International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Freestanding Triboelectric-layer Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) via Rotating Circle
Get PDFIn a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG), electricity can be harvested by utilizing an electrostatic charge between two triboelectric materials. This project focused on optimizing the output power of a TENG using mini lathe beads machine for a freestanding triboelectric-layer mode via rotating circle. The TENG is constructed using aluminum electrodes, adhered to Teflon (PTFE) on one side while the other rotational side is constructed using different triboelectric layers. The materials used on the rotational side include Teflon, silicone rubber, fiberglass, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Neoprene rubber. These materials are prepared in a circular shape, with a diameter of 50 mm and thickness that varied from0.13 mm to 2 mm depending on the material employed. These materials are shown to be able to produce voltages ranged from 2.5 V to 18 V, while Neoprene Rubber showed the highest output at 35.02 V. Based on the experimental work, there are several factors that can affect the performance of the TENG, including temperature, size, material durability, rotating speed, and force as well as alignment of the two layers. This project can be implemented to harvest energy from a moving object like the rotation disc structure, such as a moving automobile or a train
Detecting and Extracting Illegal Signs from Video
Get PDFThis project focuses on developing an automated system to detect illegal signs in urban environments from videos. The system utilizes computer vision and machine learning techniques, specifically the YOLOv5 object detection framework, to accurately identify and locate illegal signs in video frames. It incorporates a verification process using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to differentiate between legal and illegal signs based on the extracted text information. The system is designed as a user-friendly web application, allowing users to upload videos or images for analysis and receive comprehensive results. The system can achieve a detection accuracy of up to 78.6%. With this system, authorities can effectively manage and regulate illegal signs in urban areas, contributing to better urban landscapes
Quantifying Desiccation Cracks for Expansive Soil Using Machine Learning Technique in Image Processing
Get PDFThe formation of desiccation cracks has detrimental effects on the hydraulic conductivity that affects the overall mechanical strength of expansive soil. Qualitative analysis on the desiccation cracking behaviour of expansive soil provided understanding of the subject based on various concepts and theories, while quantitative analysis aided these studies through numerical supports. In this study, a machine learning technique in image processing is developed to evaluate the surface crack ratio of expansive soil. The desiccation cracking tests were conducted on highly plastic kaolinite slurry samples with plasticity index of 29.1%. Slurry-saturated specimens with thickness of 10 mm were prepared. The specimens were subjected to cyclic drying-wetting conditions. The images are acquired through a digital camera (12 MP) at constant distance to monitor the desiccation cracks. The images are then pre-processed using OpenCV before crack feature extraction. In this study, a total of 54 desiccation crack images were processed, along with 8 images from trial test to train the model. The processed images are used to quantify the desiccation cracks by evaluating surface crack ratio and average crack width. It was identified that the accuracy of the model for the quantification of surface crack ratio and average crack width were 97.24% and 93.85% respectively with average processing time of 1.51s per image. The results show that the model was able to achieve high accuracy with sufficient efficiency in determining important parameters used for crack characterization
A Sensitivity Study of the Mathematical Model for Carbon Dioxide Removal by Physical Absorption in the Production of Biomethane from Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Get PDFA non-equilibrium rate-based absorption model based on the two-film theory was adapted for the physical solvent in a packed bed column with co-counter current flow in place of chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from fresh biomethane in a palm empty fruit bunch thermochemical conversion plant to improve the purity of the dried gas was modeled from the approximation of mathematical equations. This objective was achieved by improvising and reducing the model assumptions with guaranteed accuracy based on the validation using the established measured data. A better mathematical model with the predicted temperature profile at the liquid side and a mean absolute percentage error of less than 25% contributed to the 2 wt.% differences between the assumed dimethyl ether polyethylene glycol purity and the experiment, which is sufficient to be considered acceptable. To understand the performance of the absorption column, the sensitivity of three input variables on the removal of CO2 was analyzed, including the temperature, pressure, and solvent feed flow rate by manipulating the input value for each variable individually. The optimum temperature of 31 °C, pressure of 1.6 kPa, and solvent feed flow rate of 1:1 liquid-to-gas ratio were established as the baseline values for the sensitivity test. The analysis from the mathematical model indicates a significant influence of the operating temperature on CO2 absorption. This study enhances biomethane purity, optimizes CO2 removal, and improves operational efficiency. It aligns with sustainability goals, reduces emissions, and offers economic benefits, making it valuable for the renewable energy industry.
