ILIRIA International Review
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Methods for measuring ICT and innovation in the case of Republic Macedonia
Get PDF This paper investigates the SII (Summary Innovation Index), GCI (Global Competitiveness Index), ICI (Innovation Capacity Index), GII (Global Innovation Index) and NRI (Networked Readiness Index) index as a tools about ICT and national innovation capacities in the case of the Republic of Macedonia and given countries. The concept of ICT and innovation and the methods for measuring it have been under constant dispute for decades. Without doubt, the measurement of ICT and innovation and theirs dynamics is of great importance for theoretical and empirical analysis of growth models, and to support the decision-making process of potential investors. Composite indicators are widely used to compare a variety of countries with different backgrounds and levels of development, but these indicators do not tell us much about the country-specific ICT and innovation environment. At the same time, there is a separate branch of literature, which analyses ICT and national innovation systems, characterizing only a specific country and discussing factors that may impact ICT and innovation performance in the country in question. In this paper we try to bridge these two approaches. First, we conduct a comparative analysis of the ICT and innovation performance of the countries using composite indicators, and second, we analyze factors that may explain the differences in ICT and innovation performance between the countries.
Muddles in Pentatonic Likert-type scale: Accuracy Cost in Psychometric Measurements for Small Enterprise Development
Get PDFLikert-type scale is ordinal, hence not compatible with parametric techniques. Disregard of this fact causes flawed research outputs. Enterprises get themselves in precarious situations as ultimate consumers flawed outputs. This paper is motivated by the dearth desire by entrepreneurs to make accurate and valid decisions harvested from a dependable measurement scale. Identifying the pitfalls of Likert-type scale and remedies to address the weaknesses, form the objectives of the study. The study is anchored on the Classical Test and Generation theories. Reviewing literature and from own personal experiences in assessing students’ thesis at university level in Kenya found traditional pentatonic Likert-type scale highly favored by most young researchers in enterprise development. The researchers treated the Likert scale outputs as interval data. Consequently most of them got wrong inferential techniques and findings. This study suggests transformation of ordinal data into binary data, interval or ratio before going into parametric analysis. Secondly, increase the number of points on the Likert scale, preferably to seven (7) to enhance reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences. Thirdly, adopt newest models of Likert type scale, that is; novel fuzzy Likert scale, phrase completion scale and two-stages Likert scale for measuring direction and intensity dimensions seperately. Finally, Likert type scale could be improved by Rasch analysis, too. The findings and suggestions of the study are relevant for researchers in both academic, clinical and enterprise development for attainment of the Kenya Vision 2030
The Performance of establishing and developing new businesses in the Republic of Kosova 2017-2019
Get PDFGiven the fact that post-war Kosova was in a serious socio-economic situation, immediate recovery of the contry was needed. Kosova's post-war business challenges were enormous, Kosova's economy comprised a new and open economy driven by a centralized and regulated economy. So far, Kosova has made progress in business creation and development, but the challenges and problems remain significant. The International Interim Administration in Kosova established after 1999, which operated until 2003, enabled the temporary registration of businesses. After 2003 the business registration became a positive trend, where the temporary registration of businesses became permanent registration of businesses.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the establishment and development of new businesses, the establishment of new women-owned business structures in Kosova, analyze and identify the most preferred economic investment activities of these registered businesses. To achieve this purpose of comparative analysis and identification, the integrative review method is used
The Physical Punishment in the Emerging of Children Aggressive Behaviours
No full textThe focus of the present study is the exploration of factors related to physical parental punishment and the display of aggression among school-age children. The study was conducted in Tirana and Durres with children of seven elementary schools, in a total of 830 children of the group-age 7 to 11 years old. Our aim is to identify the differences between physically punished children and physically non-punished children in the emergence of aggressiveness in general, identification of forms of aggression that exhibit the physically punished children, identification of gender differences in the manifestation of forms of aggression in physically punished children. We used the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales (Björkqvist, Lagerspetz & Österman, 1992) and four questionnaires were designed to collect information from the child whether the parents were involved in these forms of punishment or not. The results of the study showed that there were differences in the display of aggressiveness among physically punished children and physically non-punished children; there was also a tendency for physically punished children to exhibit a higher level of Direct Aggression. Findings also emerged in terms of gender differences in the appearance of aggressiveness in physically punished children. The conclusions highlight the role played by the physical punitive factor in the emergence of aggressive behaviour in children. In this context, the role of parental patterns and what they transmit to the child should be taken into account by the authoritarian figures that are in daily contact with the child - parents or teachers
The Challenges of Traditional Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) Retailers of Sylhet in Emergence of Organized Retailing
