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SGH５年間，WWL３＋１年間のとりくみから見えてきた課題探究学習の２つの方向性
No full textHiroshima University and Hiroshima University High School, Fukuyama promoted an issue-based research program under the designation of SGH (Super Global High School) and WWL (World Wide Learning). We will introduce two directions of problem inquiry learning, "Scientist Training Type inquiry-based learning" and "Journalist Training Type inquiry-based learning," that have emerged from these programs. In order to tackle social problems, it is important to have the will to "do something" and "try what we can" even when the problems are unpredictable, complex, or difficult to solve. Essential here is the concept of accountability. Hiroshima University High School, Fukuyama defined accountability as "the awareness to face reality, to find issues to be solved, to consider oneself as a party to social problems, and to act proactively on one's own volition to solve problems." We need to develop educational programs that help people break free from the opposite of this victim consciousness and indifference. We also believe that it is important to be aware of the direction of inquiry learning, which is Scientist Training Type and Journalist Training Type
英国における統計教育の推進について : 社会科学系学士課程の量的手法教育を中心に
No full textThis paper investigates current trends and initiatives aimed at promoting statistical education within undergraduate social science programs in the UK. It focuses on the policy frameworks and collaborative efforts driving curriculum reforms, with a particular emphasis on projects like the Q-Step Project. Despite the historical marginalization of quantitative methods in social sciences and challenges such as students' aversion to mathematical aspects and disparities in high school preparation, there is a growing consensus on the necessity of integrating quantitative skills into social science curricula. The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), alongside organizations like the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), has played pivotal roles in shaping these initiatives. The Q-Step project, launched in 2013 with substantial funding, has been instrumental in establishing dedicated centers within universities for promoting quantitative methods education. It has also facilitated the training of faculty and the development of degree programs that explicitly incorporate quantitative skills. Despite these advancements, there remain significant implementation gaps and challenges. Issues include the reduction in course offerings, diluted selection criteria, faculty shortages, and compromises in educational standards. These challenges underscore the ongoing struggle to bridge the gap between policy aspirations and educational practices on the ground.
To further explore and effectively address these issues, it is essential to consider the dynamics of reform from the perspective of the actual university environment and the behaviors of stakeholders involved. The practical aspects of curriculum reform cannot be based merely on theoretical renewals or institutional revisions. Instead, they must focus on developing a curriculum that is sustainably teachable and applicable in real-world settings
翻訳者としての永代美知代 : 『アンクル・トムの小屋』翻訳の背景とストウ夫人との共通項を中心に
No full textThe female writer Nagayo Michiyo was active from the end of the Meiji era to the end of the Taisho era. In addition to writing many novels targeting females and children, Michiyo also translated some books. This paper focuses on Michiyo’s translation of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Specifically, it examines the reasons for the translation, with a focus on the similarities between Michiyo’s and Stowe’s lives. First, the paper reviews the history of African Americans in the United States, as the background for the original Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and discusses the impact of the original book’s publication. Next, it focuses on two commonalities between Stowe and Michiyo: their bereavement due to their children’s deaths and the idea of reforming women’s image. This leads to a discussion of Michiyo’s motivations and intentions in translating this work
現代中国語における単漢字日本語借用語 : 「萌」と「燃」を例に
No full textIn t he l ate 1 800s and early 1900s, China underwent a language modernization movement that converted its literary language into a more accessible vernacular form. This transformation witnessed the Chinese language incorporating an influx of loanwords from Japanese. Previous research indicates that Japanese loanwords imported to China during this period were mainly two-character noun phrases.
Empirical research (Akahira, 2009; Shen, 2008; Wang, 1958) demonstrated that by this time, there were scarcely any modern singlecharacter words from Japanese, except for some quantifiers and prefixes. According to Sato (2015), language contact between Japanese and Chinese has resulted in a tendency for Japanese nouns to be borrowed more often than verbs. Therefore, Japanese single-character words, not commonly used as nouns, are rarely borrowed.
Nevertheless, a new trend has emerged since 2000 whereby the number of single-character Japanese loanwords was increasing and establishing a more significant presence. Focusing on this trend, this paper utilizes Chinese dictionaries, linguistic corpora, and newspaper databases to investigate the influx of single-character Japanese loanwords and their usage.
