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    Nye lokaler – andre resultater? Videreført evaluering av sprøyteromsordningen i Oslo

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    NORSK SAMMENDRAG: På oppdrag av Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet foretok SIRUS en evaluering av prøveordningen med sprøyterom basert på de første to driftsårene (SIRUS-rapport 7/2007). Vinteren 2009 ba Rusmiddeletaten/Oslo kommune om en oppfølgende evaluering. Evalueringen er utført av Astrid Skretting og Hilgunn Olsen ved SIRUS.\ud \ud Nye lokaler\ud Oslo kommune åpnet sprøyterom i Tollbugata 3 i januar 2005. Etter en tids drift ble det tydelig at lokalene var lite egnet til formålet, og 1. juli 2007 flyttet sprøyterommet til en brakkerigg i Prindsenkvartalet i Storgata 36.\ud \ud Ny evaluering\ud Den oppfølgende evalueringen er gjort på samme måte som den som ble levert i 2007 og gir en vurdering av om sprøyterommet, slik det fungerer i dag, innfrir formålene som ble satt i lov og forskrift. Oslo kommune ba også om en ”kost-nytte” vurdering av tilbudet.\ud \ud Forbedringer\ud De ansattes situasjon er blitt langt bedre i nye lokaler, og brukerne gir også uttrykk for at de synes tilbudet har blitt bedre. Dette har ført til bedre trivsel for både ansatte og brukere. Det har vært en økning i helse- og sosialfaglig oppfølging av brukerne. Sårbehandling og samtaler er det som oftest går igjen.\ud \ud Dilemmaer\ud Flere av dilemmaene som ble vurdert i den foregående evalueringen, er imidlertid fortsatt aktuelle. Ordningen omfatter fremdeles bare injisering av heroin, selv om røyking av stoffet er langt mindre helseskadelig. Omfanget av injisering i hals og lyske har økt, da dette medfører økt risiko for helseskade er det et dilemma hvorvidt sprøyterommet skal tillate slik injisering.\ud \ud Når det gjelder de ansattes meldeplikt til barnevern og sosialtjeneste, ser det nå ut til å være avklart at denne skal overholdes slik det fremkommer i helsepersonelloven. Tidligere ble det også opplevd som et dilemma at psykisk syke brukere ikke alltid kunne bruke sprøyterommet fordi de ikke greide å innordne seg reglene. Dette problemet er langt på vei løst med nye og større lokaler som bedre ivaretar de ansattes sikkerhet, samtidig som det gir brukerne mer armslag.\ud \ud ”Kost-nytte”\ud Kost-nyttevurderingen av sprøyteromstilbudet blir i evalueringen vurdert ut fra om de oppsatte formålene med ordningen kan sies å være nådd, selv om disse ikke alltid er målbare. Det må kunne sies at tilbudet bidrar til økt verdighet for den aktuelle målgruppen, både på et individuelt og på et overordnet nivå. Sprøyterommet har også bidratt til økt mulighet for helse- og sosialfaglig oppfølging, og trolig også til bedre sprøytehygiene.\ud \ud Det finnes imidlertid ikke grunnlag for å si at ordningen har redusert omfanget av overdoser og overdosedødsfall. Ordningen har også en såpass begrenset kapasitet at selv om antall registrerte brukere nå totalt har oversteget 1000 personer, er det bare en brøkdel av injeksjonene som daglig foretas i Oslo som settes i sprøyterommet.ENGLISH SUMMARY: The new premises are satisfactory. Staff security is well attended to. Operating costs have virtually doubled since the injecting room moved to a new home, however. Higher outlays must be seen in light of the depreciation of the new premises.\ud \ud Consistent with the findings of the former evaluation, frequency of use by registered clients varies widely. The ‘frequently’ percentage (on average 6 or more visits per month) rose slightly, but so did the ‘rarely’ category (0?2 visits per month on average). A detailed examination of the ten clients with the highest visiting frequency reveals, all the same, large fluctuations from month to month.\ud \ud The amount of heroin the users report to inject shows more or less the same distribution as at the former evaluation. Percentage of injections in the groin was slightly higher compared the first two years of operations.\ud \ud Again compared with that period, the move to new premises has not caused problems in the sense of the police “chasing” injecting room clients away or making it difficult to run the Oslo-injecting facility in any way.\ud \ud As was said in connection with the last evaluation, the supervised drug injection scheme can be said to have promoted the dignity of the group in question, both generally and for the individual. Although it is impossible to operationalise dignity as a concept in a measurable way, one can say that the injecting room communicates an acknowledgement of injecting drug users’ basic human value and need of help. For the clients, the services and contact with staff doubtless go some way to underpinning a sense of dignity. Working conditions at the new premises are better, increasing staff and client satisfaction, which again can be said to help clients feel more valued than was the case in the old facility.\ud \ud After the move to the new premises, somatic and psycho-social health matters were raised in 14 per cent of all visits, while the corresponding percentage during the first two operating years was 8 per cent. Treatment of wounds and consultations with staff are the most frequent forms of assistance. Although the rise can be put down to an improved registration procedure, there is reason to believe that increased focus and better staffing have played a not inconsiderable role.\ud \ud There was a rise in the number of visits during which the clients receive advice about injecting the drug, from 13 per cent in the first two years to 17 per cent in the new injecting room. At the same time, advice was given to a smaller percentage of clients, from 81 to 76 per cent.\ud \ud Following the move, 0.68 per cent of injections have resulted in overdose incidents, compared with 0.61 per cent during the first two years. There was, however, a fall in the percentage of clients suffering from an overdose, from 18 per cent in the first two years to 11 per cent after the move.\ud \ud Staff sick leave fell significantly and reports attest to a good working environment. Staff express great satisfaction with their immediate superior, but feel dogged by the senior management at the Alcohol and Drug Addiction Service. Training of new staff and support meetings appear to work in a satisfactory way. While staff are generally happy with the working environment, they would like more space, longer opening hours and more staff

