International Journal of Integrated Engineering
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A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Gap Parameters for Multiple Types of Roundabouts in Different Traffic Conditions
Get PDFThe increasing number of vehicle owners due to population growth has significantly impacted traffic patterns worldwide. As a result, roundabouts have emerged as popular intersection designs, offering operational simplicity and fewer conflict points compared to traditional unsignalized intersections. This study examines the impact of gap parameters, which are key parameters for evaluating roundabout capacity, on various types of roundabouts across diverse traffic scenarios. Beginning with a historical overview of roundabouts and gap acceptance behavior, the review explores a range of methodologies, including computer simulations, real-world observations, and mathematical models, to gain insights into traffic flow dynamics and vehicle behavior. Additionally, the review analyzes the evolution of roundabout design and geographical disparities, highlighting the multitude of factors influencing roundabout performance. This review aims to provide valuable insights gathered from previous research on how gap parameters influence the performance of different roundabouts. Finally, it highlights the essential role of gap parameters in maximizing roundabout efficiency to benefit all road users, offering valuable insights for researchers and enthusiasts seeking deeper comprehension of roundabout dynamics.
Mortar Containing Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) Treated with Citric Acid as Partial Cement Replacement
Get PDFThe combustion process, a fundamental aspect of various industrial and energy production activities, plays a pivotal role in generating power and facilitating essential operations. While combustion is an integral part of our energy landscape, it inevitably produces a diverse range of byproducts that have far-reaching implications, for example boiler slag, coal bottom ash (CBA) and coal fly ash (FA). These byproducts have been in interest of researcher to be use as replacement materials in concrete. However, the presence of metallic elements in CBA imposes limitations on its industrial use. Extensive research has been conducted to address the issue of heavy metal amount in CBA. Past research has recommended using strong acid leaching treatment to eliminate metallic impurities from CBA. However, the employment of strong acids poses significant hazards to both human health and the environment. In this study, laboratory test indicate that acid leaching treatment has the potential to reduce metallic elements in CBA under optimum conditions, specifically at a solution temperature of 40°C with a 4% acid concentration during a 60-minute reaction period. The characteristics of CBA under optimum conditions were further determined by comparing the water consistency and setting time of untreated CBA with those of treated CBA. Additionally, mortar properties were evaluated by using 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement and comparing the compressive strength and water absorption results between mortar with untreated and treated CBA replacements
Effect of Heating Power on The Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Particles by Direct Heating Method for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Solution
Get PDFDyes are extensively used in the textile industry. Untreated dye-containing wastewater is hazardous to humans and the environment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalyst is a technology that has been proven successful for effluent treatment. Nevertheless, use of TiO2 photocatalyst in particles form could result in loss of TiO2 photocatalyst over time during effluent treatment. Immobilization of TiO2 photocatalyst on substrates could address this problem. In this study, a method called direct heating (DH) was devised to deposit TiO2 particles on kanthal wires to prevent the particles from being washed away during effluent treatment. This method has low equipment cost and short synthesis duration when compared to others. The TiO2 particles synthesized at 50 W in 15 min gave the best photodegradation efficiency, which was 36.3 % under 90 mins of UV light irradiation. It contained a mixture of anatase (22.5 %) and brookite (77.5 %), with an average particle size of 139.34 ± 15.89 nm. The TiO2 particles had high surface coverage on kanthal wire with little agglomeration. The current work presents a captivating and low-cost setup, providing easy control over synthesis conditions and scaling potential for immobilizing TiO2 particles on the kanthal wires
Comparative Analysis of Modular Pin-Fin Heat Sink Performance: Influence of Geometric Variation on Heat Transfer Characteristics
