International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Structural Evaluation of Timber-Concrete Composite Floor Constructed Using Open Web Truss Joist Made of LVL Paraserianthes falcataria
Get PDFThe adoption of LVL (laminated veneer lumber) technology is significantly improving the potential application of Sengon wood species as structural components in buildings. Therefore, this study aimed to construct two timber-concrete composite floors using open web truss joist (OWTJ) made from LVL Sengon and a 60-mm thick of concrete slab, along with a timber floor without concrete for comparison. All floors shared a common dimension, measuring 6460 mm length, and 1000 mm in width. The non-composite (floor A) had a depth of 600 mm, while floors B and C had 660 mm, including 60-mm thick of concrete slab. In floor B, slab above OWTJ was constructed with cast-in-situ concrete, whille C was prefabricated and connected through 5/16 inch-diameter screws. All floors were subjected to a distributed water loading to 300 mm height, while floor A passed through creep test for a duration of 14 days. The results showed that floor deflection of all specimens was less than the allowable limits required by the design standards (1/360 of the floor length). Floor B yielded the smallest deflection at 3.82 mm, which was slightly higher compared to the predictid value by the numerical model (3.67 mm). Actual strain measurement through strain-gauge at some locations of floor B verified by the numerical model showed that both concrete slab and members of OWTJ were stressed below the maximum stresses. The results positively supported the new application area of LVL made from Sengon wood species in structural components, particularly as open web truss joist of TCC floor syste
Microsatellite (mEgCIR3808) Analysis in Oil Palm: An Optimisation of a Direct PCR-based Using FTA Card as a Storage Medium
Get PDFThis paper explores the effectiveness of Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) card, with a focus on the role of FTA card application in storing oil palm DNA for PCR analysis. The study underscores the importance of optimising the washing steps of FTA card and validation of PCR amplification of using optimised washing steps towards oil palm leaves. Therefore, the study specifically examines practices for FTA washing method for oil palm sample which is crucial and necessary in obtaining promising results. The optimised washing steps such adding centrifugation while washing the FTA cards matters and has proven to enhance the band intensity of the PCR amplification results. An optimised, proper and accurate first-basis fundamental steps will contribute the value of SSR fingerprinting as a molecular detection for Elaeis guineensis, highlighting the potential of genetic markers in oil palm research
Parametric Investigation of the Urban Heat Island Using the Internet of Things (IoT) in Putrajaya, Malaysia
Get PDFThe urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has become a critical issue for Putrajaya, the administrative capital of Malaysia. This research experimentally investigates the UHI phenomenon in Putrajaya using the Internet of Things (IoT) and assesses the urban heat island intensity (UHII). This study investigates the effect of wind speed and rainfall on UHII. This study has chosen two strategic locations for green zone reference and residential or commercial zone reference, respectively. The major equipment used here are 81000 ultrasonic anemometer by R.M. Young for temperature and an IoT system fabricated and maintained by Enomatrix. We have installed an IoT-enabled system embedded with different sensors and equipment to record, store and analyze the data from selected strategic locations. The results of this study indicate the presence of UHI in this city and reveal that the maximum UHII is approximately 3.6 °C. Furthermore, the parametric analysis reveals that wind speed has a significant influence on UHII. Moreover, this research shows that rainfall has great potential to reduce the UHII. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the UHI effect in Putrajaya and can be used to inform urban planning and design decisions to mitigate the UHI effect. The use of IoT and parametric analysis in this study also demonstrates the potential of these technologies to improve our understanding of urban environments and inform sustainable urban development
Investigating the Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on Porous Polymer Structure Under Axial Compression and Buckling Behaviour
