchi (192) under general anaesthesia by flexible or rigid endoscope. The samples
underwent bacteriologic testing and antibiotic susceptibility examination.
Results and discussion: From the nasal cavity the most common isolate was
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (29.17%) followed by ß-haemolytic Streptococcus
(16.67%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.82%). From the trachea lavage the results
were Coliforms (23.64%), Bordetella bronchiseptica (16.36%) and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (9.09%) in order of frequency. In bronchoalveolar samples Pseudomonas
aeruginosa was found in the biggest number (15.10%), which was followed by Coliform bacteria (13.01%), and Bordetella bronchiseptica (11.98%). The study highlights
the difficulties of the microbiological evaluation of respiratory samples, the significance of professional experience and clinical considerations, and the pitfalls of
automatic evaluation of microbiological results. To our knowledge the present study
is the first microbiological evaluation of canine airway samples in Hungary along
with the antimicrobial susceptibility data
Mycoplasma infections of ducks and geese
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Background: Mycoplasma anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and M. sp. 1220 colonise geese and ducks, and could be associated with diseases of respiratory and nervous systems in waterfowl. The major symptoms are mild to severe inflammation of the cloaca and genital tracts, decreased egg production and embryo lethality.Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarise the recent knowledge about M. anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and M. sp. 1220 from aspects of veterinary interest. Materials and Methods: Review of the published literature. References for this review were identified by searches of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the terms “Mycoplasma”, “Mycoplasma anatis”, “Mycoplasma anseris”, “Mycoplasma cloacale”, “Mycoplasma sp. 1220”, “duck”, “goose”.Results and Discussion: The concerned Mycoplasma species co-occur in waterfowl frequently and they have a significant role in the economic losses of the goose and duck industry. However, the literature concerning epidemio-logy or pathogenesis is lacking. The examined species could be isolated from animals without any clinical signs, but the high isolation rate and experimental studies clearly confirm the pathogenicity of the bacteria. M. anatis and M. sp. 1220, along with M. anseris and M. cloacale are in close genetic relationship and their biochemical properties are undistinguishable. Therefore, cultivation is unsuitable for the exact diagnosis. Fast and cost-efficient molecular methods are available for the species level identification. Since there is no commercially available vaccine against these Mycoplasma species, adequate housing and appropriate antibiotic treatment can be applied for the control of the infections. The different antibiotic resistance profiles of the M. anseris and M. sp. 1220 iso-lates highlight the importance of the determination of the antibiotics’ minimal inhibitory concentrations in each case, in order to prevent the development of multidrug resistance
The role of selenium in a healthy diet; production of selenium enriched milk and dairy products
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Background: Selenium is an essential micronutrient, human body has a sele-nium content of 10–15 mg, and almost every human cell contains this element. Selenium supports growth, the immune system and muscles, furthermore it decreases some elements’ toxicity (for example mercury) and slows down the spreading of some viruses (influenza, ebola, HIV). It has an antioxidant effect as the component of the glutathione-peroxidase which fights harmful free radicals. The RDA level of selenium for adults is 55μg/day. We can refill our selenium storage with supplements or with selenium enriched functional foods.Objectives: The risk of selenium deficiency in case of people on a healthy, various diet is low, but in Hungary the soil is poorly selenized, which could indicate health hazard. The milk could be one of the main selenium sources in a country with low seafood consumption. In our research, we intend to produce seleni-um-enriched milk and dairy product by feeding animals with the addition of organic selenium.Materials and methods: We gave 1 and 2 mg selenium in enriched yeast form to the basal diet of three ‘Hungarian Simmental’ type cows. The experiment has taken 2 weeks per dose, and we gathered milk once a week. We produced milk, yogurt, fresh cheese, semi hard cheese and orda(whey cheese) from the 2 mg supplementation and the control samples as well. We performed the ICP-MS analysis at the University of Debrecen. Results and discussion: The experimental milk contained two times more selenium (31μg/day) than the control samples (18μg/day) at the 1 mg/day sup-plementation. The selenium appears in the dairy products, as well. According to our results, the oral selenium supplementation of the cows increased the selenium content of the milk, so the Se-enriched dairy products can be suitable for satisfying the daily Se-needs. 1 mg selenium supplementation/day increased the initial selenium content of the milk (18μg/kg) to 31μg/kg, in the case of 2mg to 53μg/kg. The selenium content of the dairy products produced from high selenium content milk (gomolya cheese: 58.5; orda (whey cheese): 167.2; semi-hard cheese: 200.0; curd: 154.8μg/kg) compared to the control (in order, 66.0; 80.8; 88.6; 57.4μg/kg) were two and a half, three times higher
Surgical treatment of postpartum true prolapse with eversion of the urinary bladder in a mare - Case report