    Tannhelsestatus i Norge. En oppsummering av eksisterende kunnskap

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    Methylation detection oligonucleotide microarray analysis: a high-resolution method for detection of CpG island methylation.

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    Methylation of CpG islands associated with genes can affect the expression of the proximal gene, and methylation of non-associated CpG islands correlates to genomic instability. This epigenetic modification has been shown to be important in many pathologies, from development and disease to cancer. We report the development of a novel high-resolution microarray that detects the methylation status of over 25,000 CpG islands in the human genome. Experiments were performed to demonstrate low system noise in the methodology and that the array probes have a high signal to noise ratio. Methylation measurements between different cell lines were validated demonstrating the accuracy of measurement. We then identified alterations in CpG islands, both those associated with gene promoters, as well as non-promoter-associated islands in a set of breast and ovarian tumors. We demonstrate that this methodology accurately identifies methylation profiles in cancer and in principle it can differentiate any CpG methylation alterations and can be adapted to analyze other species

    SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 8: Deciding how much confidence to place in a systematic review.

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    ABSTRACT : This article is part of a series written for people responsible for making decisions about health policies and programmes and for those who support these decision makers.The reliability of systematic reviews of the effects of health interventions is variable. Consequently, policymakers and others need to assess how much confidence can be placed in such evidence. The use of systematic and transparent processes to determine such decisions can help to prevent the introduction of errors and bias in these judgements. In this article, we suggest five questions that can be considered when deciding how much confidence to place in the findings of a systematic review of the effects of an intervention. These are: 1. Did the review explicitly address an appropriate policy or management question? 2. Were appropriate criteria used when considering studies for the review? 3. Was the search for relevant studies detailed and reasonably comprehensive? 4. Were assessments of the studies' relevance to the review topic and of their risk of bias reproducible? 5. Were the results similar from study to study

    Skole, barnehage, barneverntjeneste - bilder av ”de andre” hindrer samarbeid

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    NORSK SAMMENDRAG: Barnevernet mottar få bekymringsmeldinger fra skoler og barnehager. Denne artikkelen går bakenfor spørsmålene om hvem som har skylden eller ansvaret, og ser på samarbeidsbarrierene, hva de består i, og hvordan de kan bygges ned.\ud \ud En kvalitativ studie blant lærere, barnehageansatte, helsesøstre og ansatte i barneverntjenesten, tyder på at de viktigste hindringene ligger aktørenes bilder av hverandre. Barnehageansatte og lærene sine oppfatninger av barnevern¬tjenesten var komplekse og til dels inkonsistente. På den ene siden ble det gjentatte ganger sagt at de gjør jo ikke noe, en melding havner bare i den store bunken. På den andre siden ble det også sagt at de gjør alt for mye, at konsekvensene av å melde bekymring kan være for dramatiske.\ud \ud Fortellingene var gjennomgående preget av en mangel på tillit. Skal flere barn som trenger det, får hjelp så tidlig som mulig, må skole og barnehage få erfaringer som øker barneverntjenestens tillitsverdighet

