International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Reaching Inaccessible Communities: Demonstration of Community-Based Solid Waste Management Sub-System in Metro Manila, Philippines
Full text linkIn Metro Manila, Philippines, numerous communities remain inaccessible to municipal waste collection services due to narrow streets and alleys. This often leads to improper waste disposal, including non-segregation and dumping in waterways. To address this, a community-based solid waste management sub-system (CBSWMS) was demonstrated in 78 selected barangays across Manila, Pasay, Taguig, Pasig, and Pateros, utilizing the Act-Learn principle. The CBSWMS comprised three core components: (1) establishing a community-led SWM sub-system in inaccessible areas, facilitated by Women’s Groups (WGs) as barangay SWM partners; (2) implementing a three-tiered sub-system promoting waste segregation and diversion before final disposal; and (3) providing enabling mechanisms for effective implementation. Demonstration results indicate that sustainability mechanisms for WGs, including diverse income sources and gender-mainstreaming strategies, are crucial. Furthermore, an increased focus on segregation-at-source and adequate SWM resources (tools, equipment, and dedicated sorting/recovery spaces) are vital for the sub-system\u27s success and for increasing waste diversion rates
Wave Labyrinth Weir: A New Shape Spillway to Minimize the Effect of the Vertex Angle
Full text linkIncreasing the discharge capacity of spillway structures is essential for efficient water management and flood control. This can be achieved in various ways, one of which is by lengthening the spillway crest. Labyrinth weirs, which provide a longer crest length compared to linear weirs within the same channel width, are commonly designed in trapezoidal, triangular, or rectangular forms. However, the convergence of the weir walls at sharp vertex angles tends to reduce discharge capacity. To address this limitation, a new wave labyrinth weir design—free of sharp corners—was proposed in this study to minimize the adverse effects of vertex angles. The shape of the wave labyrinth weir was derived from the cosine wave equation. The influence of the vertex angle was evaluated based on the discharge coefficient (Cd) at various upstream heads. The experimental investigation was conducted under free-flow conditions in a rectangular flume measuring 4.80 meters in length, 50 centimeters in width, and 40 centimeters in depth. Two physical models were fabricated using acrylic: a basic triangular labyrinth weir and the proposed wave labyrinth weir. Both models shared the same crest length (L = 87 cm) and height (P = 10 cm). Flow measurements were obtained through point gauge readings and the Thomson weir method. The results showed that the maximum discharge coefficient (Cd max) for the wave labyrinth weir reached 0.88, compared to 0.82 for the triangular labyrinth weir. This confirms that the wave labyrinth weir effectively reduces the negative impact of vertex angles on discharge performance. In addition, the wave configuration contributed to smoother nappe flow and reduced turbulence, suggesting greater flow stability compared to the conventional design
Characterisation of Cassava Peel-Derived Silica at Different Combustion Temperatures
Full text linkThe growing need for sustainable materials and the environmental burden of agro industrial waste highlight the urgency of transforming biomass into high value resources. Cassava peel, typically discarded as waste, contains silica a valuable mineral composed of silicon and oxygen. This study looks at the possibility of using cassava peel, which is a common waste product from agriculture and industry, as a long-term source of high-purity silica by controlled burning (400–800 °C). Acid leaching and drying process. FTIR, SEM, and TGA were used to look at the structural and thermal properties of the silica. The results showed that silica produced at 600–700°C had the best properties, with the 700°C sample achieving the highest silica yield of 54.3%, silicon content of 41.45wt%, and demonstrating sharp FTIR peaks at 1021cm⁻¹ and 898cm⁻¹ indicating a well-formed amorphous structure. It also exhibited the lowest total weight loss in TGA analysis and a moderate residue of 14.07%, confirming superior thermal stability and high purity. These properties are comparable to those of commercial silica, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly filler for polymers. This also shows how useful agricultural waste can be in developing sustainable materials engineering
Numerical Validation of Flexitank Hydrodynamic Performance under Different Driving Conditions
Full text linkFlexitanks have revolutionized bulk liquid logistics through their cost-effectiveness and adaptability, yet their inherent flexibility introduces complex hydrodynamic challenges, particularly due to liquid sloshing during dynamic vehicle motion. This study presents a numerical validation of flexitank hydrodynamic performance under realistic driving conditions, focusing on the pressure response and fluid motion within the flexible containment. A 1:8 scaled flexitank prototype was experimentally tested to measure transient wall pressures and deformation using force-sensitive resistor (FSR) sensors, while a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed in Ansys Fluent to simulate the internal flow behavior. Comparison between experimental and numerical results demonstrated strong correlation, achieving a percentage different error below 8.5% throughout the driving cycle. The analysis further revealed that deceleration events generated 14–18% higher wall pressures than acceleration phases due to inertial and pressure wave effects. The validated CFD framework provides a reliable predictive tool for understanding sloshing-induced behavior in flexible liquid containment systems and contributes to safer, more efficient bulk liquid transport design.
