ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY
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Study the Changes in (pH, Turbidity, Hardness, and Total Organic Carbon) Levels of Water using Plant Membrane (Palm Leaves Powder) and Aquatic Plant System (Vine Stems)
Get PDFDue to the increasing industrialization and urbanization, the requirement of clean water has been growing quite fast and it has the potential to keep increasing. There are many regions facing water crisis even some countries with a rich water source. In this study, three types of water (tap, ground, and light sewage) have been collected from different places in Ibrahim Ahmad site in Sulaymaniyah city/Kurdistan region – Iraq. The research studies the effects of plant membrane method, and aquatic plant system on the improvement of pH, turbidity, hardness, and total organic carbon (TOC) of water samples. In the plant membrane, palm leaves were crushed and used as a powder in filter bags; whereas in the aquatic plant system, vine stems were used by growing up the vines. The experimental results showed that the pH, hardness, turbidity, and TOC of water samples after using palm leaves powder and vine stems have been changed significantly with slight variation in some test results. The results of turbidity showed that using palm leaves powder as plant membrane was more effective than the vine stems in an aquatic plant system. On the other hand, the results of hardness and TOC tests of all water samples after using both methods proved that the vine stems method was more reliable than the palm leaves method. Finally, the pH results of all water samples after using both methods have been decreased to the normal range with a slight variation between the vine stems and palm leaves methods
Theoretical Study of the [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Trifluoroethylene with Five-membered Chalcogens Heterocyclic Compounds
Get PDF[4+2] cycloaddition reaction has enormous significant in organic chemistry synthesis reactions and yet remains unexplored for the synthesis of fluorine-containing compounds. A density functional theory study of the stereo- and regioselectivity of the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of trifluoroethylene with furan, thiophene, and selenophene was carried out in the gas phase. The B3LYP functional is used throughout in combination with 6-31G(d) basis set. The analysis of stationary points and the energetic parameters indicates that the reaction mechanism is concerted and confirms that the exo-adducts are thermodynamically and kinetically more favored than endo-adducts. The calculated branching ratio indicates that the exo-adducts have the higher percent yield than endoadducts and the yield of endo-adducts is increased only slightly on proceeding from furan, through thiophene, and onto selenophene. The analysis of the frontier molecular highest occupied molecular orbital (MO) and lowest unoccupied MO orbitals indicates that the exo-adducts are more stable due to their higher energy gab. The reaction energies were compared to the MP2/6-31G(d) and CCSD(T)/6-31G(d) calculations
Synthesis and Characterization of new Schiff base Ligand type [N4O4] from 3-(Ethoxymethylene)pentane-2.4-dione and its Niп Complex
Get PDFThe Schiff base reaction plays an important role in the condensation reaction between 3-(ethoxymethylene) pentane- 2.4-dione and 3,3’-diaminobenzidine in the presence of calculated amounts of KOH as a catalyst. This reaction has been carried out in the ethanol under reflux and overnight stirring condition. All syntheses were carried out under an atmosphere of hydrogen forming a new ligand [3,3’,3’’,3’’’-(1E,1’E,1’’E,1’’’E)-(biphenyl-3,3’,4,4’-tetrayltetrakis (azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) tetrakis (methan-1- yl-1-ylidene) tetrakis (4-methoxybut-3-en-2-one)] type [N4O4]. The ligand and its Niп complex of the general formula [Ni2(L)] have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible), elemental analysis (C.H.N), metal content, magnetic susceptibility measurement, thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction powder diffraction, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, molar conductance, and biological activity. The ligand and its Ni complex were exposed to two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), using the agar disc diffusion method, and the ligand and its Niп complex exhibited significant activities against these two types of bacteria. Our study revealed the formation of a new ligand type [N4O4] and four-coordinate tetrahedral structure around Niп metal ion with the ratio of 1:2 (ligand:metal) stable compounds which can be used in many fields, such as medicine and industry
Feasible Time for Extraction of Lead from Spent Paste by Pyrometallurgical Process
Get PDFThis paper focuses on determining the feasible time for production of lead from spent paste (SP) by pyrometallurgical process through the rotary furnace. The extraction process faces several problems due to difficulties to control reaction media conditions. The experiments had been done on rotary furnace which exists in a secondary lead smelter in Baghdad - Khan Dhary. The SP mainly consists of lead sulfate and lead oxides. The experiments are implemented at high temperatures (1300°C) for reduction and desulfurization. 20 experiments were designed to determine the feasible smelting cycle time. The weight of slag, matte, and lead bullion was determined in each experiment as well as the percent of lead in each phase. These data were analyzed and graphically represented. The reaction’s rate profile can be detailed in the following manner: (1) High rate during the first 90 smelting min. Low rate from 90 to 120 min. Very low rate after 120 min. (2) The feasible extraction time is between 120 and 130 min with average lead percent in slag not >8%. (3) The slag with lead percent higher than 5% is returned to the furnace whereas the lower one is extracted by the blast furnace
Reliability of Trigonometric Transform-based Multi-Carrier Scheme
Get PDFThis work is looking for a new physical layer of a multi-carrier wireless communication system to be implemented in low complexity way, resorting to suitable fast transform. The work presents and assesses a scheme based on Discrete Trigonometric Transform with appending symmetric redundancy either in each or multiple consecutive transformed blocks. A receiver front-end filter is proposed to enforce whole symmetry in the channel impulse response, and bank of one tap filter per sub-carrier is applied as an equalizer in the transform domain. The behaviour of the transceiver is studied in the context of practical impairments like fading channel, carrier frequency offset and narrow band interference. Moreover, the performance is evaluated in contrast with the state of art methods by means of computer simulations, and it has been found that the new scheme improves robustness and reliability of communication signal, and record lower peak to average power ratio. The study demonstrates that front-end matched filter effectively performs frequency synchronization to compensate the carrier frequency offset in the received signal