Get PDFOrganized retailing in Bangladesh is growing rapidly. Though the researchers and academicians studied the retail industry of Bangladesh in different dimension, very few of them intended to explore the challenges of traditional retailers so far. In line with this problem, the objective of this study is to identify the challenges of the traditional FMCGs retailers in emergence of organized retailing in Sylhet city. The study is quantitative in nature, data were collected from 400 traditional retailers on the basis of convenience with a semi-structured questionnaire. In analyzing data, descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used with the SPSS software. The traditional retailing is male dominated, low capital and turnover, small sized business in Sylhet and are facing challenges like decrease in sales and revenue, maintaining more hygienic environment, ensure the availability of quality products, launching the use of technology etc. in emergence of organized retailing. To minimize the challenges, the traditional FMCGs retailers need to be educated to obtain knowledge on business, ensure quality products and services, establish joint venture or partnership with other retailers to create chain stores, design effective loyalty programs and arranging customized merchandize for the loyal customers etc. The present study will help the traditional retailers in identify the real challenges of their business and designing strategies to minimize those. The policy makers and stakeholders may also get insight from the study in formulating policies to protect the traditional retail business from the competition of organized retail
Marking the Victory in Ancient Greece: some Remarks on Classical Trophy Monuments
Get PDFVictory monuments played a vital role in the life of individuals and the civilisation as a whole in ancient Greece. They were an embodied celebration and memorial, both of a specific triumph and of military conflict as such, keeping alive the memory of past actions that would otherwise be forgotten. They carried a message of success both for the present era and for future generations, who thus found a focus in which to admire and honour the courage of their ancestors. The Greeks believed that just as the gods directed and influenced individual human lives, they also decided on the outcomes of conflicts and they therefore considered it their duty to give thanks to them. At first, they gave thanks immediately after a battle by erecting a tropaion on the battlefield, which from the time of the Greek-Persian Wars began to be built from more durable materials. A further gesture was made later by dedicating other weapons captured from the enemy to the gods either at a Pan-Hellenic sanctuary such as Delphi, Olympia or Isthmia, or at a local temple. This was an established custom that was supposed to ensure the support and favour of the gods in subsequent conflicts. Another custom was that a certain period after the end of a war, permanent monuments would be erected by the winning side away from the battlefield and dedicated to a specific god – either within the structure of the victorious polis or at a sanctuary
What’s Wrong To Kosova’s Peacebulding?
Get PDFTwo decades since the war ended in Kosova, difficulties, especially those of a political nature, worsened. The combination of local and international efforts have catalyzed and facilitated achieving the rule of law and interethnic reliability within the state of Kosovo, but not reconciliation. There are still to truths, an Albanian and a Serbian. Few of war criminals for Kosova’s crimes were sentenced. Hate speeches are again between. It appears that peace building is not as easily conceivable as initially thought, considering the lack of agreement between internal and international actors on the creation of a new state of Kosova. This article attempts to answer to what extent Kosovo’s peace building has been influenced by international ambiguity and wrongful decisions made by the Kosova’s institutions, highlighting the obstructive politics and agents such as political and socio-economic, interrupting inter-ethnic reconciliatory treatment toward sustainable peace in the Balkan region
Building Sustainable Peace in International Relations - Dispute Settlement in WTO
Get PDFIn the absence of permanent utopian peace due to differences and certain interests emerging between states, disagreements between states are a frequent phenomenon that characterizes the international arena, so during the human history, there have been continuous efforts that have affirmed the resolution of disputes between states on a peaceful way. If so far, there are only two ways of resolving disputes: juristic and political measures, then the peaceful resolution of international disputes is a field that can be studied in several ways: in the juristic aspect of various acts of international character, respectively international conventions; in the diplomatic aspect of the practice of resolving different disagreements by peaceful means, as well as in economic terms, which implies the settlement of disputes that may arise between States from the competent WTO bodies, thus maintaining international peace and stability belongs to trade issues, which will be even more detailed study of our research
An Overview of Doing Business in Western Balkan: The Analysis of Advantages of Doing Business in Kosovo and North Macedonia
Get PDFAchieving sustainable market economies in the Western Balkan countries will depend on a number of barriers being overcome. For this reason, these countries lack competitiveness in the business environment. Many problems in the business environment are persistent but common problems across of the countries of this region are getting electricity and construction permits. These problems or barriers are set out in Doing Business Reports of World Bank. The paper reviews doing business in Western Balkan countries especially in Kosovo and North Macedonia. The main goal of this paper is to analyze of the advantages of doing business in Kosovo and North Macedonia, where does Kosovo stand in terms of doing business in relation to North Macedonia and what Kosovo needs to learn from North Macedonia in order to improve the business environment. To achieve the set goal, we have used the integrative review method. The results show that North Macedonia is a leader in the Western Balkans in doing business because the great campaign done by the Macedonian institutions for attracting Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). So, Kosovo should be based on North Macedonian practices. A new investment campaign in Kosovo would certainly have a positive impact on business environment
From ECSC to European Union: An Analysis of the Evolution of the Institutions of European Integration
Get PDFThe policymaking process of the European Union (EU) is particularly convoluted and reflects an institutional structure that is unique among governance entities. The institutional structure of the Union is complex, with a multitude of co-decision making and advisory bodies. The ways in which these institutions interact in the Union’s policymaking process (i.e., the EU’s organizational structure) is governed by a complex set of treaties. We argue that institutional and organizational structures have normative content because they embody specific ideologies of integration. A historical analysis of the evolution of European integration reveals that the peculiarities of the European Union's institutional and organizational structure are a result of the influence of three distinct ideologies about the desired nature of international organization: functionalism, intergovernmentalism, and federalism. The Union's roots as the European Coal and Steel Community and the ideas of Jean Monnet concerning the shape and path of European integration, moderated by federalist and intergovernmentalist ideas, were fundamental in determining the European Union’s institutional structure and shaping its policymaking process