Get PDFThe strength and durability of porous polymer structures under compression and bending remain a significant challenge in engineering. The pore structure needs to be designed to have proper strength and be capable of fulfilling the function. Their mechanical properties and stability under compressive loads are critical factors in determining their success. Despite extensive research on the porous structure related to polymers, the failure mechanics and the characteristics of the porous polymer structure were found to be limited. Therefore, the study was carried out to investigate the effect of the porosity and pore shape under axial compression and bending. There is a need to investigate the underlying mechanisms of porous polymers to develop accurate strategies to improve their mechanical properties and stability. The porous polymer\u27s square and circle hole shape was fabricated using 3D printing for five structure porosities: 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. The study found that the porous polymer deforms up to 5% strain elastically. Higher porosity led to significant stress reduction, with a linear decrease in maximum compression force correlating with porosity, and circle pores exhibited better performance. The Pearson correlation highlighted a consistent, predictable inverse relationship between porosity and compression force. In conclusion, the study revealed the complex mechanical behaviour of a porous polymer under compression. The result offered important details, helping to understand the connections between porosity, compression force, and the structure\u27s strength
Segmentation-based Vehicle Location Detection (SVLD) Mechanism for Network Dwelling Range Extension and RSU Load Reduction in VANET V2R Communication
Get PDFVehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are specialized vehicle networks designed to provide a diverse variety of applications and services while maximizing network performance and efficiency. Nevertheless, VANETs have obstacles such as ever-changing network structure, rapid movement of vehicles in various directions, data overload, and limited duration of connectivity, all of which can result in poor efficiency in gathering and transferring data provided by vehicles. This hinders the progress of creating time-sensitive applications on VANETs. Implementing a vehicular infrastructure such as the Roadside Unit (RSU) is crucial for improving the efficiency of message distribution in VANETs. The dynamic nature of the vehicle environment in VANET leads to constraints in data delivery, such as problems with high density and connectivity duration. High-velocity vehicles can enter and exit the coverage area of RSU transmissions without obtaining all the data they requested. This puts additional strain on the RSUs and leads to greater rates of dropped requests, delays, and reduced responsiveness. Furthermore, in extensive networks characterized by frequent and rapid changes in connectivity and dynamic network structure, such as urban highways, Vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) communication experiences brief periods of connectivity when traveling at high speeds. Additionally, V2R communication does not receive any services when outside the Network Dwelling Range (NDR) of an RSU. This study introduces the Segmentation-Based Vehicle Location Detection (SVLD) mechanism that involves fragmenting the NDR of RSUs into overlapping segments and identifying vehicles within these segments. Experiments have been conducted in simulation using OMNeT++, SUMO and Veins with the goal of expanding the NDR and increase the duration of connectivity in V2R communication. Additionally, it aims to alleviate the burden on the RSU by facilitating a smooth transfer of workload to the next RSU. The results demonstrate a substantial expansion of the NDR using the RSU\u27s NDR overlapping approach, as well as a reduction of 36.4% in the RSU\u27s load
Effect of Direct Fire Exposure on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Based on Ceramic and Gypsum Waste (CGW) as Partial Substitution for Sand
Get PDFSix types of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) based on ceramic- gypsum waste (CGW) as partial substitution for sand has been prepared. The compressive strength ranges from 1.64 MPa to 2.13 MPa and work density ranges from 594 kg/m3 to 605 kg/m3. All AAC samples have exposed to direct fire at temperature 923.8 °C for 300 s. The maximum temperatures surface (T1) and opposite surface (T2) were 930.1 °C and 31.7 °C respectively. The average T1 of sample was around of 169.88 °C and average thermal storage around 10.36 % after natural cooling for 900 s. Meanwhile, the average T2 was around 31.3 °C and almost similar with workshops temperature. Except for pure AAC, the samples were showed not crack, burnt and melt during exposed to direct fire testing at temperature 920 °C for 300 s. The direct fire testing has also positive effect on the work density and compressive strength of AAC-CGW. The average work density decreased by around 10.69 % and compressive strength increased by around 12.39 %. The maximum work density was reduced around 14.57 % for AAC-1 and compressive strength was increased around 39.15 % for pure AAC. This work showed that the AAC-1 to AAC-5 are suitable for wall application such as thermal wall especially for fire resistance wall due to its good durability and strength after exposed to direct fire
Springback Optimization of Dissimilar Thickness AA6061-T6 Blank Joint with Double Butt-Lap (DBL) Using Taguchi Method and ANOVA