Get PDFThe advancement of digital technology in the age of Industrial Revolution 4.0 has driven other engineering sectors to keep up with the progressive demand for high-performance computing and electronics. Thermal management is one of the fields that play a crucial role in maintaining the performance of electronic devices by keeping the system temperature at an optimum level and preventing overheating. A heat dissipation device widely employed in computing and other electronic systems’ heat management is a fin-type heat sink, owing to its robust and simple design. In this work, the authors evaluated heat sinks of different pin-fin cross-sectional geometry, arranged in a staggered configuration, in terms of heat transfer characteristics under forced convection. Three basic geometries were chosen on the grounds of manufacturing easiness and market availability: circular, square, and hexagonal. All the tested geometries had approximately the same hydraulic diameter. Therefore, the results could be compared to each other. The investigation revealed that the square cross-section induced an excellent convection coefficient, hence higher heat dissipation, compared to the counterparts. The tradeoff between heat transfer performance and size-related parameters, such as surface area and material volume, is also discussed in this paper
Teachers’ Perception of Urban Noise in The Classroom: Case Study in Mukah, Sarawak
Get PDFEnvironmental noise is an unwanted sound created by urbanisation and industrialisation processes, which has been linked to problems of teachers in the school such as lack of concentration, annoyance, speech interference and low performances. The impact of noise in the classroom during the teaching session can cause increased stress and fatigue to teachers. This study aims to identify the noise factor in the school and the impacts of urban noise on teachers during the teaching session through subjective evaluation. In the present study, a questionnaire survey was distributed to the teachers at three secondary schools in Mukah, Sarawak. The developed questionnaire was evaluated by the experts and pilot study was carried out prior to the actual survey. A total of 204 respondents from secondary schools named as school A, school B and school C were participated in this study. The questionnaires were sent to all teachers in three schools in the form of Google Forms and sent by using the WhatsApp application. The main factor of environmental noise that affects teachers from all schools studied came from transportation. Most of the teachers agreed that they need to raise their voice and walk around inside the classroom during the class in order to make sure students can hear their message clearly
Morphological Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Quarry Dust Waste as Sand Replacement in Mortar
Get PDFThe generation of industrial waste has been steadily increasing, necessitating sustainable waste management strategies. Quarry dust, a by-product of the aggregate production process obtained from crushing rocks in rubble crusher units, contributes to this waste stream. This study proposes using fine quarry dust waste, ranging from 50 to 100 ?m, as an additive or replacement in mortar to mitigate environmental and health hazards caused by this kind of waste. However, literature on the usage of very fine quarry dust waste (about 50-100?m particle sizes) as a partial sand replacement in mortar production is very limited. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation on the effects of incorporating quarry dust waste as a sand replacement, with variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with a water-cement ratio of 0.5 to enhance mortar strength. The micro-structural analysis and compression tests were performed to evaluate the mortar samples. XRF analysis confirmed that silica oxide (SiO2) was the predominant element present in quarry dust waste. The compression tests were conducted on 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm mortar cubes. The tests were performed at 3, 7, 14, and 28-day intervals. The results revealed that, incorporating 25% quarry dust waste as a sand replacement produced the highest compressive strength of about 37 MPa on the 28th day curing duration. Hence, using this material as an environment-friendly sand replacement offers a promising solution for producing high-strength mortar. This finding highlights the potential of quarry dust waste as a supplemental cementitious material and emphasizes its viability in reducing the environmental impact associated with industrial waste
Characterization of Air Voids and Permeability in Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Eggshell Ash as an Eco-Friendly Additive
Get PDFRecently, there has been a lot of interest in the use of eco-friendly additives in asphalt mixtures in the field of pavement engineering. Such additives have been found to have the potential to enhance pavement performance while also mitigating the environmental impact of road construction. Eggshells are a restaurant waste product that is one of the additives that have been investigated in this study. The research aims to investigate the effect of eggshell ash (EA) on the air voids and permeability of porous asphalt mixtures. Two temperatures, 100°C (EA100) and 200°C (EA200), were used to prepare EA with varying percentages of 2%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 12% by weight of bitumen. The samples were then prepared and compacted by applying 50 blows on each side to measure air voids, and permeability testing was performed in the laboratories. The results indicated that the use of EA had impacted the permeability and air voids of the porous asphalt mixture. The amount of air voids in the mixes had a direct impact on the permeability coefficient, as the value of the permeability coefficient decreased with decreasing air voids. EA can serve as an additive to improve the permeability of asphalt mixtures, which may increase the pavement\u27s durability and longevity. Furthermore, the use of EA has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of the egg industry while improving the sustainability of road construction