Combined Effect of Nano Ferrite and Nano Silica on Properties of Cement Mortar
Get PDFThis study investigates the effects of adding nano-ferrite (N.F.) and nano-silica (N.S.) on the mechanical and biological properties of mortar. By assessing four water-to-cement ratios (1-4%), the ideal nanoparticle doses were determined. Results indicated that both N.F. and N.S. significantly increased the mortar\u27s strength at ratios between 1% and 4%, while combinations of N.F. and N.S. improved strength up to 3% and 4% substitution, respectively. The mechanisms of strength enhancement were attributed to nanoparticles acting as fillers and hydration accelerators, which densify the mortar microstructure and promote the production of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels. In terms of biological properties, the study examined the antibacterial effects of nano-silica and nano-ferrite. Nano-silica demonstrated greater antibacterial potency against all bacterial strains assessed. Both materials exhibited a stronger antibacterial impact on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) compared to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), due to differences in cell wall structures. The study emphasizes the importance of optimal nanoparticle dosages and identifies limitations that warrant further research, such as durability and potential downsides at higher concentrations. Despite these challenges, the findings underscore the potential of nanoparticles to enhance mortar performance and suggest promising applications in construction and the development of antibacterial materials. Future research should focus on overcoming these constraints and exploring the practical applications of nanoparticle-enhanced mortar in real-world scenarios
Investigation on Thermally Evaporated Aluminium Contact Layers for Perovskite Solar Cell Applications
Get PDFPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained wide interest due to their high device efficiency of up to 22.1%. Perovskite solar cells are comprised of five main layers: fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, titanium dioxide (TiO2) electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite active layer, Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layer (HTL), and a metal contact layer. The metal contact layer plays a significant role in collecting and transporting the generated current and hence governs the performance of the device. Aluminium (Al) is more cost-efficient than the commonly used silver (Ag) or gold (Au) contact layers in perovskite solar cells. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of different thicknesses and surface morphologies on the electrical properties of the Al thin film contact layers for perovskite solar cell applications. The Al contact layers were deposited using a thermal evaporator with varying Al wire source lengths at constant deposition duration and pressure. The deposited films were characterised for thickness, morphology, and electrical properties using a stylus profilometer, an atomic force microscope, and a four-point probe, respectively. Results showed that thicker Al films have larger particle sizes as compared to the thinner films, demonstrating a more continuous film morphology. Resistivity and conductivity show a variance with different film thickness. Based on literature, higher conductivity and larger particle sizes of the metal contact layers can improve charge transportation, which contributes to the performance of the perovskite solar cell
Evaluation of the Production Process of the Cover Plate Components Using Time Study Technique
Get PDFTime study plays a crucial role in optimizing production efficiency and resource utilization in manufacturing processes. Time study helps to counter problems that occur in the production industry such as uneven task distribution, bottlenecks, idle time, complexity, and time constraints. In this case study, Intec Precision Engineering Sdn Bhd has offered to conduct the time study for packing department that produced cover plate component in order to identify the task time, normal time and standard time. There are 12 work elements that were identified in this case study and these work elements were grouped into 5 different workstations based on cycle time. As a result, among of 12 work elements, the first 7 work elements indicates that the processes did not show any delay, where the processes can be done in range of 12% to 31% faster than the expected standard time. Meanwhile the other 5 work elements indicates a delay in task completion, which is up to 184.7 sec. In case of workstation analysis, workstation 1, 2 and 3 showcasing effective performance in terms of task completion, with 14.6% to 31.1% faster than the standard time. However, for workstation 4 and 5 were recorded a procrastinate process time about 8% and 40%, which can translated as 30.2 sec and 249.4 sec, respectively. As a conclusion, the task time, normal time, and standard time for each of the work elements are identified and proposed to the company as preliminary standard time. This is important for the company to take the work study improvement issue into consideration, where this moderate production may affected the overall production line that can cause harm to the company’s reputation, qualities and expenditures