Get PDFThis study focuses on investigating the effect of welding parameters, specifically spindle speed, feed rate, and tool tilt angle, on the springback of double-butt lap joints blank. To optimise springback of friction stir welded AA6061-T6 blanks with different thicknesses, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal design experiment was utilized. The responses of springback from lines perpendicular and parallel to the welding line were observed, and the optimal parameter combination for each type of springback was determined. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that the tilt angle contributed the most to springback (parallel to the weld line) with 50.43%, while the spindle speed contributed the most to springback (perpendicular to the weld line) with 52.53%. Through confirmation testing, the optimal FSW parameters were validated
Multifunctional Porous Pavement Prototype for Urban Pluvial Flood Protection: Preliminarily Findings on Contribution of Attitudes to Acceptance Willingness Toward Proposed Scientific and Engineering Solutions
Get PDFRapid urbanization and climate change correlate with an increase in frequency of flood events, globally. For many cities worldwide pluvial floods bring significant risk. Permeable/pervious paving (PePav), as an essential sustainable urban drainage technique, is one of the key environmental solutions for urban flooding. Waste and recycled materials in the construction industry for PePav production comply with the principles of circular economy and sustainable development. The influence of the human factor is well recognized in efforts to apply those solutions and make them self-sustainable. The preliminary results show that younger female students and students with lower family monthly income are prone to express more positive attitudes toward PePav generally. Students from different study groups (Departments of Psychology, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, and Construction Project Management) show significantly different attitudes toward PePav. Statistical models indicate that the PePav acceptance willingness can be predicted with moderate accuracy by knowing attitudes toward PePav and personal experience in construction. The contributions of the fact that someone\u27s close person has been affected by a flood may vary depending on the type of PePav scientific and engineering solutions
Flood Vulnerability Index Based on Indicator Approach in Assessing Flood Risk in Selangor, Malaysia
Get PDFFloods are one of the most common and damaging natural disasters, claiming lives, and causing significant economic damage. Urbanization can increase the risk of flooding due to increased water runoff and volume. This study focuses on a flood vulnerability assessment approach as a planning tool by combining the Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) with variables available in urban development areas. This index was created by combining the variables of three components: exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. FVI is a critical element in risk management and flood damage assessment. Vulnerability is described in FVI research as the amount of damage that can be predicted under conditions of exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. Vulnerability studies frequently use an indicator-based vulnerability assessment to estimate the complexity and degree of risk. FVI reflects the vulnerability of urban areas. Secondary data were used to obtain variables for the social and economic components. A quantitative method was used to calculate the correlation of each variable with flooding via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The indicators are categorized as exposure, susceptibility, and resilience, and these indices were created using normalization, weighting, and aggregation of the indicators. To determine the flood vulnerability in Selangor, a small number of indicators were selected to quantitatively assess the flood risk in Selangor. Based on calculated FVI, the vulnerability of the districts in Selangor has been ranked and categorized from high to very low. The result shows Gombak and Klang are the most vulnerable districts in Selangor to flooding because of their high exposure to flooding. The results of this study could serve as a reference tool for future flood risk mitigation efforts in Selangor
Preparation of AC/TiO2 doped N-Ce Synthesized via Microwave Irradiation for Amoxicillin Photodegradation
Get PDFActivated carbon (AC) supported with titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with Nitrogen (N) and Cerium (Ce) were synthesized for adsorption and photodegradation of amoxicillin antibiotic. Optimization of the modified AC/TiO2 composite was developed for removal amoxicillin from aqueous solution using sol-gel method assisted with microwave radiation under UV Light. In this work, four variables were optimized via Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and they were urea (N source) (A: 0.02 g – 0.2 g), cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce source) (B: 0.02 g – 0.2 g), activated carbon dosage (C: 0.1 g – 0.5 g) and microwave power (D: 600 W – 800 W) to observe amoxicillin degradation. Under optimum variables preparation, results indicated that the modified AC/TiO2 photocatalyst prepared with 0.5 g activated carbon, doped with 0.02 g urea and 0.2 g cerium exhibited 93.6 % amoxicillin removal under UV light