Investigation of Valvular Heart Defects Through Phonocardiogram Signals
Get PDFCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious illness that affects the world. Early detection and prevention of CVD is thought to help reduce CVD mortality rates. Valvular heart defects will be challenging to diagnose without echocardiogram. Despite the fact that this method is relatively reliable, both the device and the process are time-consuming where this can be dangerous for those who require rapid medical attention. Therefore, this study would concentrate on the use of phonocardiogram (PCG) signals to provide early screening assessment for valvular heart defects such as aortic stenosis (AS), mitral stenosis (MS), mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Signal processing techniques which involves pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification are applied to analyze PCG signal. Daubechies wavelet with 5th order (Db5) with 7th level of decomposition is used to remove undesirable signal in PCG signal and reconstructed back from 1 to level 6 Daubechies wavelet with 5th order. The signal was then segmented using average Shannon energy. The segmented signal is then entered into feature extraction process. Then, feature extraction was done in time-frequency analysis by using Stockwell transform which is also known as S-transform. Finally, the classification process was done using K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Ensemble classifier on all dataset with an overall best accuracy of 96.32%, 94.88% and 98.02%, respectively. This study’s outcome would be an advancement diagnostic tool that capable of analyzing PCG signal data and helps physicians by providing early detection for any valvular heart defects
Comparative Study of Thermal Criteria and Fluid-Flow Criteria in Micro and Mini Channel Design Constrains with or without Insert Made of Aluminum Material
Get PDFThrough experimental and simulation results, a comparison between mini and micro channels with inserts or without inserts is conducted; in this case, water is the only working fluid used for present experimentation. In order to research the fluid flow and micro channel features, the results of fluid flowing inside the mini channel and micro channel with insert or without insert separately were admitted. Experiments were performed for various operating and design parameters under counter-flow conditions, with hot water moving into a concentric tube with a 30 mm diameter at 0.00078 kg/sec flow rate. The fluid is moving separately through mini channels with a 2 mm diameter and micro channels with lower than 1 mm dia. at a varying flow rate 0.00015 kg/sec to 0.0062 kg/sec. The working temperatures for hot water and cold fluid were 323 K and 303K, respectively. According to the results, the suggested design of the micro channel with insert performed better than a conventional mini channel, micro channel without insert and mini channel with inserts due to the better thermal conductivity of the aluminum material, effective diameter (1mm) to length ratio of micro channel in which heat exchanges with minimum volume ratio and the additional exposed area made possible by the rectangular shape of the insert, whereas micro channel with micro insert having rectangular shape showing best results as compared with the other designs of channel due to the rich heat passage and effective pressure drop and temperature. Experimentation and simulation results are coming in positive direction, it is directly observed from the error percentage i.e. 6%-8.2%
Study on Cement Brick Properties with Composition of Sago Fine Waste (SFW) as Filler
Get PDFThis paper presented the potential of Sago Fine Waste (SFW) in the production of brick. Sago is well recognized as a basic material in making local food. In Malaysia, Sarawak has the largest sago palm plantation areas and currently is known as one of the world’s largest exporters of sago starch. However, due to the strong demand for sago starch in the global market, tons consumption of sago was subsequently increasing the amount of waste generated. Usually, the waste of the sago processing is left on the riverbank or river stream. Therefore, the utilization of sago waste in brick was approached to contribute to the quality of the environment and improve the improper treatment of the waste. In this study, SFW was used as cement replacement in the production of cement brick. The objectives were aimed to determine the performance of brick as the cement was replaced by SFW with various percentages through density test, compressive strength test, and water absorption test. The ratio of cement-sand and water-cement were 1:3 and 0.5 respectively followed by the replacement volume of cement which consists of SFW with 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%. Overall findings, SFW has the potential to produce lightweight bricks. The best optimum percentage of SFW for cement brick is 1%. The result obtained by SFW1 has a higher strength value which is 16.16 MPa and a lower water absorption value which is 11.72% compared to other percentages. Nevertheless, all samples from each percentage of SFW were found to comply with the standard requirements