Having examined the growing trend of single-character Japanese loanwords entering Chinese, I will now analyze specific examples of this phenomenon through the single-character words “ 萌” and “ 燃”. Investigating these particular single-character loanwords will allow us to better understand the impact that the influx of such Japanese borrowings has had on modern Chinese and its native speakers
中国古代の「日書」とその本質 : 「日書」と商業の関係解明をめざして
No full textThis study examines the historical character of the daybook manuscript (rishu) from the Warring states period to the Han period. The essence of rishu lies in the mixture of several divination methods and terms, as no single one of them can capture such concept. The Qin and Han people first use the rishu to divine their fortune, and to obtain details, visits a fortune-teller’s house in the marketplace. The rishu contained several methods of divination with different principles, and the user can choose the one that is most convenient. The rishu system contains redundancies, and this is where the author sees its essence as a divination book. The rishu contains divination declarations related to money and commerce, for which there is little hostility. However, such divination words have a small proportion, and thus the rishu cannot be said to be favorable to commerce. For example, if a commercial business trip is scheduled on a bad day, the business trip has to be moved back or forth, which can have a disincentive to economic activity. However, the present study finds that merchants can change or ignore the divination in the rishu as they saw fit, and in other words, they consider the rishu to be relatively convenient.本稿は、学会報告「中国古代の民俗宗教と商業―「日書」と商業の関係に関する一考察―」二〇二二年度広島史学研究会大会（二〇二二年一〇月二九日、於オンライン）に基づ
中華人民共和国成立初期の兵役・革命関係者と農業集団化運動
No full textIn the early years of the People’s Republic of China, there were about 30 million people involved in military service and the revolution, including the families of revolutionary martyrs and soldiers, wounded soldiers. These people were honored for their sacrifices and contributions to the revolution, and were also eligible for relief because they included many wounded soldiers and the socially vulnerable who had lost their breadwinners.
The government, while offering various preferential treatment to the military and revolutionary affiliates, consistently made the active participation of these people in the agricultural collectivization movement and other activities one of the most important means of resolving poverty. In addition, further self-sacrifice was demanded based on its “honored traditions”, and examples of superhuman work were honored, especially among women, the elderly, and wounded soldiers. Thus, the military and revolutionary affiliates were expected to carry the authority of the revolution at the substratum of society while promoting policies and achieving the extreme organization of the labor force
Association between social background and implementation of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for older patients undergoing curative resection of colorectal cancers, sub-analysis of the HiSCO-04 study
No full textPurpose
Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended following colorectal cancer resection based on risk of recurrence. In older patients, treatment decisions should consider recurrence rates and tolerability, as well as functional prognosis, residual disease, and social factors. This study aims to investigate factors, including social background, influencing implementation of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer.
Methods
This multi-institutional prospective cohort study included 15 institutions belonging to the Hiroshima Surgical study group for Clinical Oncology. We analyzed 159 older patients aged ≥ 80 years, who underwent curative resection for stage III colorectal cancer between December 2013 and June 2018, as sub-analysis of the HiSCO-04 study.
Results
In total, 62 (39.0%) patients underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Four factors were significantly associated with its implementation: performance status < 2, Charlson Comorbidity Index < 2, prognostic nutritional index ≥ 40, and presence of a spouse or siblings as lifestyle supporters. No significant difference was found in the backgrounds between complete and incomplete postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy patients.
Conclusion
Performance status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, nutritional status, and presence of a spouse or siblings as lifestyle supporters are possible factors influencing the implementation of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients. To select appropriate treatment options, including postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, it is essential to consider physical condition and comorbidities of older patients, thoroughly explain the situation to their families, and establish a support system to enhance understanding of the available treatment options
The computational complexity of classical knot recognition
No full textThe classical knot recognition problem is the problem of determining whether the virtual knot represented by a given diagram is classical. We prove that this problem is in NP, and we give an exponential time algorithm for the problem
Hexalacunary [α-H2P2W12O48]12− Wells-Dawson Anion: X-ray Crystal Structural Evidence and Oligomerization to WO(OH2)4+-Bridged Dimer and Trimers
No full textWe report the first single-crystal X-ray structural evidence of the potassium salt of the hexalacunary [α-H2P2W12O48]12− (abbreviated as {P2W12}) anion after its discovery by Contant and Ciabrini in 1977. In addition, we observed oligomerization of {P2W12} into a {WO(OH2)}4+-bridged Pacman-shaped [{WO(OH2)}(α-HP2W12O48)2]22− ({P4W25}) dimer and a cyclic [{WO(OH2)}3(P2W12O48)3]30− ({P6W39}) trimer. The three phosphotungstate anions were synthesized through recrystallization of (NH4)12[α-H2P2W12O48] from slightly alkaline (HOCH2)3CNH2/KCl, CH3NH3Cl/KCl, and CH3NH3Cl/NH4Cl solutions. The structure of {P2W12} is derived from [α-P2W18O62]6− that has six tungsten atoms one from each polar group and four from the belt–removed, and the center of the lacunary site is capped by a potassium cation. Structures of {P4W25} and {P6W39} are constructed by connecting two and three {P2W12} units with {WO(OH2)}4+, respectively. The isolation of a pure {P6W39} phosphotungstate framework without coordination with transition metal cations is unprecedented. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the bulk purity of these compounds, indicating that selective crystallization was achieved through the selection of countercations and pH.This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for transformative Research Area (A) “Supra-ceramics” (JP22H05144), JSPS Core-to-Core Program, and International Network on Polyoxometalate Science at Hiroshima University and commissioned by The New Energy and Industrial Technology and Development Organization (NEDO) Japan (Project JPNP20005)