International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Performance of Various Length-to-Diameter Ratio of Thermal Energy Storage Tank: A Convergence Test
Get PDFThermal Energy Storage (TES) is a technique that stores thermal energy, accomplished by changing the temperature of a storage medium, such as a phase change material (PCM), for later use in various applications, for example, heating and cooling or power generation. The heat energy that is saved is usually kept in the storage medium. This study investigates how the performance of the TES tank is affected by the ratio of length to diameter. The research focuses on how the ratio affects the convergence test while the PCM0 (water-ice) used in TES starts to release latent heat into the air. Five models were designed by using CATIA software and the analysis was conducted in ANSYS CFD software. Convergence tests were conducted to validate the accuracy of the obtained simulation results. Two additional criteria, namely temperature and ice mass fraction, were also analysed to evaluate the performance of the TES tanks. The investigation of the TES tank using five different models has shown that each model reaches a constant temperature of 0°C during the melting phase, but at different time intervals. Model 1 reaches this temperature the fastest, followed by Model 2, Model 3, Model 4, and finally Model 5. A model that reached the constant temperature first indicated a more efficient discharging process, as it signified a faster rate of ice melting and thermal energy release. In terms of ice mass fraction, Model 1 retained a significant amount of solid ice (0.9968), with noticeable melting. Model 5, on the other hand, showed minimal melting and better preservation of solid ice (0.9992). Considering temperature, ice mass fraction and ease of convergence, Model 1 performed the best, when the solidified PCM0 was melting faster while maintaining a substantial amount of solid ice in the TES tank. The present study was successfully developed and compared various TES configurations while satisfying the convergence criteria set in the simulation. To conclude with, the results showcase the performance differences based on pipe size. These discoveries contribute to refining tube-type TES tanks and their design for thermal energy storage systems
Revealing the Path to a Green Economy: Insights and Recommendations for Sustainable Development in Malaysia
Get PDFThis study proposes a green economy framework leading to Malaysia\u27s green economy roadmap and raising society\u27s sustainability awareness. The framework has catered actionable insight into promoting a green economy to industrial sectors by integrating Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) and Sustainable Development (SD) principles to improve Malaysia\u27s achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper has critically analysed a systematic review from 2209 journal articles indexed from two prominent databases, Scopus and Web of Science. The data were analysed using visualising bibliometric networks and a computer-assisted qualitative method. The thematic pattern result was verified and strengthened using in-depth interviews with industrial business leaders. The result shows that establishing a green economy framework should align with a clear regulatory policy and incentives. This study provided a unique combination of proposing a green economy framework employing advanced analysis techniques and providing specific recommendations for the Malaysian context. Adopting the green economy framework led by integrated ESG, SD, and SDGs would lead to Malaysia\u27s Shared Prosperity Vision 2030. The public listed companies should step ahead in adopting green economy frameworks
Evaluation of Micro Hardness of Magnesium Alloy Coated with ZnO and Al2O3
Get PDFMagnesium and its alloys have wide range of application in automobile and aircraft industries because of its excellent mechanical properties i.e. high strength to weight ratio, availability and good castability etc. However, some challenges occur in using magnesium and its alloys in automobiles where the material has to withstand high wear and it has to be hard. In this work a study has been done on eleven samples of magnesium alloy AZ91 coated with different percentage mixture of ZnO and Al2O3 particles by plasma spray method. Effect of presence of ceramic particles on the surface of substrate was studied. Micro Vickers hardness test was conducted on the samples, and it was found that the hardness of the samples decreases with decreasing percentage of Al2O3 particles. Firstly, the hardness decreases slightly with decreasing percentage of Al2O3 particles and beyond 50% Al2O3 particles composition mixture the hardness decreases rapidly. Result shows that the contribution of Al2O3 particles plays important role in increasing the hardness of coated surfac
Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in AL6061 Frame Structures under Varying Applied Loads