Natural Radioactivity and Radon Exhalation in the Sediment River Used in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq, Dwellings
Get PDFThe samples, sand and pebble (Sediment River), were collected from their selling places in Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq. Sand and pebble emanate each of 238U, 232Th, 40K, and radon naturally. The radon concentration in the air (Co) and gamma-specific activity (As) of the samples were measured using passive detectors (CR-39) and gamma spectrum analyzer (3 × 3 NaI (Tl) connected to digital spectrum analyzer), respectively. The mean value of the Co ± deviation of the investigated samples was 176.5 ± 6.9 Bq/mᵌ, which is lower than the worldwide value of 300 Bq m− ᵌ reported by the IAEA. However, an anomaly in Co value was found in Tanjaro (Sand) sample. The mean value radon mass exhalation rate (EM) was 10.9 ± 0.5 μBq/kg/h. The second part of the measuring is the gamma-specific activities (As) of each 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. The As values were ranged (4.3 ± 0.2–22.6 ± 0.2), (1.9 ± 0.1–4.2 ± 0.1), and (39.8 ± 0.2–86.0 ± 0.4) Bq/kg , respectively. The mean calculated value of radium equivalent (Raeq) was 20.2±0.2 Bq/kg. The annual effective dose rate of gamma (Hann) was 0.13 mSv/y. Fortunately, the Hann value of the samples is lower than the world average value of 0.48 mSv/y
Phytochemical Constituents of Leaves Essential oils of Achillea fragrantissima (Asteraceae) from Iraq
Get PDFEssential oils of Achillea fragrantissima extract were prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 57 phytochemical constituents of chemical compounds were identified in leaves of A. fragrantissima. The major constituents of the essential oil were camphor (34.50%), 1, 8-cineole (14.60%), artemisia ketone (10.25%), and 3-thujanone (7.82%). In addition, 43 components were present at <1%. From the 57 identified compounds, four of them was sesquiterpenes (7.01%), whereas 35 compounds were monoterpenes (61.40%)
Determination of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazards of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the Grains Available at Penang Markets, Malaysia, Using High-purity Germanium Detector
Get PDFIn the present study, the concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K and their radiological hazards in 18 types of grain samples, collected from local markets in Penang, Malaysia, are investigated using high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The results indicated that the concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in grain samples was ranged from 56.97 to 86.13 Bq.kg−1, from 34.71 to 52.14 Bq.kg−1, and from 517.05 to 997.59 Bq.kg−1, respectively. The results of the average annual ingestion dose of natural radionuclides of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were found to be 66.555, 35.199, and 15.328 μSv y−1, respectively. These results are below the standard worldwide value (290 μSv y−1) that was reported by UNSCEAR. Therefore, the studied samples are considered safe in terms of the radiological health hazards, and there is no health hazard from the grain in this region
A Hybrid of Artificial Bee Colony, Genetic Algorithm, and Neural Network for Diabetic Mellitus Diagnosing
Get PDFResearchers widely have introduced the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) as an optimization algorithm to deal with classification and prediction problems. ABC has been combined with different Artificial Intelligent (AI) techniques to obtain optimum performance indicators. This work introduces a hybrid of ABC, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) in the application of classifying, and diagnosing Diabetic Mellitus (DM). The optimized algorithm is combined with a mutation technique of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to obtain the optimum set of training weights for a BPNN. The idea is to prove that weights’ initial index in their initialized set has an impact on the performance rate. Experiments are conducted in three different cases; standard BPNN alone, BPNN trained with ABC, and BPNN trained with the mutation based ABC. The work tests all three cases of optimization on two different datasets (Primary dataset, and Secondary dataset) of diabetic mellitus (DM). The primary dataset is built by this work through collecting 31 features of 501 DM patients in local hospitals. The secondary dataset is the Pima dataset. Results show that the BPNN trained with the mutation based ABC can produce better local solutions than the standard BPNN and BPNN trained in combination with ABC
Facial Expression Recognition Using Uniform Local Binary Pattern with Improved Firefly Feature Selection
Get PDFFacial expressions are essential communication tools in our daily life. In this paper, the uniform local binary pattern is employed to extract features from the face. However, this feature representation is very high in dimensionality. The high dimensionality would not only affect the recognition accuracy but also can impose computational constraints. Hence, to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vector, the firefly algorithm is used to select the optimal subset that leads to better classification accuracy. However, the standard firefly algorithm suffers from the risk of being trapped in local optima after a certain number of generations. Hence, this limitation has been addressed by proposing an improved version of the firefly where the great deluge algorithm (GDA) has been integrated. The great deluge is a local search algorithm that helps to enhance the exploitation ability of the firefly algorithm, thus preventing being trapped in local optima. The improved firefly algorithm has been employed in a facial expression system. Experimental results using the Japanese female facial expression database show that the proposed approach yielded good classification accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods. The best classification accuracy obtained by the proposed method is 96.7% with 1230 selected features, whereas, Gabor-SRC method achieved 97.6% with 2560 features