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Background: Urinary bladder eversion rarely occurs in mares and is usually a consequence of increased abdominal pressure and excessive straining during parturition or early postpartum period. The relatively large diameter and short length of the mare’s urethra permits partial or complete eversion of the bladder into the vagina.Objectives: The aim of this case report is to describe the surgical treatment of postpartum true prolapse with eversion of the urinary bladder in a mare.Materials and Methods: A 13 year-old Hungarian Warmblood mare was referred as an emergency case to the Equine Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine. The mare had dystocia at the day of presentation and arrived with a complaint of bladder eversion through the urethra. After clinical examination an acute eversion and prolapse of the urinary bladder with mucosal injury was diag-nosed. Reduction of the excessive oedema and thickening of the bladder’s wall was unsuccessful, therefore the manual reposition of the bladder was impossi-ble. After sedation combined with epidural anaesthesia, a 5 cm longitudinal inci-sion was made on the ventral wall of the vagina to widen the urethral sphincter and through this aperture the complete reversion of the bladder was managed and the wound was closed with simple continuous suture pattern.Results and Discussion: After 5 days of hospitalisation the mare recovered uneventfully, showed no signs of pain or difficulties during urination. In this case nothing but the surgical procedure to widen the urethral aperture in the vagina was the ultimate successful treatment to save the mare. During the 20 months follow up period the mare did not show any complication, neither urinary disor-der nor incontinence. The present case was the second bladder prolapse treated at the clinic within the last 18 years, which confirms that the condition is very rare but can occur after parturition
Coccidiosis of turkeys and broiler chickens - Literature review
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Background: During intensive livestock farming prevention of protozoa infection is becoming increasingly difficult due to the limited use of chemotherapeutic agents and the lack of available vaccines. Coccidiosis is prevalent worldwide and is one of the most common diseases in the intensive poultry industry in Hungary. Coccidiosis can cause high mortality however the subclinical form of the disease, which results in a lack of weight gain and a need for increased feed consumption, has become a much greater threat to local economies. The intensive broiler chicken and turkey industry is affected severely from this disease that subsequently causes huge economic loss to farmers. Objectives: Based on current literature the authors summarise the history and aetiology of subclinical coccidiosis and the lifecycle of the Eimeria-spp. They describe the epidemiology, clinical signs and assess the different techniques used to diagnose the disease including those utilised in the field (such as total mean lesion scoring) and laboratory techniques (faeces examination, oocyst counting technique, flotation, polymerase chain reaction). They explain the aspects of ther-apy and prevention options, such as vaccination (live vaccines, attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines) and the resistance against different anticoccidial drugs. They discuss the possibility of using various alternative natural extracts (such as antioxidants, pre- and probiotics, sugar-beet extracts etc.)
Az állati eredetű meticillin rezisztens Staphylococcus aureus nagyarányú előfordulása magyarországi sertéstelepeken és a telepeket ellátó állatorvosokban
No full textA meticillin rezisztens Staphylococcus aureus jelentős probléma mind a köz-, mind
pedig az állategészségügyben. Az állati eredetű (LA-) MRSA CC398 vonalat foglalkozási
ártalomként tartják számon a sertésekkel kapcsolatba kerülő személyek esetében, és időnként a
kórházakba is bekerülhet. A baktérium sertésekben és sertéstelepi dolgozókban történő első
megjelenéséről szóló 2005-ös jelentéseket követően 2008-ban egy átfogó európai tanulmány
készült az MRSA prevalenciájáról. A 26 országból több mint 5000 telep (tenyészutánpótlást
előállító és árutermelő telepek) részvételével készült vizsgálat alapján az MRSA-pozitív
árutermelő telepek előfordulási aránya 14%, míg a tenyészutánpótlást előállító telepek esetén
ez az arány 26,9% volt. A felmérés alapján a magyarországi prevalencia a vizsgált 40
tenyészutánpótlást előállító és 141 árutermelő telep esetén 0%, illetve 2,1% volt. Az elmúlt 10
évben hasonló adatgyűjtésre nem került sor Magyarországon.
2019 április és augusztus között összevont pormintákat gyűjtöttünk magyarországi,
véletlenszerűen kiválasztott nagyüzemi sertéstelepekről, amelyekben az MRSA jelenlétét
vizsgáltuk. Továbbá a telepeken dolgozó állatorvosok orrtörletmintái is elemzésre kerültek. A
telepek általános adataira és MRSA-státuszára vonatkozó kérdéseket is feltettünk. Minden
MRSA-izolátumot molekuláris módszerekkel (spa-tipizálás, SCCmec-tipizálás) és fenotípusos
antimikrobiális érzékenységvizsgálattal jellemeztünk. A humán-, és környezeti eredetű
törzseket összehasonlítottuk az esetleges foglalkozási kockázat azonosítása céljából.
Eredményeinket a kérdőívek alapján értékeltük
Méhcsaládok egészségügyi, produkciósbiológiai, és környezetanalitikai vizsgálata dél-magyarországi méhészeti telephelyeken
Get PDFA mézelő méhek jelentős beporzók, és mint ilyenek, a takarmány- és élelmiszeriparban fontos szerepet töltenek be, így védelmük elsődleges feladat. A jellemzően monokultúrás mezőgazdaság, a változó időjárás, a növényvédőszerek alkalmazása, és a patogén mikroorganizmusok csak néhány példa a méheket érő környezeti hatásokra, amik befolyásolhatják az életképességüket, élettartamukat, és termelésüket.
A kutatásomban három telephelyen két-két, a Fulmer Gmbh. tulajdonában álló méhcsalád nosema- és RNS-méhvírus-fertőzöttségét, valamint a méhekre ható környezeti hatások (a külső levegő hőmérséklete, a levegő relatív páratartalma, és harmatpont) összehasonlítását végeztem egy éven keresztül. Ezen túl a pogányi telephely méheinek bélcsatornája metagenetikai vizsgálatnak is alávetettem