Microstructural Evolution of Intermetallic Compound Between SN100C Solder and ENIMAG Substrate During Isothermal Ageing
Get PDFSN100C alloy emerges as a promising candidate when introducing lead-free solder alternatives due to its mechanical properties and solderability. The study aims to explore interfacial reactions between SN100C solder and ENIMAG surface finish. Methods involve preparing ENIMAG substrates, solder paste application, and reflow processes following JEDEC standards. Isothermal ageing treatments were conducted, and interfacial reactions were characterized using top surface and cross-section analyses via Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Post-reflow, distinct IMC layers formed at the SN100C/ENIMAG solder joint\u27s interface, evolving with ageing. Further analysis via cross-section confirms the initial formation of (Ni, Cu)3Sn4 layer followed by (Cu, Ni)6Sn5, each exhibiting varying appearance and thicknesses. Isothermal ageing increases IMC thickness, which is particularly influenced by Cu diffusion. The thickening of IMCs at the SN100C/ENIG solder joint is attributed to ENIMAG\u27s silver content, which hinders IMC growth
Assessing Traffic Performance: Comparative Study of Human and Automated HGVs In Urban Intersections and Highway Segments
Get PDFThis study conducts a comparative analysis of traffic dynamics at urban signalized intersections and on highways, incorporating both human-operated and automated heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) using the PTV VISSIM simulation model. It examines the impacts of automated driving technologies on critical traffic performance metrics such as queue length, travel time, vehicle delay, emissions, and fuel consumption. Initial findings indicate that automation in HGVs enhances traffic flow, particularly by reducing queue lengths and vehicle delays. However, varying levels of automation from cautious to aggressive reveal complex trade-offs between operational efficiency and environmental impacts. On highways, automated HGVs demonstrate superior performance by reducing travel times and delays while increasing throughput compared to human-driven HGVs. These results underscore the operational benefits of automated HGVs under diverse traffic conditions and highlight their significant implications for transportation planning and policy-making. This research contributes valuable insights into the integration of automated technologies in transportation systems, facilitating informed decision-making for stakeholders considering the adoption of these advancements in the current infrastructure
The Experimental Analysis and Behavior of Locally Corroded Metakaolin-Blended Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Flexural Loading
Get PDFThe deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, primarily attributed to the corrosion of reinforcement, is significant in constructions situated in coastal areas. Therefore, this experimental study aimed to evaluate the repercussions of corrosion on the flexural strength of RC beams by introducing Metakaolin (MK) to enhance concrete properties including compressive and flexural strength, as well as resistance to chloride penetration. Accelerated corrosion aging techniques were used to induce 10% corrosion in the reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. The corrosion resistance characteristics of longitudinal bars mixed with 10% MK were scrutinized using a half-cell potential test. The actual extent of corrosion in the tensile reinforcement within the 500 mm beam span was determined by extracting the reinforcing bars from the concrete. The parameters evaluated include flexural strength, load-deflection relationship, and failure modes in both uncorroded and corroded RC beams. The results showed that an enhancement in the flexural strength was observed under four-point bending for RC beams corroded with MK compared to those without MK. Additionally, corrosion-induced pitting on the concrete surface led to spalling mechanisms in the beam. These results underscored the positive influence of incorporating MK into concrete, specifically in beams affected by localized corrosion at mid-span. In general, the addition of MK to the concrete mix provided advantages in terms of flexural strength and durability