 
Analysis of Blood Flow and Urea Transport in Chitosan and Carbon Nanotube Dialyzer Membranes for Diabetic Haemodialysis
Full text linkHaemodialysis efficiency depends heavily on membrane characteristics, as material properties and thickness significantly influence blood flow behaviour and solute removal across the dialyzer. Despite advances in dialyzer design, there is limited comparative data on how membrane material and thickness affect blood flow dynamics and urea clearance, particularly under diabetic haemodialysis conditions. This gap hinders the selection of optimal membrane configurations for improved performance. This study investigates the performance of chitosan and carbon nanotube (CNT) dialyzer membranes through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. A single-fibre dialyzer (SFD) model was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under transient, laminar, counter-current flow conditions. Three membrane thicknesses (0.15 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.20 mm) were analysed for two materials: chitosan and CNT composites. The dialyzer geometry consisted of concentric cylindrical domains representing blood, membrane, and dialysate regions. Simulations showed that CNT membranes achieved higher maximum blood velocity (4.12 m/s) and wall shear stress (2.75 Pa) compared to chitosan membranes (3.91 m/s and 2.53 Pa, respectively) at 0.15 mm thickness. Pressure drops increased with membrane thickness for both materials, reaching up to 275 Pa at 0.20 mm. CNT membranes consistently outperformed chitosan in urea removal, reducing blood-side urea mass fraction from 0.02 to 0.00077 across all thicknesses, compared to a reduction to 0.00767 for chitosan at 0.20 mm. Overall, CNT membranes demonstrated superior flow uniformity and up to 96% urea clearance, maintaining efficiency even as thickness increased, while chitosan membranes showed decreased performance beyond 0.15 mm. These findings suggest that CNT membranes offer a more effective solution for haemodialysis, especially under diabetic flow conditions.
Analyzing the Effect of Geothermal Steam Quality Employing Performance of Single Cylinder Double Flow Turbine
Full text linkThe quality of steam in geothermal power plants is of critical importance, as it directly affects the thermodynamic properties of enthalpy and entropy. Consequently, it plays a decisive role in determining the reliability and performance of the turbine system. Operating data obtained from the Quality Control Unit and Central Control Room between 1 and 30 June 2024 were analyzed to determine enthalpy and entropy values through linear interpolation using the SteamTab Companion software. This study aims to evaluate turbine efficiency and gross power output as functions of steam quality, enthalpy, non-condensable gas (NCG) content, and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) concentration over a 30-day observation period. The analysis revealed that the highest steam quality (0.8065) corresponded to an isentropic efficiency of 81.83% on day 11. The maximum actual enthalpy of 2506.040 kJ/kg produced a gross power output of 56,130.493 kW. Conversely, the lowest steam quality (0.80281) resulted in an isentropic efficiency of 79.13% and an actual enthalpy of 2496.99 kJ/kg, with a gross power output of 54,823.975 kW on day 3. The geothermal steam contained an average NCG content of 1.34% and an average SiO₂ concentration of 85.2 ppm. These concentrations were found to significantly influence turbine performance, as reflected by the variations in isentropic efficiency and gross power generation. The findings of this study indicate a direct proportional relationship between steam quality and the turbine\u27s isentropic efficiency, enthalpy, and gross power output
Finite Element Assessment of Short Stem in Hip Arthroplasty Based on Different Activities
Full text linkStress shielding is a phenomenon that occurs when an implant absorbs too much of the load that would typically be distributed to the surrounding bone, resulting in reduced mechanical stimulation of the bone. In hip arthroplasty, the implant\u27s design plays a crucial part in stress distribution at the interface of the implant and the adjacent bone. This study examines the stress distribution in hip arthroplasty implants using Finite Element Analysis (FEM), comparing conventional stems with short stems. Titanium alloy has been chosen as the material of the implant. Stress analysis has been conducted under five different activities: normal walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, standing, and sitting to study the effect of these activities on various lengths of stem. The results show that in the conventional stem, the highest stress concentrations occur at the joint and the tip of the implant, leading to stress shielding in the proximal area of the femur bone, which may result in bone resorption and potential implant complications over time. On the contrary, the short stem exhibits higher stress values at the neck of the implant for all activities. However, the short stem demonstrates a uniform stress distribution pattern compared to the conventional stem. In addition, the analysis found that conventional stem practices had higher stress levels throughout all activities than the short stem practices. Among the activities examined, walking activities generated the highest stress, followed by activities such as upstairs walking, normal walking, standing, and sitting. These findings provide insight into the mechanical performance of hip implants and suggest that short stems offer advantages in reducing stress shielding and enhancing longevity
