International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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Performance of Gallium-Erbium Fiber Amplifier in a Double-Pass Configuration
Get PDFIn a previous amplifier setup, a Gallium co-doped Erbium fiber (Ga-EDF) with a length of 2 m has been used as a gain medium. The amplifier which was designed as a single-pass configuration, achieving a highest gain of 22.45 dB. In this paper, the Ga-EDF amplifier is designed as a double-pass setup. The gain and noise figure at the input signal’s wavelength of 1520 nm - 1580 nm is investigated at various input powers, which are from -30 dBm to 0 dBm. This study compares the performance of the amplifiers as it is pumped by a laser signal at the wavelength of 980 nm and 1480 nm, with a power of 140 mW. The amplifier obtained the highest gain of 36.62 dB and 35.77 dB for the pump wavelength of 980 nm and 1480 nm, respectively. The corresponding noise figures are 3.48 dB and 5.01 dB, which occurs at the input signal’s wavelength of 1555 nm. The results indicate that the double-pass Ga-EDF amplifier pumped at 1480 nm outperforms the single pass Ga-EDF amplifier by 15.08 dB, with a comparable noise figure. The results also show that the double-pass Ga-EDF’s performance are comparable at both pump wavelengths
Removal of Ammonia and Colour from Landfill Leachate using Integrated Electrocoagulation-Zeolite Adsorption Processes
Get PDFThe amount of waste generated in Malaysia had increased annually due to both economic and population accelerations. This resulted in an increase in leachate production that contains a high amount of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and colour, which is a severe problem for both environments as well as for human health. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the potential of Electrocoagulation (EC) – zeolite adsorption for removing NH3-N and colour from landfill leachate. In the experimental works, two batch studies consist of batch EC using aluminium (Al) cylindrical electrode and batch adsorption study using clinoptilolite zeolites adsorbent were conducted using leachate sample collected from Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill (PBSL). The batch EC experiment was carried out to determine the optimum removal of NH3-N and colour by the effect of current density (7 - 35 mA/mm2), initial pH (5 - 9), electrolysis time (0 - 90 minutes) and inter-electrode distance (5 - 25 mm). An integrated EC - zeolite adsorption was carried out under the optimum condition of 2.0 g/150 mL adsorbent dosage, contact time of 100 minutes and an initial pH value of 8. Based on the experiment, almost 50% of NH3-N and 95% of colour were removed using a single EC under the optimum current density of 14.0 mA/mm2, pH 5, electrolysis time of 75 minutes and 15 mm of inter-electrode distance. A comparison of colour removal between single EC and EC-Zeolite showed the same degradation performance. The interaction of hydrogen ion (H+) with aluminium hydroxide ion (Al (OH)3) produces during EC stabilises small particles forming larger sludge that reduces colour concentration. The removal of NH3-N increased from 50.0% to 93% when EC was integrated with clinoptilolite zeolite adsorption. In conclusion, the results show that both processes can potentially remove colour while the integrated process effectively removes NH3-N from landfill leachate. The proposed treatment helps optimise process performance while minimising the operational cost of the treatment. Thus, the proposed integrated EC – zeolite adsorption processes can be an alternative to landfill leachate treatment which aligns with the 12th Malaysia Plan to reduce pollution and carbon emissions to become a carbon neutral nation as early as 2050.
An Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Triple Band-Notched Characteristics for Wearable Application
Get PDFThis work presents a compact UWB antenna with triple band-notched at WiMAX (3.2 GHz to 3.7 GHz), C-band (3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz) and WLAN (5.15 GHz to 5.35 GHz) for wearable applications. The UWB antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible thin FR-4 substrate. In order to reduce the complexity, only two slots are introduced on the radiating patch instead of three slots to reject each narrowband frequency. In this case, one slot rejects a combination of WiMAX and C-band and the other slot rejects the WLAN frequency band. The UWB antenna on the thin FR-4 material has an overall size of 21×16 mm2, which is very compact and thus, suitable for wearable applications without causing discomfort when worn on-body. Although the antenna is small in size, the performance is not compromised. The UWB antenna has the frequency range from 2.51 GHz to 12.09 GHz, maximum radiation efficiency of 100% and maximum gain of 4 dBi. Nevertheless, the antenna is able to reject the WiMAX and C-band as well as the WLAN band. The simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) results show that the antenna complies with the SAR limit Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protections (ICNIRP) standards for 1 mW input power. Bending investigations performed on different diameters of Styrofoam cylinders shows that the frequency range and the notch bands are not very much affected
Performance Analysis of Line Operation Parameters and Customer Premises Equipment over a Very High-Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line 2 Network
Get PDFEven though fiber networks have gained popularity today, Internet access via copper cable networks is still necessary in Malaysia, particularly in the suburban areas. This paper aims to examine the line operation parameters (LOPs) and customer premises equipment (CPE) performances over a very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line 2 (VDSL2) network. These data are crucial in monitoring and preventing network faults and can be used as benchmarks during troubleshooting. In this paper, the LOPs data was obtained from the multi-service access node (MSAN) using the Xshell program. Data acquisition and extraction from the Huawei HG655m modem\u27s Graphical User Interface (GUI), the CPE under investigation, was performed using a Python programming script. The statistical performance on network parameters such as actual line rate, line and signal attenuation, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) margin was then analyzed. In addition, the length of a bundle of ten twisted pairs of copper cable was varied for several distances: 100 m, 300 m, 500 m, 700 m, and 1000 m, with the operational bandwidth set to 17.664 MHz. The findings demonstrated an increment in the net data rates and packets by the Huawei HG655m modems received when a high-performance throughput is injected into the access network
Energy Scheduling in the Multiple Energy System with Optimal Operation of the Responsive Loads
Get PDFIn this research, an approach is presented for the optimal scheduling of a smart energy Hub system with multiple objectives in the day ahead. The objectives include minimizing emission pollution and operation costs on the generation side, reducing the loss of energy supply probability on the demand side, and minimizing the deviation of electrical and thermal loads from their optimal profiles in the day ahead. To achieve the third objective of flattening the electrical and thermal demand profiles, a Demand response strategy is proposed, which involves the optimal shifting of electrical and thermal shiftable loads. Additionally, stochastic modelling of renewable energy sources and energy loads using the Monte Carlo technique is conducted. The proposed approach utilizes the ε-constraint method to obtain non-dominated Pareto solutions for the objectives. Finally, several case studies are performed to validate the proposed approach
The Evolution and Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Battened Columns
Get PDFThe cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up battened column represents a transformative and innovative solution in the construction industry due to its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and superior strength-to-weight ratio. In design consideration, chord spacing and batten plates influence the structural performance and stability of the column. The emphasis lies in the design flexibility of built-up battened columns, in which the composite action of several chord members connected by batten plates can enhance axial compressive strength. The batten plate plays a crucial role in preventing buckling and increasing the stability of the column while distributing the load evenly. The batten plates need to be properly designed to ensure stability and reduce buckling failure in the built-up battened column. However, implementing CFS built-up battened columns presents several challenges, including design complexity, connection design, and limited standards and guidelines.