Get PDFThe demand for lightweight and high-performance structures has driven the popularity of commercially available aluminum alloys such as AL6061, particularly in the semiconductor industry. However, predicting stress distribution accurately within AL6061 frame structures under diverse loading conditions remains a significant challenge for clients due to the complex nature of their behavior. To address this challenge, a study has been conducted that utilizes the advanced 3D simulation software SolidWorks 2023 to model frame structures and evaluate their behavior under varied loads of up to 150% of the structure\u27s weight, which is a significant departure from the standard loading conditions. The goal is to provide clients with a comprehensive and realistic understanding of the performance of their frame structure. The study evaluates the designed frame structure\u27s stress, strain, displacement, and safety factors, ensuring that all values fall within the acceptable range. This gives clients a detailed understanding of how their structures will perform under various loading conditions. Material properties of the aluminum alloy, including its elastic modulus and yield strength, were also considered in the analysis. This in-depth analysis provides clients valuable insights into designing and optimizing lightweight and high-performing frame structures in the semiconductor industry, enabling them to make informed decisions about their structures
Effect of Corrosion Concrete Repair on Flexural Strength by Grouting and Jacketing Methods
Get PDFOne of the problems in reinforced concrete construction is steel corrosion. Corrosion causes a reduction in the flexural strength of building structures. Therefore, structural repairs are very important to restore the strength of the building. The mortar grouting and jacketing methods are methods that are relatively easy to apply. The grouting method is applied by injecting and filling cracks in corroded concrete. Meanwhile, the jacketing method is carried out by covering the old corroded concrete with a layer of new concrete. This research used 15 specimens of reinforced concrete (RC) with a compressive strength of 30 MPa. Design corrosion levels of 20%, 25%, and 30% were obtained from accelerated corrosion using a DC Power Supply and 5% NaCl solution. The research results showed that the grouting repair method was able to increase the flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete by up to 4.77%, and the jacketing method by 13.81%. However, the flexural strength value will decrease as the corrosion levels increases
Investigate the Applicability of Coating Titanium Substrate by Hydroxyapatite for Surgical Implants
Get PDFPure Titanium and Titanium alloys are the materials that are utilized the most often for the production of dental implants, and hydroxyapatite is the bioactive substance that is most frequently coated on titanium implants. Ceramics are a family of biomaterials that include hydroxyapatite. This substance has structural and chemical similarities with biological apatite, the primary inorganic component of tooth and bone, and hydroxyapatite is also a ceramic. The substance is not only osteoconductive and non-toxic, but it also has bioactive properties. This research studied and manufactured a coating for surgical implants by employing hydroxyapatite (HA), a distinctive bone that grew at a medium for prosthetic human body parts. This coating was meant to boost bone development. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) created titanium substrate HA coatings. This search employed HA compressed at 150 MPa with a particle size of 2.745 m as a coating target utilizing PLD methods with (8000, 6000, and 4000) pulses. SEM and AFM were used to describe the coating surface and determine calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the coating layer. In an in vivo study, four rabbits\u27 femur bones were implanted with Ti-HA-8000, Ti-HA-6000, Ti-HA-4000, and Ti. Both groups showed new bone growth surrounding the implant at three weeks. Haversian lamellae indicate mature bone growth and complete osseointegration surrounding the Ti-HA-8000 implant after six weeks, which implies that HA is biocompatible and facilitates implant-bone osseointegration
Shear Strength of Adhesively bonded Joints with Toughened Mussel Shell Powder
No full textMussel shell is a household wastes usually disposed into landfills, causing environmental pollutions, disease-borne and unpleasant smell. Mussel shell particulates can be incorporated as filler to enhance shear strength in epoxy resin due to its high calcium carbonate content. Formerly synthetic fillers were used to improve the shear strength of epoxy resin, but dependency on mineral-derived substances may increase green-house effect. It was found that mechanical properties of neat epoxy resin can be enhanced by adding calcium carbonate particles. In this paper, the physical properties and shear strength of epoxy toughened with mussel shell powder (TEMP) were investigated. Single lap joint (SLJ) specimens were tested for shear strength with incorporation of various TEMP volume fractions and over-lap length. Collected dried mussel shell were crushed, grinded and later sieved to pass 75 µm size prior to mixing with Epikote 828 epoxy resin, with epoxy to hardener volume ratio of 5:2. The testing series includes TEMP volume fractions between 0% to 10% (by 2.5% increment) and overlap length ranging 12.7 – 50.8 mm. The results demonstrated that the longest overlap length and 7.5% TEMP volume fractions exhibited a significant effect to the ultimate joint strength. From SEM microscope, 10% TEMP was prone to particle agglomerations and gave less joint strength. The joint strength with 7.5% mussel shell powder was stronger compared with other volume fractions, with the strength enhancement of 169.6%