Dual-Layer Self-Healing Coatings for Carbon Steel: A Sustainable Approach to Enhanced Performance and Durability
Full text linkThe industrial sectors are continually searching for durable materials with high resistance to wear. While traditional coatings are commonly used, they tend to deteriorate over time, resulting in costly repairs and negative environmental impact. Therefore, this study investigates the development of single and double-layer smart coating systems designed to enhance both durability and sustainability for carbon steel, particularly in harsh environments. The double-layer smart coating (DL-SC) incorporates benzotriazole and boiled linseed oil within an epoxy matrix. The DL-SC is applied in two layers, while the single-layer smart coating (SL-SC) with the same composition is used for comparison. Characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), confirm the successful incorporation of the self-healing agents and corrosion inhibitors into the coatings. Additionally, the adhesion strength of DL-SC retained 68.93% of its adhesion strength after immersion in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution in contrast to 61.05% for SL-SC and 47.92% for traditional epoxy coatings, which highlights the enhanced durability and long-term sustainability of the double-layer system. The enhanced performance of DL-SC is due to the efficient release of BTA and BLO in response to external stimuli, providing extended protection. In conclusion, the double-layer smart coating provides superior durability and long-term protection for carbon steel compared to single-layer
An Adaptive PID Load Frequency Control of Islanded Microgrids Based on Iterative Learning Control
Full text linkThe deviation in frequency could be a major issue in power system operation because it can affect the stability of the system. Load frequency control (LFC) is needed to control the deviation so that system stability can be maintained. The LFC is often referred to as automatic generator control (AGC) microgrids in islanded mode. In this paper, an adaptive PID control based on iterative learning control (ILC) is proposed to handle power system dynamics on an islanded microgrid. The results show that the proposed PID controller has better performance under various disturbances, such as load changes and penetration of external generation, such as wind power, while adhering to the 2% overshoot and 2% steady state band constraints. During simulation, the proposed controller has demonstrated its superiority over the classical PID tuning
CFD Simulations of Natural Cross Ventilation in Building with Different Opening Positions and Louver Slat-Angles in Moderately-Dense Urban Area
Full text linkIn this study, CFD simulations with ANSYS 2021 R2 were performed on a targeted building with natural cross ventilation in urban area. The arrangement of the nine buildings has the planar area ratio of 0.25, which is considered moderately dense. The targeted building was with respective windward and leeward opening in the Middle-Middle, Top-Top, Bottom-Bottom, Bottom-Top, and Top-Bottom. The openings were without louver (NL) and equipped with louvers of 0°, 15°, 30°, or 45° slat-angles. The Grid Convergence Index (GCI) analysis found that the basic grid-size of 7.98 million cells is suitable for the simulation. Subsequent Factor of 2 (FAC2) analysis shows that the Sk-ε modified coefficient with enhanced wall function is the most suitable turbulence model. The simulations show maximum dimensionless streamwise mean velocities (U/Uref) and dimensionless kinetic energies (k/Uref2) occurred at respective level of the windward opening; and that increasing the louver slat-angle caused maximum U/Uref and k/Uref2 decreased at increasing Y/H. The Y/H against U/Uref and k/Uref2 for Top-Top and Top-bottom opening configuration were of high values for each louver slat-angle. Windward with Top opening achieved higher dimensionless volume flow rate (DFR); with Top-Top opening configuration showed highest DFR for NL followed by louver slat-angle of 0o to 45o. Bottom-Bottom opening configuration shown significantly lowest DFR. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the effects of opening positions and louver slat-angles in an urban area on the performance of the natural cross ventilation for buildings