    Sundhedscollegiet 1809-1815. Det første sentrale administrasjons- og tilsynsorgan for helsevesenet i Norge

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    NORSK SAMMENDRAG: Lenge var København begivenhetenes eneste sentrum i den dansk-norske staten. Men fra 1809 og noen år framover skjedde det noe som skulle komme til å prege den nasjonale forvaltningen av medisinalvesenet; det Kongelige norske Sundheds-Collegium i Christiania ble opprettet. Dette er det første norske, nasjonale forvaltningsorganet med særlige oppgaver i forhold til helsetjenesten, eller mer presist medisinal- og apotekvesenet.\ud \ud Instruksen som ble gitt for dette organets arbeid er påfallende klar og tydelig, både når det gjelder oppdragets art og krav til saksbehandlingen. Kollegiet skulle ha et tydelig tilsynsperspektiv på arbeidet sitt. Det framkommer for eksempel i § 19 første setning: Collegiet har at vaage over, at de nu for Tiden gjældende Love for Medicinalvæsenet i Norge, eller de, som herefter maatte vorde udgivne, iagttages og overholdes. Om nødvendig skulle kollegiet ta behovet for ekstraordinære tiltak opp med de instanser som hadde et tjenestelig ansvar for dette. Arbeidet skulle være innrettet både mot virksomheter og personell, selv det militære medisinalvesen var omfattet av tilsynsoppdraget.\ud \ud Kravene til saksbehandlingen i kollegiet er også bemerkelsesverdige. Ikke bare effektivitet blir vektlagt, men også åpenhet om vurderingene som blir gjort og krav om synliggjøring av tvil og uenighet kan den dag i dag stå som gode forvaltningsverdier.\ud \ud Dette heftet gir en oversikt over det forvaltningsarbeidet som kollegiet sto for i sin virksomhetstid, slik det er mulig å gjenskape dette ut fra bevarte arkiver.SUMMARY IN ENGLISH: For a long time, Copenhagen was the only centre of events in the Danish-Norwegian state. But from 1809 and for some years later something happened that would have an impact on national administration of the health service: the Royal Norwegian Health Board was established in Christiania. This was the first national Norwegian administrative body with specific tasks related to the health services, or to be more precise, medical and pharmacy services.\ud \ud The Board’s remit was particularly clear and precise, both in relation to the nature of the tasks and the requirements for administrative procedures. The work of the Board was to have a clear supervisory perspective. For example, according to Section 19, first sentence:\ud The Board shall monitor that legislation currently in force relating to medical services in Norway, and other legislation coming into force in the future, is upheld and acted in accordance with.\ud If necessary, the Board was required to address the need for extra measures with the appropriate responsible bodies. The work of the Board was to be directed both at the bodies and the personnel, though the military health service was not included in the task of supervision.\ud \ud The requirements for administrative procedures are also noteworthy. The importance of effectiveness was stressed. In addition, it was required that there should be openness both about the assessments that were made and about any doubt or disagreement.\ud \ud This still represents good administrative practice up to the present day. \ud \ud This report provides an overview of the administrative work of the Board, based on material available from the archives

    A universal assay for detection of oncogenic fusion transcripts by oligo microarray analysis.

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    BACKGROUND: The ability to detect neoplasia-specific fusion genes is important not only in cancer research, but also increasingly in clinical settings to ensure that correct diagnosis is made and the optimal treatment is chosen. However, the available methodologies to detect such fusions all have their distinct short-comings. RESULTS: We describe a novel oligonucleotide microarray strategy whereby one can screen for all known oncogenic fusion transcripts in a single experiment. To accomplish this, we combine measurements of chimeric transcript junctions with exon-wise measurements of individual fusion partners. To demonstrate the usefulness of the approach, we designed a DNA microarray containing 68,861 oligonucleotide probes that includes oligos covering all combinations of chimeric exon-exon junctions from 275 pairs of fusion genes, as well as sets of oligos internal to all the exons of the fusion partners. Using this array, proof of principle was demonstrated by detection of known fusion genes (such as TCF3:PBX1, ETV6:RUNX1, and TMPRSS2:ERG) from all six positive controls consisting of leukemia cell lines and prostate cancer biopsies. CONCLUSION: This new method bears promise of an important complement to currently used diagnostic and research tools for the detection of fusion genes in neoplastic diseases

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