Physicochemical Study of Ethanol Ratio in the Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Synthesis from Kesambi (Schleichera Oleosa) Seed Oil
Get PDFThe demand for energy, particularly for fossil fuels, has been increasing in line with the growing number of transportation units. However, natural resource conditions such as fossil fuels are not always fulfilled. This is because fossil fuels are categorized as non-renewable resources. Moreover, all countries in the world are required to reduce the use of fossil resources and increase the use of green energy. Therefore, alternative green energy sources are needed to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a green energy source that could be produced from renewable resources. Biodiesel could be obtained from non-food sources such as Kesambi oil. In this research, the biodiesel production process was carried out by esterification and transesterification methods. The transesterification process was performed by varying the molar ratio between ethanol and Kesambi oil. The molar ratio used in the transesterification process were 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, and 12:1. The results showed that the molar ratio of 12:1 produced the lowest values of density, viscosity, and flash point, which were 0.839 g/ml, 3.98 CST, and 109.4°C, respectively, but the highest values of calorific value and yield, which were 9,040 cal/g and 91.30%, respectivel
Machine Learning Classifications of Multiple Organ Failures in a Malaysian Intensive Care Unit
Get PDFMultiple organ failures are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU). The progression of organ failures in the ICU is usually monitored using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. This study aims to perform the classification of multiple organ failures using machine learning algorithms based on SOFA score. Ninety-eight ICU patients’ data were obtained retrospectively from Universiti Malaya Medical Centre for analysis. Several machine learning algorithms which are decision tree, linear discriminant, naïve Bayes, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbor, AdaBoost, and random forest were used for the classification. The classifiers were trained on 80% of the patients with 10-fold cross-validations and assessed on 20% of patients using 34 variables in the ICU. The random forest algorithm was able to achieve 99.8% accuracy and 99.9% sensitivity in the training dataset. Meanwhile, the AdaBoost algorithm achieved 99.1% sensitivity in the testing dataset. This study demonstrates the performances of different machine learning algorithms in the classification of multiple organ failures. The feature selection shows respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as the most important variables using chi-square test while insulin and fraction of oxygenated hemoglobin are the most important predictors by the mutual information test
Dam Break Analysis of Batu Dam using Hec-Ras
Get PDFDam is commonly built in Malaysia as it provides benefits to the local population, mainly agricultural activity and flood control measures. However, its massive potential energy reservoir would impose risk of sudden containment breach leading to loss of life and property at inhabited downstream area. Simulations of dam break events are crucial to characterizing and reducing threats due to potential dam failures. In all post-event natural disasters, where most structural countermeasures have been lost, the preparation of a smoother evacuation mechanism remains the most critical prevention tool for successful evacuation planning. The urgency of designing an appropriate emergency planning is important in response to the disaster. To perform a dam break analysis, hydraulic modeling is required, which involves routing the inflow flood through a reservoir, estimating dam breach characteristics, and downstream routing/modeling issues. The HEC-RAS (River Analysis System) software is commonly used for dam break studies. The software provides information on how to perform a dam break analysis, including the unique hydraulic modeling aspects that are required. Batu dam has the highest percentage of the population at risk (PAR) and most likely exposed to the flood disaster due to dam break. From flood boundary maps, it was estimated that 78% of residential areas would be affected if a dam break disaster occurs. From the simulation, the maximum depth can reach up to 18m with an estimated flow speed between 0.2 – 3m/s. At these depth and flow speed, people may lose strength and unable to control themselves in flood and would cause death and injury. Flood arrival time took 15 to 22 hours for flooding to arrive downstream with a maximum flood depth of 5.07m at Persiaran Jasa Utama and the highest depth of 12.62m at Kampung Baru Batu Caves with flood velocity between 1.60m/s to 1.46m/s. Analysis and simulation of embankment dam breach events and the resulting floods are crucial for distinguishing and mitigating dangers from potential dam failures. Accurate forecast of inundation levels and the time of flood wave arrival at downstream key places is required for the development of effective emergency response plans