Image Recognition Using Yolov5 for Automotive Industry
Get PDFThe automotive industry greatly benefits from the implementation of a robust object recognition system, which enhances the efficiency of the inspection process. This paper introduces a GUI system designed to address issues related to operators mistakenly attaching incorrect barcodes to car seats, leading to misplacement in the production line. The study aims to achieve two objectives: firstly, to implement a deep learning framework based on YOLOv5 for car seat pattern recognition, and secondly, to develop a GUI interface that utilizes camera inputs to monitor car seat types and evaluate the performance of the YOLOv5 detection model. To achieve this, the project utilizes the YOLOv5 algorithm for car seat detection, employing a custom dataset comprising three types of car seats: Type A, Type B, and Type C. The dataset is labelled accordingly using the Roboflow website, and Google Colab is utilized for training the custom dataset, which is done over 90 epochs. Subsequently, the GUI system is developed using Tkinter, which enables car seat detection from both static and real-time images. The results obtained from the GUI system showcase the successful detection of car seats based on static and real-time inputs. The average confidence scores for Type A, Type B, and Type C, using the static images method, are found to be 0.53, 0.64, and 0.61, respectively. On the other hand, the average confidence scores using real-time images are slightly lower, with Type A at 0.30, Type B at 0.53, and Type C at 0.38. Upon comparing the results from static and real-time images, it becomes evident that the static image approach yields more accurate detections compared to the real-time image method.
Hybrid Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation for mmWave Vehicular Communications
Get PDFThis article addresses the challenge of achieving high spectral efficiency (SE) in millimeter wave (mmWave) vehicular communications. Traditional approaches using conventional multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems face complexity and cost issues, compounded by the rapid mobility of vehicles. A promising technique, Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation (FGSM), has been proposed for enhancing SE with low complexity. However, its application in vehicular environments remains limited. To fill this gap this article introduces a novel approach termed Hybrid-Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation (H-FGSM) for vehicular communication. H-FGSM not only boosts spectral efficiency and achievable data rates but also incorporates hybrid beamforming at the transmitter to enhance vehicle connectivity. Our numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed H-FGSM outperforms baseline schemes, achieving higher data rates and improvements in system error rates, as exhibiting a 2 dB improvement in Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and a 30 bits per channel use (bpcu) disparity in attainable achievable data rate when the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is higher
Design of Smart IoT Health and Social Distancing Monitoring System
Get PDFSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have started to work from home. As the pandemic recovers, companies slowly start to adapt to the situation by making the workers work from the office. This is an effort to reduce the risks of spreading diseases in the workplace during the endemic of COVID-19. An effective solution is urgently needed to reduce and control the transmission rate of COVID-19. This has motivated us to design an Internet of Things (IoT) Health and Social Distancing Monitoring System (IHDS). This system aims to support that initiative and introduce a system that can control the risks of infection among workers due to a worrying spike in the number of cases in the workplace. The proposed system monitors the health condition of the users and controls social distancing at the workplace by using IoT technology and machine learning. Extensive experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the proposed system. Four critical health metrics were closely monitored: body temperature, pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, and cough detection, achieving impressive accuracy rates of 99.91%, 94.32%, 99%, and 80.5%, respectively. The proposed system initiates the assignment of red boxes to couples who are separated by less than 1 meter, while it designates green boxes for couples who maintain more than a 1-meter distance from each other
Design and Development of a Smart Voice Reminder Device
Get PDFDuring the COVID-19 pandemic period, an average student receives more assignments from their teachers while taking online classes. It can be challenging for these young minds to keep track of every assignment’s deadline on top of the various online classes that require their attendance and punctuality. So, to prevent the students from missing any of their online classes and assignment submission, a solution more than just a calendar’s reminder is required as many primary school students might not have access to smartphones. Hence, a voice reminder device is proposed in this paper for this purpose. Raspberry Pi 4 is used to build this device, along with a Python-based program to connect it to the Google Calendar server. The system\u27s speech recognition is done using a Python speech recognition package. The system uses the Google Cloud Speech API to translate the user\u27s speech input into a text format that the system can understand. The information required to produce the user-specified event is then extracted along with the activation word, all from the user\u27s text. The system then saves the event into Google Calendar, using the Google Credentials.json file as its destination file after extracting all the important data. The user can add, edit, or delete any previously established event using the Google Calendar from any location as long as the device is online. It can also generate a timetable through voice command. Other notable usage of this device includes keeping elderlies with Alzheimer\u27s disease on track with their important tasks like scheduled medication and medical follow-ups. The prototype managed to achieve a rather high accuracy rate of 85.6% through its speech recognition function